Postprandial Triglyceride Research Articles

Gut Microbiota and Bile Acids Mediate the Clinical Benefits of YH1 in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Observational Study.

Our previous clinical trial showed that a novel concentrated herbal extract formula, YH1 (Rhizoma coptidis and Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San), improved blood glucose and lipid control. This pilot observational study investigated whether YH1 affects microbiota, plasma, and fecal bile acid (BA) compositions in ten untreated male patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), hyperlipidemia, and a body mass index ≥ 23 kg/m2. Stool and plasma samples were collected for microbiome, BA, and biochemical analyses before and after 4 weeks of YH1 therapy. As previous studies found, the glycated albumin, 2-h postprandial glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly improved after YH1 treatment. Gut microbiota revealed an increased abundance of the short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria Anaerostipes and Escherichia/Shigella. Furthermore, YH1 inhibited specific phylotypes of bile salt hydrolase-expressing bacteria, including Parabacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides caccae. Stool tauro-conjugated BA levels increased after YH1 treatment. Plasma total BAs and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), a BA synthesis indicator, were elevated. The reduced deconjugation of BAs and increased plasma conjugated BAs, especially tauro-conjugated BAs, led to a decreased glyco- to tauro-conjugated BA ratio and reduced unconjugated secondary BAs. These results suggest that YH1 ameliorates T2D and hyperlipidemia by modulating microbiota constituents that alter fecal and plasma BA compositions and promote liver cholesterol-to-BA conversion and glucose homeostasis.

Postprandial triglycerides, endothelial function, and inflammatory cytokines as potential candidates for early risk detection in normal-weight obesity

ProblemNormal-weight obesity (NWO) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, NWO’s clinical presentation is often unremarkable based on common risk factors. We examined whether CVD risk factors not routinely measured clinically including postprandial triglycerides, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and inflammatory cytokines would be abnormal in NWO, consistent with their future risk. MethodsIndividuals were recruited into 3 groups (n = 10/ group): controls (Con), NWO, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Con was defined as a normal body mass index (BMI), < 25% (M) or < 35% (F) body fat, and < 1 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. NWO were above this body fat cutoff while maintaining a normal BMI and MetS was defined per the IDF. Participants underwent an abbreviated fat tolerance test (i.e., difference in fasting and 4 h triglycerides following a high-fat meal [9 kcal/kg; 73% fat)] and fasting and postprandial lipid and glucose metrics, as well as FMD were measured. A T cell cytokine bioplex was also performed using fasting serum. ResultsNWO and MetS had similar body fat% and both were higher than Con (p < 0.0001). Despite having similar fasting triglycerides to Con, NWO had 4-hour triglycerides 66% greater than Con, but 46% lower than MetS (p < 0.01). FMD decreased in all groups after the high-fat meal (p < 0.0001). MetS displayed lower fasting FMD than Con, and NWO was similar to both groups (p < 0.05). No group differences were observed with postprandial FMD and the majority of fasting cytokines assessed. However, MetS exhibited higher fasting TNF-α than Con (p < 0.05), and NWO was similar to both groups. ConclusionsOverall, NWO was associated with higher postprandial triglycerides than Con, but displayed little evidence of impaired vascular health or inflammation.

Neither Resistance Or Aerobic Training Improve Postprandial Lipemia Or Glycemia In Post-menopausal Women.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for women. Post-menopausal (PM) women are particularly vulnerable in terms of adverse cardiometabolic risk factors, including impairments in glucose and lipid metabolism. Acute resistance and aerobic exercise are efficacious for improving postprandial metabolic glucose (GLU) and triglycerides (TG), however it is unclear if chronic training elicits improvements in postprandial metabolism in PM women. Purpose: To determine if 16 weeks of progressive resistance (RT) or aerobic (AT) training improve postprandial GLU and TG in PM women. Methods: Forty-eight PM women (56 ± 5 y) completed 16 weeks of RT (n = 18), AT (n = 16), or no exercise (control (CON; n = 14)). PM women in the RT group completed 2-4 sets of 9 exercises for the major muscle groups at 50-70% of one repetition maximum on 3 d·wk-1. PM women in the AT group walked, jogged, or cycled at 50-65% of heart rate reserve on 5 d·wk-1. PM women in the CON group maintained habitual physical activity and dietary habits. Before and after the intervention period, participants arrived to the lab after a 10-h fast and having abstained from exercise for at least 72 h. Participants’ GLU and TG were measured while fasted (BL), and 2 h and 4 h after consuming a standardized high-fat, high-sugar meal (12 kcal/kg body weight; 61% fat, 25% carbohydrate). Metabolic load index (MLI) was calculated as the sum of GLU and TG at each time point. Trapezoidal area under the curve (tAUC) and incremental area under the curve (iAUC) were calculated for GLU, TG, and MLI. Non-normally distributed data were log-transformed for analyses, which included two-way mixed effects models (group * time). Results: The GLU tAUC decreased (p = 0.025) from pre- to post-intervention independent of group (539.7 ± 53.6 vs. 520.0 ± 59.63 mg/d x 4 hr). No significant interactions or main effects were observed for any other outcome (p = 0.134 - 0.814). Conclusions: Neither 16 weeks of RT or AT influenced postprandial TG or GLU in PM women. These data may suggest that chronic exercise training does not modify postprandial metabolic response to mixed meals independent of acute exercise, or otherwise that PM women are resistant to the potential beneficial effects of chronic training on postprandial metabolism. Future studies are needed to examine these possibilities.

Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared with Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial

BackgroundIncreasing unsaturated fat intake is beneficial for cardiovascular health, but the type of unsaturated fat to recommend remains equivocal. ObjectivesWe investigated the effects of an 8-week diet intervention that was rich in either cottonseed oil (CSO; PUFA rich) or olive oil (OO; MUFA rich) on blood lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults. MethodsForty-three men and women with hypercholesterolemia (53 ± 10 years; BMI, 27.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2) completed this randomized parallel clinical trial consisting of an 8-week partial outpatient feeding intervention. Participants were given meals and snacks accounting for ∼60% of their daily energy needs, with 30% of energy needs from either CSO (n = 21) or OO (n = 22). At pre- and postdiet intervention visits, participants consumed a high-SFA meal (35% of total energy needs; 70% of energy from fat). The primary outcomes of fasting cholesterol profiles and secondary outcomes of postprandial blood lipids and glycemic markers were assessed over a 5-hour period. ResultsThere were greater reductions from baseline to week 8 in fasting serum total cholesterol (TC; −17.0 ± 3.94 mg/dL compared with −2.18 ± 3.72 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.008), LDL cholesterol (−19.7 ± 3.94 mg/dL compared with −5.72 ± 4.23 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.018), non–HDL cholesterol (−20.8 mg/dL ± 4.00 compared with −6.61 ± 4.01 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.014), and apoB (−11.8 mg/dL ± 2.37 compared with −3.10 ± 2.99 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.05), in CSO compared with OO. There were also visit effects from baseline to week 8 for increases in HDL cholesterol (CSO, 56.5 ± 2.79 mg/dL to 60.2 ± 3.35 mg/dL, respectively; OO: 59.7 ± 2.63 mg/dL to 64.1 ± 2.24 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.001), and decreases in the TC:HDL-cholesterol ratio (CSO, 4.30 ± 0.27 mg/dL to 3.78 ± 0.27 mg/dL, respectively; OO, 3.94 ± 0.16 mg/dL to 3.57 ± 0.11 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.001), regardless of group assignment. In response to the high-SFA meal, there were differences in postprandial plasma glucose (P = 0.003) and triglyceride (P = 0.004) responses and a trend in nonesterified fatty acids (P = 0.11) between groups, showing protection in the postprandial state from an occasional high-SFA fat meal with CSO, but not OO, diet enrichment. ConclusionsCSO, but not OO, diet enrichment caused substantial improvements in fasting and postprandial blood lipids and postprandial glycemia in hypercholesterolemic adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04397055.

SNPs in apolipoproteins contribute to sex-dependent differences in blood lipids before and after a high-fat dietary challenge in healthy U.S. adults

BackgroundThe effect of genetic polymorphisms on fasting blood lipid levels have been widely studied but the effects of these within the context of a high-fat meal challenge remain less characterized. The current study aimed to investigate the association of SNPs in lipoprotein-related genes with blood lipid profiles in healthy adults in the U.S.MethodsSubjects (n = 393) between 18–66 years of age with BMIs ranging from 18.5–45 kg/m2 were enrolled the cross-sectional Nutritional Phenotyping Study. Among them, 349 subjects (men: 48%; women: 52%) gave consent for genotyping. SNPs in APOA5, APOB, APOC3, APOE, and LDLR were assessed. The association between lipid markers and genotypes was tested separately for each SNP with analysis of variance (ANOVA), adjusted for sex, age, and BMI. We also examined two-factor interactions between SNPs and sex, age, or BMI.ResultsWomen carrying the C allele of rs3135506 in APOA5 or men carrying the C allele of rs429358 in APOE had reduced HDL-cholesterol levels during fasting and postprandially. The C allele in APOE was also correlated to increased LDL-C levels. The TT genotype of rs2854116 in APOC3 was associated with elevated total cholesterol. Additive effect of the risk alleles of APOA5 and APOE or APOC3 and APOE was detected. Nevertheless, the tested SNPs had little impact on the postprandial triglyceride responses to the high-fat challenge meal. We found no significant effects of SNPs in APOB (rs1042034) or LDLR (rs2228671) on triglycerides, cholesterol, or free fatty acid levels.ConclusionsIn healthy adults, fasting and postprandial cholesterol levels are strongly correlated with the tested APOA5, APOE, and APOC3 genotypes. Sex contributes to the genetic impact of the tested SNPs on lipid profiles.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02367287. Registered February 20, 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02367287.

Impact Of Moderate-to-vigorous Physical Activity And Visceral Adiposity On Postprandial Triglycerides In Metabolically At-risk Adults

Postprandial lipemia occurs early in chronic disease progression. The degree of postprandial triglyceride (ppTG) is influenced by physiological and lifestyle factors such as diet, central obesity, and physical activity (PA). However, it is unclear how habitual dietary factors and PA impact ppTG in healthy adults with high central adiposity. PURPOSE: To examine the impact of habitual moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), saturated fat (SF) in the habitual diet, and central adiposity on ppTG in metabolically at-risk adults. METHODS: Non-diabetic adults (n = 21) with a high waist circumference (> 35” women, >40” men) completed a high-fat meal challenge (50 g FAT, 54 g CHO, 12 g PRO), with blood collected at fasting and hourly after meal ingestion for 5 h. TG (mmol/L) was determined by lipid panels and summarized as iAUC and the change from fasting (TGmax). Habitual dietary data was collected through the online DHQ-III, with SF percentage (SF / total fat) used for analysis. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was determined through bioelectrical impedance analysis. Participants wore an accelerometer for 7 days (>10 h/day) and average number of MVPA bouts/day (≥ 2690 counts/min) was derived. Separate linear models for TG iAUC and TG magnitude were used to test the impact of an interaction between average MVPA bouts and VAT, accounting for habitual dietary SF. RESULTS: MVPA, VAT, and habitual dietary SF explain ~36% of variation in TG iAUC and TGmax. Average MVPA bouts and VAT jointly impacted TG iAUC (p < 0.01), with a ppTG-lowering effect observed with lower VAT and more frequent MVPA bouts and a pronounced ppTG-raising effect observed with greater VAT with frequent MVPA bouts (β = 1.1). Habitual SF did not predict TG iAUC (p = 0.68). Likewise, average MVPA bouts and VAT impacted TGmax (p = 0.03), with a TG-raising effect observed with greater VAT despite more MVPA bouts (β = 0.31). Interestingly, an inverse relationship was observed between habitual SF intake and TGmax (β = - 0.04, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Frequent MVPA promotes lower ppTG, a benefit that is reversed with increased VAT. These findings suggest that increased VAT promotes ppTG even with regular MVPA, stressing the importance of strategies to decrease VAT in improving regulation of postprandial lipemia in at-risk adults. Supported by USDA-ARS Pulse Crop Health Initiative 58-3060-9-040.

Postprandial triglyceride levels rather than fat distribution may reflect early signs of disturbed fat metabolism in Iraqi immigrants

PurposePrevious studies have shown that at a similar body mass index, Middle Eastern immigrants are more insulin resistant and at higher risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) than native Europeans. Insulin resistance is strongly associated with disturbed fat metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, fat metabolism is poorly investigated comparing Middle Eastern and European ethnicities.MethodsThis observational study included 26 Iraqi and 16 Swedish-born men without T2D or clinical risk factors for CVD. An oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) was performed, where plasma triglycerides (p-TG) were measured for 6 h. mRNA expression and adipocyte size were measured in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies collected prior to OFTT, and magnetic resonance imaging was conducted to assess body fat distribution.ResultsThe median p-TG accumulation was higher and the clearance slower among Iraqis than Swedes. None of the groups reached their fasting p-TG (Iraqis 1.55 mmol/l; Swedes 0.95 mmol/l) after 6 h (Iraqis p-TG 3.10 mmol/l; Swedes p-TG 1.50 mmol/l). Adipocyte size, mRNA expression, and fat accumulation in the liver, muscle and abdomen were similar in both groups.ConclusionPostprandial p-TG levels rather than fat distribution may reflect early signs of disturbed fat metabolism in Iraqi immigrants without CVD risk factors.

Effect of pilates exercise on cardio metabolic risk factors in women patients with metabolic syndrome

Background: With the aid of the DASH diet, which is used to lower blood pressure, Pilates exercise helps to improve cardiometabolic risk factors in women with metabolic syndrome. Aim of the study: This study was conducted to determine how Pilates workouts affected the cardiometabolic risk variables in female patients with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: 60 obese adult women, aged 45 to 55, who were randomly chosen from Elkalioubia governorate's outpatient internal medicine clinics, took part in the study. The internal medicine doctor recommended these. They were divided into two equal groups at random. Group A, which included 30 subjects, got DASH diet, three sessions of 60 minutes each, three sets per session of pilates exercise, and medical care for twelve weeks. Group B, which included 30 patients, got DASH diet and medical care for a total of twelve weeks. Blood analysis was measured before and after 12 weeks of training for (fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) and Borg scale.

Observational study of post prandial hypertriglyceridemia is a reliable predictor for coronary artery disease

Introduction: Hypertriglyceridemia is recognized as a high-risk factor for coronary artery disease. It remains unclear whether fasting or postprandial hypertriglyceridemia is more informative for predicting the risk of coronary artery disease. Recent studies recommended postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia as a useful predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. This study was conducted to find the correlation between postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study on 100 patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease from 14/10/2017 to 10/09/2018. In patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease based on ECG changes or TMT, changes were included in the study. Fasting lipid profile, FBS, and 2-hour postprandial Triglyceride were done. All statistical data were analyzed using frequency, percentages, and ratios. A chi-square test is used to study the associations among different variables. Results: Among the 100 cases included in the study, 68 were males, and 32 were females. Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia was found in 71% of patients, 48% had high BMI, 80% of Patients had high Waist Hip ratio, and 64 % of patients had diabetes mellitus. There is a statistically significant correlation between postprandial Triglyceride and coronary artery disease with a relative risk of 1.45.

Correlation of fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels and carotid artery intimal medial thickness in type 2 diabetic patients

Background: Although the prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide, the prevalence of type 2 DM is rising more rapidly, because of sedentary lifestyle, increasing obesity and increased life expectancy. Objectives: To study correlation between fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels and Carotid artery intimal medial thickness (CIMT) in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Material and Methods: This cross sectional observation study was done in Department of General Medicine, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India during January 2019 to June 2020. Sample size was 50 and Simple Random sampling method was used. Results: The mean carotid IMT of subjects with postprandial triglycerides &lt; 200 with normal fasting triglyceride was 0.92±0.33. The mean carotid IMT of subjects with postprandial triglyceride 200-299 with normal fasting triglyceride was 1.52±0.57. The mean carotid IMT of subjects with postprandial triglycerides ≥300 with normal fasting triglycerides was 1.66±0.45. Conclusion: postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, despite normal fasting triglyceride levels, may be an independent risk factor for early atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Hence evaluating not only for FTG but also PPTG level during clinical assessment of patients with type 2 diabetes is important.

A Randomized Study on the Effect of Metformin Combined with Intensive-Exercise Diet Therapy on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Islet Function in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma and Diabetes.

Objective To evaluate the effect of metformin combined with intensive-exercise diet therapy on glucose and lipid metabolism and islet function in diabetes patients with localized renal cell carcinoma after laparoscopic resection. Methods A total of 120 renal cancer patients with diabetes mellitus treated in the oncology department of our hospital from January 2018 to December 2020 were recruited and assigned via random number table method at a ratio of 1 : 1 to receive either metformin (control group) or metformin plus intensive exercise diet therapy (study group) after laparoscopic nephrectomy. Outcome measures included glucose and lipid metabolism, pancreatic islet function, lifestyle, clinical efficacy, and adverse reactions. Results After the intervention, the fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (PBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of the two groups of patients decreased significantly, and the study group had significantly lower results. After treatment, the two groups had elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting serum insulin (FINS), and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β), and higher results were obtained in the study group (P < 0.05). After the intervention, the study group showed higher results of health promoting lifestyle profile-II (HPLP-II) and a 12-month progression-free survival rate than the control group. There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups. Conclusion Metformin combined with intensive-exercise diet therapy significantly improves the glucose and lipid metabolism and islet function of renal cancer patients with diabetes and effectively enhances the 12-month progression-free survival. Further trials are, however, required prior to clinical application.

Ethanol Extract of Pinus koraiensis Leaves Mitigates High Fructose-Induced Hepatic Triglyceride Accumulation and Hypertriglyceridemia

Pinus koraiensis is a valuable plant source of functional health foods and medicinal materials. Hypertriglyceridemia affects about 15–20% of adults and is related to stroke, metabolic syndromes, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Dietary fructose, a risk factor for developing hypertriglyceridemia, significantly increases postprandial triglyceride (TG) levels and aggravates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of ethanol extract from P. koraiensis needles (EPK) on fructose (Fr)-induced cell culture and animal models, respectively. Our team determined the bioactivity, such as anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-hyperlipidemic functions, of P. koraiensis needle extract. The EPK markedly reduced TG levels in the liver and serum and enhanced TG excretion through feces in high-fructose-fed rats. Furthermore, the EPK inhibited de novo lipogenesis and its markers—carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory marker. Consistent with the results of the in vivo experiment, the EPK decreased SREBP-1, ChREBP, HMGCR, FAS, TNF-α, and iNOS expression levels, resulting in slower lipid accumulation and lower TG levels in Fr-induced HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that EPK mitigates hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic TG accumulation by inhibiting de novo lipogenic and pro-inflammatory factors.

ANGPTL3 Is Involved in the Post-prandial Response in Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and HDL Components in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.

It is well-established that there exists an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in the plasma. However, information is lacking on the impact of post-prandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) on the structure of HDL subclasses in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, the data of 49 patients with CAD were analyzed to evaluate dynamic alterations in post-prandial lipid profiles using nuclear magnetic resonance-based methods. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify the serum angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3). After glucose supplementation, the expression of hepatic ANGPTL3 was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Compared to fasting levels, the post-prandial serum TG level of all participants was considerably increased. Although post-prandial total cholesterol in HDL (HDL-C) remained unchanged, free cholesterol in HDL particles (HDL-FC) was significantly reduced after a meal. Furthermore, the post-prandial decrease in the HDL-FC level corresponded to the increase in remnant cholesterol (RC), indicating the possible exchange of free cholesterol between HDL and TRLs after a meal. Moreover, CAD patients with exaggerated TG response to diet, defined as TG increase >30%, tend to have a greater post-prandial increase of RC and decrease of HDL-FC compared to those with TG increase ≤30%. Mechanistically, the fasting and post-prandial serum ANGPTL3 levels were significantly lower in those with TG increase ≤30% than those with TG increase >30%, suggesting that ANGPTL3, the key lipolysis regulator, may be responsible for the different post-prandial responses of TG, RC, and HDL-FC.

Oral fat tolerance testing identifies abnormal pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance in individuals with normal glucose tolerance.

Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function are affected by lipid metabolism disorders, even before the onset of type 2 diabetes. People are in the postprandial state most of the time. Therefore, identifying postprandial hyperlipemia is important. This study aimed to assess patients with abnormalities in lipid metabolism, but with normal glucose tolerance, using oral fat tolerance testing (OFTT) to identify defects in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. We included 248 volunteers with normal glucose tolerance who underwent OFTT. They were divided into three groups in accordance with their fasting and 4-h postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Their lipid concentrations during OFTT were compared. The disposition index (DI) was applied to estimate β-cell function, and the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISIM ) was used to assess insulin sensitivity. We used multiple linear regression analysis to estimate the relationships of fasting and postprandial TG concentrations with β-cell function and insulin sensitivity . The changes in TG concentrations during OFTT were more marked than those in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol or total cholesterol concentrations. As lipid metabolism deteriorated, the ISIM and the DI gradually decreased. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that fasting and 4-h postprandial TG concentrations affected LnISIM and LnDI. In individuals with normal glucose tolerance, β-cell function and insulin sensitivity gradually decrease with a deterioration in the lipid profile. Not only fasting TG, but also postprandial TG concentrations are independent risk factors for impaired β-cell function and insulin resistance.

A Gene Variation at the ZPR1 Locus (rs964184) Interacts With the Type of Diet to Modulate Postprandial Triglycerides in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: From the Coronary Diet Intervention With Olive Oil and Cardiovascular Prevention Study.

Background and Aimsrs964184 variant in the ZPR1 gene has been associated with blood lipids levels both in fasting and postprandial state and with the risk of myocardial infarction in high-risk cardiovascular patients. However, whether this association is modulated by diet has not been studied.ObjectiveTo investigate whether the type of diet (low-fat or Mediterranean diets) interacts with genetic variability at this loci to modulate fasting and postprandial lipids in coronary patients.Materials and MethodsThe genotype of the rs964184 polymorphism was determined in the Cordioprev Study population (NCT00924937). Fasting and Postprandial triglycerides were assessed before and after 3 years of dietary intervention with either a Mediterranean or a low-fat diet. Postprandial lipid assessment was done by a 4-h oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). Differences in triglycerides levels were identified using repeated-measures ANCOVA.ResultsFrom 523 patients (85% males, mean age 59 years) that completed the OFTT at baseline and after 3 years of intervention and had complete genotype information, 125 of them were carriers of the risk allele G. At the start of the study, these patients showed a higher fasting and postprandial triglycerides (TG) plasma levels. After 3 years of dietary intervention, G-carriers following a Mediterranean Diet maintained higher fasting and postprandial triglycerides, while those on the low-fat diet reduced their postprandial triglycerides to similar values to the population without the G-allele.ConclusionAfter 3 years of dietary intervention, the altered postprandial triglyceride response induced by genetic variability in the rs964184 polymorphism of the ZPR1 gene can be modulated by a low-fat diet, better than by a Mediterranean diet, in patients with coronary artery disease.

Feeding activates FGF15‐SHP‐TFEB‐mediated lipophagy in the gut

Lysosome‐mediated macroautophagy, including lipophagy, is activated under nutrient deprivation but is repressed after feeding. We show that, unexpectedly, feeding activates intestinal autophagy/lipophagy in a manner dependent on both the orphan nuclear receptor, small heterodimer partner (SHP/NR0B2), and the gut hormone, fibroblast growth factor‐15/19 (FGF15/19). Furthermore, postprandial intestinal triglycerides (TGs) and apolipoprotein‐B48 (ApoB48), the TG‐rich chylomicron marker, were elevated in SHP‐knockout and FGF15‐knockout mice. Genomic analyses of the mouse intestine indicated that SHP partners with the key lysosomal activator, transcription factor‐EB (TFEB) to upregulate the transcription of autophagy/lipolysis network genes after feeding. FGF19 treatment activated lipophagy, reducing TG and ApoB48 levels in HT29 intestinal cells, which was dependent on TFEB. Mechanistically, feeding‐induced FGF15/19 signaling increased the nuclear localization of TFEB and SHP via PKC beta/zeta‐mediated phosphorylation, leading to increased transcription of the TFEB/SHP target lipophagy genes, Ulk1 and Atgl. Collectively, these results demonstrate that paradoxically after feeding, FGF15/19‐activated SHP and TFEB activate gut lipophagy, limiting postprandial TGs. As excess postprandial lipids cause dyslipidemia and obesity, the FGF15/19‐SHP‐TFEB axis that reduces intestinal TGs via lipophagic activation provides promising therapeutic targets for obesity‐associated metabolic disease.

5 days of time-restricted feeding increases fat oxidation rate but not affect postprandial lipemia: a crossover trial

Studies have revealed that time-restricted feeding affects the fat oxidation rate; however, its effects on the fat oxidation rate and hyperlipidemia following high-fat meals are unclear. This study investigated the effects of 5-day time-restricted feeding on the fat oxidation rate and postprandial lipemia following high fat meals. In this random crossover experimental study, eight healthy male adults were included each in the 5-day time-restricted feeding trial and the control trial. The meals of the time-restricted feeding trial were provided at 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00. The meals of the control trial were provided at 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00. The contents of the meals of both trials were the same, and the calories of the meals met the 24-h energy requirement of the participants. After 5 days of the intervention, the participants consumed high-fat meals on the sixth day, and their physiological changes were determined. The fasting fat oxidation rate (p < 0.001) and postprandial fat oxidation rate (p = 0.019) of the time-restricted feeding trial were significantly higher than those of the control trial. The 24-h energy consumption and postprandial triglyceride, blood glucose, insulin, glycerol, and free fatty acid concentrations of the two trials showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). The results revealed that 5 days of time-restricted feeding effectively increased the fasting and postprandial fat oxidation rate, but it did not affect postprandial lipemia.

Body Composition Measures Associated With Postprandial Triglyceride Concentrations

ObjectivesA large increase in triglyceride (TG) concentrations following a high-fat meal (i.e., postprandial lipemia) is an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor. However, little is known regarding individual factors that are associated with or determine postprandial triglycerides. We aimed to identify body composition measures that are associated with postprandial triglyceride concentrations following a high-fat meal. MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of data from 5 previously conducted studies in our laboratory, each utilizing identical methods. Postprandial TG were measured at baseline and 4 hours after a high-fat shake (73% fat; 9 kcal/kg). In addition to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), body composition variables – relative body fat (BF%), relative muscle mass (MM%), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) – were measured via bioelectrical impedance. ResultsAcross 5 studies, complete data from 156 participants (age: 44.9 ± 21.0 years; sex: 83F/73M; BMI: 27.3 ± 5.5 kg/m2; fasting glucose: 98.6 ± 7.8 mg/dL; fasting TG: 94.6 ± 45.3 mg/dL; fasting total cholesterol: 170.8 ± 34.5 mg/dL) were compiled for this secondary analysis. Postprandial TG were correlated with age (r = 0.24, p = 0.003) but no difference between sexes was observed (p = 0.06). Significantly associated with 4-hr TG were BMI (r = 0.29, p < 0.0001), WC (r = 0.33, p < 0.0001), BF% (r = 0.23, p = 0.004), MM% (r = 0.23, p = 0.004), and VAT (r = 0.35, p < 0.0001). In a backward elimination regression (R2 = 0.15), the variables most predictive of 4-hr TG were MM% (β = 0.21, p = 0.009), VAT (β = 0.25, p = 0.004), and BF% (β = 0.16, p = 0.064). ConclusionsIn a secondary analysis of 156 participants across 5 studies, we identified MM%, VAT, and BF% as being the most predictive of 4-hr TG. Although the strength of the relationship may be weak to moderate, body composition appears to influence postprandial triglycerides. Further research could determine preventative measures regarding body composition to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with postprandial triglycerides. Funding SourcesOklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology (HR20-027), American Society for Nutrition, Donna Cadwalader Research and Development Grant, Oklahoma State University Office of the Vice President for Research.

Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Piglets Are Predisposed to Develop Metabolic Disorders in Adulthood When Fed With Parenteral Nutrition in the Neonatal Period

ObjectivesTotal parenteral nutrition (TPN) is lifesaving yet non-normal nutrition regimen during the neonatal period. However, studies have shown that TPN feeding early in life can permanently alter metabolism at later ages. Moreover, intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonates also have a higher risk of developing metabolic diseases (such as obesity and dyslipidemia) in later life. Because a substantial proportion of IUGR neonates receive TPN in early life, we wondered if the metabolic effects of feeding TPN early in life would exacerbate these effects of IUGR? We hypothesized that feeding TPN to IUGR neonates would aggravate the risk of developing obesity and dyslipidemia in adulthood.MethodsSixteen normal weight female piglets (7 d old) were randomized to sow-fed (SF) or early TPN (TPN-CON); 8 (IUGR or runt) piglets were fed TPN as a third group (TPN-IUGR). After 2 weeks of TPN or suckling, all pigs were fed a normal grower diet for 8 mo. At 8 mo, catheters were implanted and in vivo metabolic tests were conducted.ResultsTPN-IUGR pigs demonstrated catch-up growth by 4 mo, and body weights were not different among groups at 8 mo. The metabolic effects of feeding TPN persisted into adulthood, as indicated by higher postprandial plasma triglycerides (TG) and fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), compared to SF (P < 0.05). IUGR exacerbated TPN-induced risk for diseases by worsening obesity outcomes with greater subcutaneous fat deposition (P < 0.05) and greater ectopic TG deposition in the liver (P < 0.05) and muscle (P < 0.05). Furthermore, IUGR led to dyslipidemia as indicated by higher cholesterol in fasted plasma LDL (P < 0.05), slower postprandial TG clearance (P < 0.05), higher fasting plasma NEFA (P < 0.001) and higher plasma dimethylglycine (P < 0.05), compared to the TPN-CON. IUGR pigs had greater VLDL secretion, as suggested by higher microsomal transfer protein mRNA (P < 0.05). Early TPN programmed reduced lipogenesis, as indicated by lower fatty acid synthase mRNA (P < 0.05), compared to SF.ConclusionsCollectively, these findings conclude that although TPN is a lifesaving measure, feeding TPN to IUGR neonates has long-term metabolic consequences predisposing them to develop metabolic disorders in adulthood.Funding SourcesCanadian Institutes of Health Research.

31-OR: Almond Milk Has No Additional Benefits over 2% Milk on Postprandial Glycemia, Lipidemia, and Gastrointestinal Hormones in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Almond milk is often used in lieu of dairy milk with the perception of being a healthier substitute, however, its effect on postprandial glycemia compared to 2% milk is not understood. In this study, we compared the 4-hour postprandial effects of almond milk versus carbohydrate- or caloric-matched 2% milk, each served with a similar amount of oatmeal in patients with T2D. In this cross-over, three-way, open-label study, 22 overweight or obese patients with T2D consumed ½ cup (40 g) of oatmeal served with 360 mL almond milk (ALM) or carbohydrate-matched (246 ml) 2% milk (CarbM) or calorie-matched (182 ml) 2% milk, on separate days, in random order. The primary outcome was glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC 0-240) while changes in other analytes were secondary outcomes. Blood samples for glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) , gastrointestinal (GI) satiety and hunger hormones were drawn at baseline, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. Incremental AUCs were compared between groups using Wilcoxon signed rank test. P-values for analytes other than glucose were adjusted with the false discovery rate (FDR) . P&amp;lt;5% for glucose or FDR&amp;lt;5% were considered significant. There were no differences in iAUC 0-240 for glucose, triglycerides, PYY, active GLP-1 or amylin, leptin, GIP, cholecystokinin, ghrelin or FFA in any pair-wise comparison. However, iAUC 0-240 for insulin and glucagon were significantly higher in CarbM vs. ALM (FDR 0.002 and 0.02 respectively) . In conclusion, compared to almond milk used with oatmeal, carbohydrate- or caloric-matched 2% milk has similar effects on postprandial glucose, FFA, triglycerides and GI hormones for up to 4 hrs, indicating no additional benefits of almond milk over 2% milk. On the contrary, carbohydrate-matched 2% milk increased insulin and glucagon secretion compared to almond milk. The long-term significance of this increase in insulin release needs to be further elaborated in a long-term study. Disclosure J.Mitri: Consultant; dairy management, Lnutra. S.Tomah: None. J.Dreyfuss: None. M.Al-badri: None. S.E.Dhaver: None. H.Gardner: None. M.Tasabehji: None. O.Hamdy: Advisory Panel; L-Nutra Inc., Nestlé, Consultant; Abbott, Sanofi, Research Support; Eli Lilly and Company, Gilead Sciences, Inc., National Dairy Council, Novo Nordisk, Stock/Shareholder; Healthimation.