Postprandial Triglyceride Response Research Articles

Regular activity breaks combined with physical activity improve postprandial plasma triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acid, and insulin responses in healthy, normal weight adults: A randomized crossover trial

Compared with prolonged sitting, regular activity breaks immediately lower postprandial glucose and insulin, but not triglyceride responses. Postprandial triglycerides can be lowered by physical activity but the effect is often delayed by ∼12 to 24hours. The objective of the study was to determine whether regular activity breaks affect postprandial triglyceride response in a delayed manner similar to physical activity. In a randomized crossover trial, 36 adults (body mass index 23.9kg/m2 [standard deviation 3.9]) completed four 2-day interventions: (1) prolonged sitting (SIT); (2) prolonged sitting with 30minutes of continuous walking (60% VO2max), at the end of Day 1 (SIT+PAD1); (3) Sitting with 2minutes of walking (60% VO2max) every 30minutes (RAB); (4) A combination of the continuous walking and regular activity breaks in 2 and 3 above (RAB+PAD1). Postprandial plasma triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, and insulin responses were measured in venous blood over 5hours on Day2. Compared with SIT, both RAB (difference: -43.61mg/dL·5hours; 95% confidence interval [CI] -83.66 to -2.67; P=.035) and RAB+PAD1 (-65.86mg/dL·5hours; 95% CI -112.14 to -19.58; P=.005) attenuated triglyceride total area under the curve (tAUC). RAB+PAD1 produced the greatest reductions in insulin tAUC (-23%; 95% CI -12% to -31%; P<.001), whereas RAB resulted in the largest increase in nonesterified fatty acids (tAUC, 10.08mg/dL·5hours; 95% CI 5.60-14.84; P<.001). There was no effect on glucose tAUC (P=.290). Postprandial triglyceride response is attenuated by regular activity breaks, when measured ∼24hours after breaks begin. Combining regular activity breaks with 30minutes of continuous walking further improves insulinemic and lipidemic responses.

Postprandial triglyceride responses and insulin resistance among night shift health care workers

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Postprandial Triglyceride Responses in Younger versus Older Active Adults

BACKGROUND: A large post-meal triglyceride (TG) response (postprandial lipemia) is linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk. Exercise lowers postprandial lipemia, although this has been primarily shown in young adults. Studies have reported an age-related increase in postprandial lipemia, but it is unknown whether this is a direct result of aging or an outcome of reduced physical activity, as postprandial lipemia has scarcely been assessed in older adults. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare active older adults to active younger adults with regard to postprandial lipemia. We hypothesized that the younger active (YA) adults would display a lesser postprandial TG response compared to the older active (OA) adults. METHODS: Sixteen adults (8 OA adults, 67 ± 5 yr; 8 YA adults, 25 ± 5 yr; each group: 4M/4W) reported to the lab following a 10-hour overnight fast and having abstained from exercise for two days. An indwelling catheter was inserted into a forearm vein and a baseline blood sample was taken to assess fasting TG. Next, participants consumed a high-fat meal (60% fat, 37% CHO) that was relative to their body mass (12 kcal/kg; 921 ± 164 kcal). Blood draws were then performed hourly for 6 hours to characterize the postprandial TG response. RESULTS: There was no difference (p = 0.20) in fasting TG between groups (OA: 52.3 ± 9.0 mg/dL; YA: 47.4 ± 4.6 mg/dL). Total area under the curve (AUC) TG response was significantly greater (p = 0.003) in the OA group (625.6 ± 169.0 mg/dL x 6 hr) compared to the YA group (407.9 ± 115.1 mg/dL x 6 hr). The OA participants also elicited a greater (p = 0.007) incremental AUC TG response (312.1 ± 123.3 mg/dL x 6 hr) versus the YA participants (123.6 ± 119.6 mg/dL x 6 hr). There was no difference (p = 0.32) in the time to peak TG response between groups (OA: 3.1 ± 1.0 hr; YA: 3.8 ± 1.0 hr), but the peak TG value was significantly higher (p = 0.007) in the OA adults (144.0 ± 42.2 mg/dL) compared to the YA adults (90.5 ± 27.0 mg/dL). CONCLUSION: Despite being chronically active, OA adults displayed a higher TG response than YA adults, agreeing with previous findings of an age-related increase in postprandial lipemia. Future research should test whether OA adults differ from older inactive adults, as it would be valuable to identify the contributions of aging versus physical activity in postprandial TG modification.

Effects of Prior Aerobic Exercise and Prolonged Sitting on Postprandial Plasma Glucose and Triglyceride Responses

Effects of Prior Aerobic Exercise and Prolonged Sitting on Postprandial Plasma Glucose and Triglyceride Responses

Acute Peanut Consumption Alters Postprandial Lipids and Vascular Responses in Healthy Overweight or Obese Men

Background: Postprandial hyperlipidemia is associated with impaired endothelial function. Peanut consumption favorably affects the lipid and lipoprotein profile; however, the effects on endothelial function remain unclear.Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of acute peanut consumption as part of a high-fat meal on postprandial endothelial function.Methods: We conducted a randomized, controlled, crossover postprandial study to evaluate the effect of acute peanut consumption on postprandial lipids and endothelial function as assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery in 15 healthy overweight or obese men [mean age: 26.7 y; mean body mass index (in kg/m2): 31.4]. Participants consumed, in a randomized order, a peanut meal containing 3 ounces (85 g) ground peanuts (1198 kcal; 40.0% carbohydrate, 47.7% fat, 19.4% saturated fat, 13.2% protein) and a control meal matched for energy and macronutrient content. Meals were in the form of a shake, scheduled ≥1 wk apart. Lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline (0 min) and at 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after shake consumption. FMD was measured at baseline and at 240 min.Results: Acute peanut consumption blunted the serum triglyceride (TG) response 120 and 240 min after consumption compared with the control meal (means ± SEMs—120 min: 188.9 ± 19.4 compared with 197.5 ± 20.7 mg/dL; 240 min: 189.9 ± 24.3 compared with 197.3 ± 18.4 mg/dL; P < 0.05 for both). Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and glucose and insulin responses were similar between the test meals. Compared with baseline, only the control meal significantly decreased FMD at 240 min (control: −1.2% ± 0.5%; P = 0.029; peanut: −0.6% ± 0.5%; P = 0.3). Participants with higher baseline total (>150 mg/dL) and LDL (>100 mg/dL)-cholesterol concentrations showed a significant decrease in FMD after the control meal (−1.8%, P = 0.017; −2.0%, P = 0.038), whereas the peanut meal maintained endothelial function in all participants irrespective of total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations.Conclusion: The inclusion of 85 g peanuts (3 ounces) as part of a high-fat meal improved the postprandial TG response and preserved endothelial function in healthy overweight or obese men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01405300.

High Intensity Versus Low Volume Resistance Exercise On Postprandial Triglycerides In Healthy College Students

Elevated postprandial triglycerides (TGs) contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Prior exercise is a well-established method to lower postprandial TGs; however, most exercise protocols involve prolonged aerobic or resistance training (RT) of sixty to ninety minute which is not realistically attainable by the general population. PURPOSE: The present study investigates the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) of twenty minutes and RT of thirty minutes on postprandial TGs. METHODS: Approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the College of Saint Benedict and Saint John’s University and signed informed consents were provided by all participants. Thirty healthy college-age students (5 males, 25 females) were recruited from nutrition and exercise science courses. All subjects completed the control, HIIT, and resistance protocols one week apart. Subjects performed the exercise protocols 12-16 hours prior to an oral fat tolerance test (milkshake, 1 g of fat per kg of body weight). Subjects were instructed to consume similar diets during the 24 hours prior to the milk shake. Each exercise session was supervised; HIIT consisted of four 30 second sprints with 4 minutes of walking recovery and the low-volume RT consisted of six machine-based lifts, 2 sets of 8 repetitions at 75% of one repetition maximum. Postprandial TGs were measured at baseline and three hours following consumption of the milkshake using the CardioChek PA blood analyzer (PTS Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). Data was analyzed using a three way repeated measures ANOVA statistical test. RESULTS: The triglyceride levels at baseline were on average less than 150 mg/dL (desirable value); however, 20% were above. The means are as follows for each treatment and time point (baseline, and postprandial respectively): Control 107 +/- 49, 140 +/- 73 mg/dL; HIIT 93 +/- 34, 122 +/- 59 mg/dL; and Resistance 108 +/- 47, 144 +/- 64 mg/dL. While there appears to be a trend that HIIT lowered both fasting and postprandial TG’s the decrease was not statistically significant (p=0.699). CONCLUSION: Twenty minutes of HIIT or thirty minutes of low-volume RT did not significantly lower postprandial triglyceride response to a high fat milkshake in a healthy, college-age population.

Fructose intervention for 12 weeks does not impair glycemic control or incretin hormone responses during oral glucose or mixed meal tests in obese men

Background and aimsIncretin hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are affected early on in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Epidemiologic studies consistently link high fructose consumption to insulin resistance but whether fructose consumption impairs the incretin response remains unknown. Methods and resultsAs many as 66 obese (BMI 26–40 kg/m2) male subjects consumed fructose-sweetened beverages containing 75 g fructose/day for 12 weeks while continuing their usual lifestyle. Glucose, insulin, GLP-1 and GIP were measured during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and triglycerides (TG), GLP-1, GIP and PYY during a mixed meal test before and after fructose intervention. Fructose intervention did not worsen glucose and insulin responses during OGTT, and GLP-1 and GIP responses during OGTT and fat-rich meal were unchanged. Postprandial TG response increased significantly, p = 0.004, and we observed small but significant increases in weight and liver fat content, but not in visceral or subcutaneous fat depots. However, even the subgroups who gained weight or liver fat during fructose intervention did not worsen their glucose, insulin, GLP-1 or PYY responses. A minor increase in GIP response during OGTT occurred in subjects who gained liver fat (p = 0.049). ConclusionIn obese males with features of metabolic syndrome, 12 weeks fructose intervention 75 g/day did not change glucose, insulin, GLP-1 or GIP responses during OGTT or GLP-1, GIP or PYY responses during a mixed meal. Therefore, fructose intake, even accompanied with mild weight gain, increases in liver fat and worsening of postprandial TG profile, does not impair glucose tolerance or gut incretin response to oral glucose or mixed meal challenge.

Homozygous carriers of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 T-allele show altered postprandial response in triglycerides and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

The TCF7L2 rs7903146 T-allele shows the strongest association with type 2 diabetes (T2D) among common gene variants. The aim of this study was to assess circulating levels of metabolites following a meal test in individuals carrying the high risk rs790346 TT genotype (cases) and low-risk CC genotype (controls). Sixty-two men were recruited based on TCF7L2 genotype, 31 were TT carriers and 31 were age- and BMI-matched CC carriers. All participants consumed a test meal after 12 hours of fasting. Metabolites were measured using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Metabolomic profiling of TCF7L2 carriers were performed for 141 lipid estimates. TT carriers had lower fasting levels of L-VLDL-L (total lipids in large very low density lipoproteins, p = 0.045), L-VLDL-CE (cholesterol esters in large VLDL, p = 0.03), and L-VLDL-C (total cholesterol in large VLDL, p = 0.045) compared to CC carriers. Additionally, TT carriers had lower postprandial levels of total triglycerides (TG) (q = 0.03), VLDL-TG (q = 0.05, including medium, small and extra small, q = 0.048, q = 0.0009, q = 0.04, respectively), HDL-TG (triglycerides in high density lipoproteins q = 0.037) and S-HDL-TG (q = 0.00003). In conclusion, TT carriers show altered postprandial triglyceride response, mainly influencing VLDL and HDL subclasses suggesting a genotype-mediated effect on hepatic lipid regulation.

Association of fasting triglyceride concentration and postprandial triglyceride response with the carotid intima-media thickness in the middle aged: The Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study

People are in a postprandial state for the majority of the day, postprandial triglyceride (TG) response may be more important in the etiology of atherosclerosis than fasting TGs. The objective of the study was to investigate the associations of fasting TG concentration (TGc) and postprandial TG response after a meal challenge with subclinical atherosclerosis, measured by intima-media thickness (IMT) in a middle-aged population. A total of 5574 participants (57% women) with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 56 (6) years were included in this cross-sectional analysis of baseline measurements of The Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study. Serum TGc was measured fasting and 30 and 150minutes after a liquid mixed meal, and the incremental area under the curve (TGiAUC) was calculated. With linear regression analyses, we calculated the differences in IMT with 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for confounding factors, and additionally for TGc or TGiAUC. Per SD of TGc (0.82mmol/L), IMT was 8.5μm (2.1, 14.9) greater after adjustment for TGiAUC and confounding factors. Per SD of TGiAUC (24.0mmol/L × min), the difference in IMT was -1.7μm (-8.5, 5.0) after adjustment for fasting TG and confounding factors. The association between TG response after a mixed meal and IMT disappeared after adjusting for TGc. The association between fasting TG concentration and IMT persisted after adjustment for postprandial TG response. These findings imply that it is not useful to perform a meal challenge in cardiovascular risk stratification. Our results support use of fasting TGc instead of postprandial TG responses for cardiovascular risk stratification in clinical practice.

Effects of Multiple Sedentary Days on Metabolic Risk Factors in Free-Living Conditions: Lessons Learned and Future Recommendations.

Background: Recent experimental studies in adults have demonstrated that interruptions to prolonged sitting have beneficial effects on metabolic risk factors in adults, compared to prolonged sitting. We explored the hypothesis that multiple consecutive days of predominantly prolonged sedentary time may have an unfavorable effect on the postprandial response of C-peptide, glucose, and triglycerides in free-living healthy young men.Methods: In this explorative pilot study, healthy young men (n = 7; 18–23 years) consumed standardized mixed meals at 1 and 5 h during two experimental laboratory-sitting days, with 6 days of predominantly prolonged sedentary time in between. Serum and plasma samples were obtained hourly from 0 to 8 h for measurement of glucose, C-peptide, and triglycerides. Participant's sedentary time was monitored using an accelerometer during the prolonged sedentary days as well as during 6 normal days prior to the first laboratory day. Differences in postprandial levels were assessed using generalized estimating equations analysis. Due to the explorative nature of this study and the small sample size, p-value was set at <0.10.Results: Overall, when expressed as % of wear time, sedentary time was 5% higher during the 6 prolonged sedentary days, which was not significantly different compared to the 6 normal days (n = 4). Following 6 prolonged sedentary days, postprandial levels of C-peptide were significantly higher than at baseline (B = 0.11; 90%CI = [0.002; 0.22]; n = 7). Postprandial levels of glucose and triglycerides were not significantly different between the 2 laboratory days.Conclusions: Due to the relatively high sedentary time at baseline, participants were unable to increase their sedentary time substantially. Nevertheless, postprandial C-peptide levels were slightly higher after 6 prolonged sedentary days than after 6 normal days.

Frequency of Breaks in Sedentary Time and Postprandial Metabolic Responses.

To compare the metabolic effects of breaking up sedentary time with prolonged periods of standing versus multiple shorter standing bouts with the same total duration to determine whether, in principle, altering the frequency of "standing breaks" in sedentary time, influences metabolic responses over the course of the day. Ten normoglycemic overweight/obese men (age, 33 ± 13 yr; body mass index, 28.3 ± 3.0 kg·m; mean ± SD) each participated in three experimental trials in random order, in which they arrived fasted, then consumed a test breakfast (8 kcal·kg body weight, with 37% energy from fat, 49% from carbohydrates, 14% from protein) and, 4 h later, an identical test lunch. Expired air and blood samples were taken fasted and for 8 h postprandially. In one trial (uninterrupted sitting), participants sat continuously throughout the observation period; in the prolonged standing (PRO-Stand) trial, participants stood still for 15 min every 30 min; and in the intermittent standing trial (INT-Stand), they stood for 1.5 min, 10 times every 30 min. Compared with uninterrupted sitting, energy expenditure was 320 ± 62 kJ (10.7% ± 2.0%) higher in PRO-Stand and 617 ± 76 kJ (20.4% ± 2.3%) higher in INT-Stand: energy expenditure in INT-Stand was 296 ± 78 kJ (9.0% ± 2.3%) higher than PRO-Stand (mean ± SEM; all P < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between trials in postprandial glucose, insulin, or triglyceride responses. These data demonstrate an independent effect of frequency of sedentary breaks on energy expenditure which provides an explanation for the association between frequency of sedentary breaks and adiposity observed in epidemiological data. However, it may be necessary to break up sitting with activities of greater intensity than quiet standing to positively influence glucose, insulin, and triglyceride metabolism in relatively young, normoglycemic, overweight/obese men.

Fat Intolerance in Apparently Healthy Individuals with Normal Fasting Lipoproteins Is Associated with Markers of Cardiovascular Risk.

Postprandial increase of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins augments the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. We explored the hypothesis that a simplified oral fat tolerance test can uncover differences in postprandial triglyceride response associated with potentially atherogenic lipoprotein characteristics, even in a cohort of apparently healthy 31-year-old [mean (SD), 31 (11)] nonobese individuals with normal fasting lipids and lipoproteins. We used a fat tolerance test in 96 females and 62 males with blood sampled at 0, 2, and 4 h after a breakfast containing 26.3 g of fats. The postprandial triglyceride response was used to classify the individuals in apparently fat-tolerant and apparently fat-intolerant participants. The intolerant individuals were found to have at 0 h significantly higher body mass index, plasma triglycerides, remnant cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol and lower apolipoprotein (apo) AI and HDL cholesterol than the tolerant individuals. More than 70% of the variability (r2) of the postprandial response in tolerant and intolerant individuals measured as area under the curve or, at a single point at 4 h after the oral fat load, was linearly correlated with 0-h triglycerides (P < 0001). Fasting lipoprotein parameters, proposed to be markers of cardiovascular risk, as the ratios apo B/apo AI, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides/HDL cholesterol, were increased in the intolerant individuals. A simplified oral fat tolerance test, even when used in an apparently healthy, nonobese, normolipidemic cohort, detected that an increased postprandial triglycerides response was associated with augmented lipoprotein markers of increased cardiovascular risk.

ω-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Diminish Postprandial Lipemia in Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

Impaired postprandial chylomicron metabolism induces hypertriglyceridemia and may increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester (ω-3 FAEE) supplementation decreases plasma triglycerides. However, its effect on postprandial chylomicron metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) has not yet been investigated. We aimed to examine the effect of ω-3 FAEE supplementation on postprandial responses in plasma triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) apolipoprotein B (apoB)-100, and apoB-48 in FH patients receiving standard cholesterol-lowering treatment. We carried out an 8-week open-label, randomized, crossover intervention trial to test the effect of oral supplementation with 4 g/d ω-3 FAEE (46% eicosapentaenoic acid and 38% docosahexaenoic acid) on postprandial triglyceride, VLDL-apoB-100, and apoB-48 responses in FH patients after ingestion of an oral fat load. Plasma total and incremental triglyceride, VLDL-apoB-100, and apoB-48 0- to 10-hour area under the curve (AUC). ω-3 FAEE supplementation significantly (P < .05 in all) reduced concentrations of fasting plasma triglyceride (-20%), apoB (-8%), VLDL-apoB-100 (-26%), and apoB-48 (-36%); as well as systolic blood pressure (-6%) and diastolic blood pressure (-6%). Postprandial triglyceride and VLDL-apoB-100 total AUCs (-19% and -26%, respectively; P < .01) and incremental AUCs (-18% and -35%, respectively; P < .05), as well as postprandial apoB-48 total AUC (-30%; P < .02) were significantly reduced by ω-3 FAEE supplementation. Supplementation with ω-3 FAEEs improves postprandial lipemia in FH patients receiving standard care; this may have implications for further reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in this high-risk patient group.

Assessment of postprandial triglycerides in clinical practice: Validation in a general population and coronary heart disease patients

Previous studies have suggested that for clinical purposes, subjects with fasting triglycerides (TGs) between 89-180mg/dl (1-2mmol/l) would benefit from postprandial TGs testing. To determine the postprandial TG response in 2 independent studies and validate who should benefit diagnostically from an oral-fat tolerance test (OFTT) in clinical practice. A population of 1002 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) from the CORDIOPREV clinical trial and 1115 white US subjects from the GOLDN study underwent OFTTs. Subjects were classified into 3 groups according to fasting cut points of TGs to predict the usefulness of OFTT: (1) TG<89mg/dl (<1mmol/l); (2) TG, 89-180mg/dl (1-2mmol/l); and (3) TG>180mg/dl (>2mmol/l). Postprandial TG concentration at any point > 220mg/dl (>2.5mmol/l) has been pre-established as an undesirable postprandial response. Of the total, 49% patients with CHD and 42% from the general population showed an undesirable response after the OFTT. The prevalence of undesirable postprandial TG in the CORDIOPREV clinical trial was 12.8, 50.3, and 89.7%, in group 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P<.001) and 11.2, 58.1, and 97.5% in group 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P<.001) in the GOLDN study. These two studies validate the predictive values reported in a previous consensus. Moreover, the findings of the CORDIOPREV and GOLDN studies show that an OFTT is useful to identify postprandial hyperlipidemia in subjects with fasting TG between 1-2mmol/l (89-180mg/dL), because approximately half of them have hidden postprandial hyperlipidemia, which may influence treatment. An OFTT does not provide additional information regarding postprandial hyperlipidemia in subjects with low TG (<1mmol/l, <89mg/dL) or increased TG (>2mmol/l, >180mg/dl).

Postprandial triglycerides response to krill oil supplementation in healthy women

Postprandial triglycerides response to krill oil supplementation in healthy women

Why are fish oil supplements apparently failing to reproduce fish consumption epidemiology in RCT for cardiovascular disease?

Why are fish oil supplements apparently failing to reproduce fish consumption epidemiology in RCT for cardiovascular disease?

Hepatic insulin resistance both in prediabetic and diabetic patients determines postprandial lipoprotein metabolism: from the CORDIOPREV study.

Background/aimsPrevious evidences have shown the presence of a prolonged and exaggerated postprandial response in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its relation with an increase of cardiovascular risk. However, the response in prediabetes population has not been established. The objective was to analyze the degree of postprandial lipemia response in the CORDIOPREV clinical trial (NCT00924937) according to the diabetic status.Methods1002 patients were submitted to an oral fat load test meal (OFTT) with 0.7 g fat/kg body weight [12 % saturated fatty acids (SFA), 10 % polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 43 % monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 10 % protein and 25 % carbohydrates]. Serial blood test analyzing lipid fractions were drawn at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h during postprandial state. Postprandial triglycerides (TG) concentration at any point >2.5 mmol/L (220 mg/dL) has been established as undesirable response. We explored the dynamic response in 57 non-diabetic, 364 prediabetic and 581 type 2 diabetic patients. Additionally, the postprandial response was evaluated according to basal insulin resistance subgroups in patients non-diabetic and diabetic without pharmacological treatment (N = 642).ResultsPrevalence of undesirable postprandial TG was 35 % in non-diabetic, 48 % in prediabetic and 59 % in diabetic subgroup, respectively (p < 0.001). Interestingly, prediabetic patients displayed higher plasma TG and large triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs-TG) postprandial response compared with those non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003 respectively). Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) of TG and AUC of TRLs-TG was greater in the prediabetic group compared with non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001 and p < 0.005 respectively). Patients with liver insulin resistance (liver-IR) showed higher postprandial response of TG compared with those patients with muscle-IR or without any insulin-resistance respectively (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that prediabetic patients show a lower phenotypic flexibility after external aggression, such as OFTT compared with nondiabetic patients. The postprandial response increases progressively according to non-diabetic, prediabetic and type 2 diabetic state and it is higher in patients with liver insulin-resistance. To identify this subgroup of patients is important to treat more intensively in order to avoid future cardiometabolic complications.

Benefits for Type 2 Diabetes of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting With Brief Bouts of Light Walking or Simple Resistance Activities.

To determine whether interrupting prolonged sitting with brief bouts of light-intensity walking (LW) or simple resistance activities (SRA) improves postprandial cardiometabolic risk markers in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a randomized crossover trial, 24 inactive overweight/obese adults with T2D (14 men 62 ± 6 years old) underwent the following 8-h conditions on three separate days (with 6-14 days washout): uninterrupted sitting (control) (SIT), sitting plus 3-min bouts of LW (3.2 km · h(-1)) every 30 min, and sitting plus 3-min bouts of SRA (half-squats, calf raises, gluteal contractions, and knee raises) every 30 min. Standardized meals were consumed during each condition. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUCs) for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and triglycerides were compared between conditions. Compared with SIT, both activity-break conditions significantly attenuated iAUCs for glucose (SIT mean 24.2 mmol · h · L(-1) [95% CI 20.4-28.0] vs. LW 14.8 [11.0-18.6] and SRA 14.7 [10.9-18.5]), insulin (SIT 3,293 pmol · h · L(-1) [2,887-3,700] vs. LW 2,104 [1,696-2,511] and SRA 2,066 [1,660-2,473]), and C-peptide (SIT 15,641 pmol · h · L(-1) [14,353-16,929] vs. LW 11,504 [10,209-12,799] and SRA 11,012 [9,723-12,301]) (all P < 0.001). The iAUC for triglycerides was significantly attenuated for SRA (P < 0.001) but not for LW (SIT 4.8 mmol · h · L(-1) [3.6-6.0] vs. LW 4.0 [2.8-5.1] and SRA 2.9 [1.7-4.1]). Interrupting prolonged sitting with brief bouts of LW or SRA attenuates acute postprandial glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and triglyceride responses in adults with T2D. With poor adherence to structured exercise, this approach is potentially beneficial and practical.

Metabolic and Hormonal Response to a Feed-challenge Test in Lean and Overweight Dogs.

BackgroundObese dogs risk poor life quality, creating a need for increased knowledge of metabolism in overweight dogs.ObjectivesInvestigate postprandial metabolic and hormonal responses to a high‐fat mixed‐meal in dogs and responses of lean versus overweight dogs.AnimalsTwenty‐eight healthy intact male Labrador Retrievers were included.MethodsProspective observational study. Twelve dogs were grouped as lean (body condition score (BCS 4–5), 10 as slightly overweight (BCS 6), and 6 as overweight (BCS 6.5–8) on a 9‐point scale. After an overnight fast, urine and blood samples were collected. Dogs were then fed a high‐fat mixed‐meal, and blood was collected hourly for 4 hours and urine after 3 hours.ResultsPostprandial concentrations of insulin and glucagon were increased at 1 hour (both P < 0.0001), triglycerides at 2 hours (P < 0.0001), and glucose at 3 hours (P = 0.004); and all remained increased throughout the feed‐challenge in all dogs. Postprandial urine cortisol/creatinine ratio was higher than fasting values (P = 0.001). Comparing between groups, there was an overall higher triglyceride response in overweight compared to lean (P = 0.001) and slightly overweight (P = 0.015) dogs. Overweight dogs also had higher fasting cortisol/creatinine ratio compared to lean dogs (P = 0.024).Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePostprandial responses of dogs to a high‐fat mixed‐meal were similar to those previously reported in people. The higher postprandial triglyceride response and fasting cortisol/creatinine ratio in the overweight dogs could be early signs of metabolic imbalance. Thus, although overweight dogs often appear healthy, metabolic alterations might be present.

Casein Compared with Whey Proteins Affects the Organization of Dietary Fat during Digestion and Attenuates the Postprandial Triglyceride Response to a Mixed High-Fat Meal in Healthy, Overweight Men1–3

Background: Postprandial lipemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The potential impacts of the type/nature of dietary protein on postprandial lipemia and associated dysregulations have been insufficiently investigated.Objective: We investigated the postprandial effect of including in a high-fat meal some milk protein fractions that markedly differ in their physicochemical properties and composition [either casein (CAS), whey protein (WHE), or α-lactalbumin-enriched whey protein (LAC)].Methods: The protein fractions were incorporated as 15% energy in a high-fat meal in a 3-period, crossover postprandial study of 10 healthy overweight men with an elevated waist circumference (>94 cm). We measured postprandial changes in plasma lipids, amino acids, glucose, and oxidative stress markers, vascular function (using pulse contour analysis), and low-grade inflammation (using plasma markers). We also characterized in vitro the meal structures, including the size of the fat globule, and possible changes during digestion.Results: The type of protein did not affect postprandial plasma glucose, amino acids, insulin, or nonesterified fatty acids, but, compared with WHE and LAC, which did not differ, CAS markedly reduced postprandial triglycerides (TGs), achieving a 22 ± 10% reduction in the 6-h area under the curve (P < 0.05). Similar trends were shown for plasma chylomicrons [apolipoprotein (apo)B-48; P < 0.05]. However, there were no significant differences between the meals regarding postprandial oxidative stress (plasma hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde), endothelial dysfunction (salbutamol-induced changes in pulse contour analysis), or low-grade inflammation. In vitro studies showed that when the pH of the meal decreased to stomach pH values, the reduction in the solubility of casein resulted in a phase separation between fat and protein, whereas the proteins in the other meals remained suspended with fat globules.Conclusion: In healthy overweight men, casein has specific physical interactions with fat that affect postprandial TGs, leading to the formation of fewer chylomicrons or an increase in chylomicron clearance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00931151.