Postprandial Intake Research Articles

In Vivo Evaluation of a Gastro-Resistant Enprotect® Capsule under Postprandial Conditions.

Ready-to-fill enteric hard capsule shells are an evolving field of oral drug and nutraceutical products. Lonza Capsugel® Enprotect® capsules were recently proven to provide reliable release in the small intestine after fasted intake, but robustness against postprandial intake needed to be proven. In this study, the capsules were administered to 16 healthy young subjects after intake of a light meal. The Enprotect® capsules were labelled with 5 mg black iron oxide and 25 mg 13C3-caffeine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to identify the localization and visual dispersion of the capsule filling. The salivary appearance of caffeine was considered a second independent and sensitive marker for the initial release. Whereas the fasted gastric residence time of the capsules amounted to 43 ± 32 min, it was increased to 158 ± 36 min after postprandial intake. Therefore, the mean dispersion time according to MRI and the mean caffeine appearance time were increased to 196 ± 37 min and 189 ± 37 min, respectively. But, similar to fasted administration, no capsule disintegration or leakage was observed in the stomach and 38% of the capsules disintegrated in the jejunum and 62% in the ileum. The mean dispersion time after gastric emptying and the mean caffeine appearance time after gastric emptying amounted to 38 ± 21 min and 31 ± 17 min, respectively. Both did not relevantly change compared to the fasted intake. Only the absolute dispersion time and caffeine appearance were prolonged due to the increased gastric residence and no relevant influence of the light meal was observed on the disintegration or release behavior of Enprotect® capsules after gastric emptying. The capsules also showed robust enteric properties after postprandial administration.

Inflammation, oxidative stress and gene expression: the postprandial approach in professional soccer players to reduce the risk of muscle injuries and early atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to muscle injuries and early atherosclerosis in athletes. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) scientific opinion has acknowledged the hydroxytyrosol (3,4 dihydroxyphenylethanol [3,4-DHPEA or HT]) and derivatives, contained in extra virgin olive oil, typically used in Mediterranean diet may play a crucial role in the reduction of the inflammatory pathway. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of 25 g of phenols-rich extra virgin olive oil (p-EVOO) in professional soccer players.METHODS: The clinical study was a randomized, controlled trial to determine the acute effect in the postprandial time of 25g of p-EVOO. Twenty-two professional soccer players of an Italian Serie A team resulted eligible for the study. We evaluated plasma metabolites, oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression of 8 genes related to oxidative stress and human inflammasome pathways, lasting two hours after p-EVOO administration.RESULTS: A significant reduction of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was observed (P<0.05), alongside a significant up-regulation of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the intake of 25 g of p-EVOO was able to modulate, in postprandial time, the antioxidant profile and the expression of inflammation and of the oxidative stress-related genes, such as SOD1, USF1 and CAT. We also observed a significant reduction of MDA and oxLDL, plasma metabolites of oxidative stress. Our data show that the postprandial intake of phenols and antioxidants can reduce the inflammatory pathway and oxidative stress and therefore the risk of muscle injuries and early atherosclerosis in professional soccer players. More studies on a larger population are necessary before definitive conclusions can be draw.

Influence of Postprandial Intragastric Pressures on Drug Release from Gastroretentive Dosage Forms.

Despite extensive research in the field of gastroretentive dosage forms, this "holy grail" of oral drug delivery yet remained an unmet goal. Especially under fasting conditions, the reproducible retention of dosage forms in the stomach seems to be an impossible task. This is why such systems are often advised to be taken together with food. But also the postprandial motility can contribute significantly to the failure of gastroretentive dosage forms. To investigate the influence of postprandial pressure conditions on drug release from such systems, we used a novel in vitro dissolution tool, the dissolution stress test device. With the aid of this device, we simulated three different intragastric pressure profiles that may occur after postprandial intake. These transit scenarios were based on recently obtained, postprandial SmartPill® data. The tested systems, Glumetza® 1000 and Madopar® HBS 125, are marketed dosage forms that are based on different approaches to achieve proper gastric retention. All three transit scenarios revealed a highly pressure-sensitive drug release behavior, for both drugs. For Madopar® HBS 125, nearly complete drug release was observed even after early occurring pressures. Glumetza® 1000 seemed to be more resistant to these, most likely due to incomplete wetting of the system. On the contrary to these findings, data from standard dissolution tests using the paddle apparatus displayed controlled drug release for both systems for about 6h. Based on these results, it can be doubted that established gastroretentive systems stay intact over a longer period of time, even under postprandial conditions.

Chronoregulation of Ruminants Feed Intake: A Cropping Science

Chronophysiology is an evolutionary pragmatic interscience that helps ruminants cope with the fluctuating environment. In light of the most recent discoveries on feeding and eating timing-orchestration of postprandial intake and rumen fermentation patterns, an innovative perspective is born to analyze chronophysiology as a major organizer of voluntary feed intake (VFI). This article elaborates on this postmodern innovation.

Chronophysiology of ruminant feeding behavior and metabolism: an evolutionary review

Circadian rhythms of rumen, splanchnic, and peripheral metabolism may be synchronized with endogenous physiological rhythms to maximize ruminant efficiency. Such synchronies are largely led by circadian rhythms of feeding behavior. Post-feeding intake rhythms are important entities of ruminant feeding behavior. Environmental cues such as feeding timing and photoperiod alter feeding behavior by altering postprandial intake patterns. Feed ingestion and natural grazing have evolved to occur mainly around sunrise, afternoon, and sunset. As such, rumination has evolved to occur when no or little eating occurs or overnight. Manipulating feeding time in modern ruminants alters post-feeding rumen fermentation and peripheral metabolism rhythms. An evolutionary literature review on circadian rhythms of ingestion, rumination, digestion, and metabolism enables integration of the most recent discoveries with science of several past decades to develop insights on improving ruminant nutritional management. These serve as a model for other high-producing livestock and humans. A special descriptive emphasis is placed on how feeding timing affects chain physiological rhythms of ingestion, rumination, rumen fermentation, and portal, splanchnic, and peripheral metabolism. Innovative efforts in improving production efficiency in the twenty-first century will consider ruminant behavior in light of the endogenous physiological rhythms of rumen and host metabolism. This will ensure moving toward optimal rumen and animal physiology and health, farm economics, environmental quality, and safe and secure human food supply.

Eating time modulations of physiology and health: life lessons from human and ruminant models.

Tissue nutrient supply may be synchronized with endogenous physiological rhythms to optimize animal and human health. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity have endogenous rhythms that are not essentially dependent on food type and eating. Human glucose tolerance declines as day comes into night. Based on such evolutionary findings, large evening meals must be avoided to reduce risks of visceral adiposity, diabetes, hypertension and related cardiovascular complexities. Ruminants as extremely important food-producing livestock have evolved to ruminate mostly overnight when little grazing occurs, and when rumen reaches a larger volume and fermentation capacity. As such, eating time (e.g., evening vs. morning) will alter postprandial and diurnal patterns of food intake, rumen and peripheral metabolites production and supply, and milk and meat production efficiency. Most recent discoveries suggest that eating time modulates postprandial intake and metabolism patterns in non-grazing lactating cows. Eating rate and absolute intake can increase by evening vs. morning feeding in dairy cows. Evening feeding increased postprandial rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) peak, and surges of blood insulin, lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, and induced a peripartal decline in blood glucose. As a result, milk fat and energy production were increased. While being unfavorable to human health, evening and night feeding have proved beneficial to ruminants. These findings establish a differential chronological basis for food intake and nutrient metabolism in man and food-producing animals. Eating time is a major external cue and a feasible life strategy that affects production and health physiology.

Eating timing an evolutionary manager of postmodern rumen physiology and health: a review

Natural diurnal patterns of grazing and rumination lead intensive ruminant production. Ruminants have evolved to ruminate mostly overnight and to graze during the day, especially during sunrise, the afternoon, and sunset. Accordingly, rumen fermentation, postrumen nutrient assimilation, and peripheral metabolism possess circadian patterns. The evolutionary patterns of eating behavior and metabolism have coexisted with seasonal and circadian rhythms in animal endocrinology. Such evolutionary natural eating, ruminating, and rumen fermentation patterns have been facing remarkable improvements in milk and beef production in the last few decades. As a result, new adaptations in ruminant endocrinology and metabolism have occurred. For optimum nutrient use and rumen health, a balanced synchrony between external cues and ruminant internal physiology may be secured. Most recent discoveries suggest that in addition to feed type and amount consumed, eating timing affects postprandial intake and rumen fermentation patterns. Findings of grazing and intensively managed cows are consistent. A main discovery has been an increased eating rate in lactating dairy cows when mixed rations were presented in the evening instead of in the morning. Consequently, evening eating increased rumen volume and fermentation as well as peripheral nutrient supply shortly after feeding. New findings reveal and establish a chronoecological nature for physical and biochemical regulation of feed intake and rumen fermentation. Such quantitative insights can improve the accuracy of rumen metabolism predictions. Eating time will therefore be incorporated into postmodern nutritional programs to ensure optimal rumen function and health. Eating time will be an inter- face of ruminant evolution, rumen ecology, and modern ruminant farming.

Bioscience of ruminant intake evolution: feeding time models

Ruminants have evolved to ruminate mostly over- night and graze during day. As such, rumen fermentation, post-rumen nutrient assimilation and peripheral metabolism have 24-h patterns. These evolutionary rhythms in eating behavior and metabolism have led to annual, seasonal, and circadian rhythms in ruminant endocrinology. Such natural patterns have encountered dramatic shifts in productivity in the last few decades. For optimum nutrient use and animal health, securing a synchrony between external cues and ruminant internal conditions is essential. Most recent discoveriess suggest alterations in post-prandial intake patterns of non-grazing lactating cows by altered feeding time. Eating rate and feed intake within the first 3 h after feeding have been increased by evening instead of morning feeding. As a result, postprandial patterns in rumen fermentation and peripheral blood levels of metabolites and hormones have been altered. These findings and insights establish a chronological nature for intake regulation in modern ruminants. Feeding time is a major external cue that affects eating extent, rate and efficiency in ruminants. Time of feeding requires special consideration and more mechanistic evaluations for animals and humans.

Postprandial normal saline intake delays gastric emptying of solids in conscious dogs: partial involvement of CCK in its mechanism.

Although it is known that a caloric liquid meal given after food intake delays solid gastric emptying, the effect of a noncaloric liquid is not known. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of normal saline given at 3 hr after feeding on gastric antral motor activity and gastric emptying and to evaluate the role of endogenous cholecystokinin in the changes in gastric function induced by postprandial saline intake in conscious dogs. Two cannulas were implanted in each of five mongrel dogs for infusion of phenolsulfonphthalein into the proximal duodenum and for aspiration of luminal samples from the distal duodenum. Gastric contractile and emptying activity were measured by the force transducer method and a freeze-drying method newly developed by our group, respectively. Postprandial pancreaticobiliary secretion was assessed from amylase and bile acid outputs into the duodenum. One hundred grams of freeze-dried dog food was given as a solid meal after mixing it with 100 ml of normal saline. The dogs were given 100 ml of normal saline per os at 3 hr after feeding. In another study, intravenous administration of devazepide, a specific cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist, at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/hr was begun 15 min before postprandial saline intake and continued for 1 hr. Gastric antral motility was significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited for 30 min after the dogs had drunk saline at 3 hr after feeding. The mean fractional emptying rate of gastric solids in percentage per 30 min after postprandial saline intake was significantly (P < 0.05) slower than that in the control study without saline intake at 3 hr after feeding. Amylase output into the duodenum after postprandial saline intake showed a gradual increase lasting for about 1 hr, whereas that of bile acid increased transiently but markedly 15 min after saline intake, in comparison with the control study. Pretreatment with devazepide partially ameliorated the suppression of gastric antral motility. Postprandial intake of saline inhibited gastric motor activity and delayed solid gastric emptying, whereas it increased the outputs of amylase and bile acid. Endogenous cholecystokinin may be partially involved in these phenomena caused by saline intake at 3 hr after feeding.