Postpartum Mothers Research Articles

Effectiveness of Reverse Pressure Softening Technique on Level of Breast Engorgement among Post-Partum Mothers at Selected Hospitals of Bagalkot

Effectiveness of Reverse Pressure Softening Technique on Level of Breast Engorgement among Post-Partum Mothers at Selected Hospitals of Bagalkot

"Where There's a Will There's a Way": The Impact of State Variations in the Implementation of Continuous Coverage on Access to Postpartum Care During the Pandemic Emergency.

To explore how the Medicaid continuous coverage requirement and unwinding process was implemented in three states with diverse existing policy environments and implications for the implementation of post-emergency 12-month postpartum extensions. State data on unwinding performance and qualitative in-depth interviews with 48 stakeholders and patient-facing healthcare workers in Texas, New York and New Jersey. State Medicaid stakeholders and patient-facing healthcare workers in each state were interviewed with the goal of gaining insights into: (1) How the continuous coverage requirement was implemented; (2) What effects continuous coverage had on access to care for postpartum mothers; (3) How states are implementing the pandemic unwinding and postpartum extensions. Interviews were recorded and took place over Zoom between September 2022 and March 2024. Interview transcripts were analyzed thematically using an open coding approach. The study found that low awareness of the continuous coverage requirement blunted potential benefits: little changed in practice in recommended patient care or follow-up procedures. Differences in state unwinding approaches reflected differential state capacity to minimize procedural disenrollment and political incentives to either rapidly reduce or maintain Medicaid rolls. Based on these findings, we describe how political will, state capacity and policy legacies interact to either increase or decrease administrative burdens associated with program enrollment/re-enrollment. While the continuous coverage requirement in theory applies equally across US states, its implementation was inconsistent and influenced by state capacity and political objectives creating differential experiences across states. To ensure that postpartum Medicaid coverage extensions have maximal impact on improving maternal health, states should develop improved communication strategies to ensure that providers and community-based organizations are aware of coverage changes and leverage available flexibilities to increase use of administrative renewal and ensure smooth coverage transitions.

Association Between Persistent Maternal Depression among Japanese New Mothers and their Toddlers' Behaviors.

To determine the association between mothers' persistent maternal depression and their toddlers' behavior. Online surveys were conducted twice with mothers who gave birth to their first child between March and June 2020. The survey periods were November 2020 and May-June 2022. Measures included baseline characteristics and family environment factors, maternal postpartum depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]), maternal lifestyle and mother-reported toddler behaviors, and Internet/media use. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ² test, trend test, and logistic regression. Of the 339 participants, 82 (24.1%) were in the "persistent maternal depression" group with high EPDS scores (≥ 9 points) at both time points, and 178 (52.5%) were in the "no maternal depression" group with low EPDS scores (< 9 points) at both time points. Persistent maternal depression was associated with sleep, eating behavior, physical activity, parenting emotions, and abusive behavior of mothers. Furthermore, persistent maternal depression may be related to undesirable toddler behaviors such as smartphone overuse and hyperactivity-like symptoms. The persistence of postpartum depression is influenced by factors such as mothers' parenting emotions. Preventing and supporting maternal depression in mothers can foster favorable behaviors in toddlers. In Japan, enhanced individualized, ongoing support for postpartum mothers, tailored in duration and form, could promote both maternal well-being and positive parenting practices.

Examination of the Feelings and Experiences of Postpartum Mothers Engaging with Social Media: A Qualitative Study.

Purpose: This study examined how postpartum mothers experience social media within the context of mothering and their postpartum body.Methods: A subsample of 20 mothers (age 23-42) of infants aged 0-6 months who were exposed to body-focused social media posts as part of an experimental study designed to test social media's impact on body dissatisfaction took part in semi-structured interviews. We used thematic analysis to identify themes and subthemes generated from the data.Results: We identified three themes in the study: (i) Social media provides a sense of connection with family and friends as a source of support, and connecting with others to gather information related to mothering and child-rearing; (ii) social media led mothers to engage in comparison regarding their bodies, lifestyles, and baby's development; and: (iii) mothers do not always recognize the influence of social media on their feelings.Conclusions: Findings can help guide prenatal and postpartum interventions and equip healthcare professionals with the information needed to support postpartum mothers in maintaining a positive body image and mothering experience when engaging online.

Inhalation of Cinnamon Aromatherapy (Cinnamon Burmanii) to Reduce Postpartum Pain in Normal Delivery

After delivery, uterine contractions will occur, which cause pain. Postpartum pain is physiological and lasts for several days after the delivery process. Postpartum pain that is not handled properly and correctly can cause discomfort, including disrupting activities, disturbing the mother's rest time, or when breastfeeding, and can cause trauma. Handling postpartum pain using cinnamon aromatherapy inhalation can be an alternative to non-pharmacological therapy. Cinnamon contains the main compounds, namely cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, which have anti-inflammatory effects and can reduce pain. In addition, the content of essential oils helps relax tense muscles, increase circulation, and relieve stomach cramps. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cinnamon aromatherapy inhalation in reducing postpartum pain in normal delivery. The type of research is Quasy Experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The research sample consisted of 30 postpartum mothers divided into control and intervention groups. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. The research instrument used was the Visual Analague Scale (VAS), which measured the pain level, and an observation sheet. Cinnamon inhalation was given to the intervention group by dripping cinnamon onto a tissue and inhaling it at a distance of plus minus 1 cm from the nostrils for 30 minutes starting 6 hours postpartum until the 3rd day. The control group was given deep breathing relaxation, starting 6 hours postpartum and continuing until the 3rd day. Data analysis used the Mann-Whitney test. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed a p-value of 0.001. Cinnamon aromatherapy inhalation is effective in reducing postpartum pain in normal delivery

The associations between paternal postpartum depressive symptoms and testosterone and cortisol levels in hair over the first two years postpartum.

After the birth of a child, also fathers may develop postpartum depression. Altered steroid hormone concentrations are discussed as a possible underlying mechanism, as these have been associated with depressive symptoms in previous studies outside the postpartum period. While higher paternal testosterone levels have been found to protect against paternal postpartum depressive symptoms (PPDS), an association between higher cortisol levels and PPDS has been seen in postpartum mothers, with no comparable studies available on fathers. This study aimed to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between testosterone and cortisol levels in hair and PPDS over a period of 2 years postpartum. Data from N = 226 fathers, who took part in the endocrine sub-study DREAMHAIR of the longitudinal prospective cohort study DREAM, were used. PPDS were assessed 8 weeks, 14 months, and 24 months after birth using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. At the same time, fathers provided 2 cm scalp-near hair samples in which testosterone (HairT) and cortisol (HairF) levels were determined. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between HairT, HairF and paternal PPDS were investigated. Correlation analyses showed a negative cross-sectional association between HairF levels and paternal PPDS 14 months after birth. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed prospective relationships between paternal PPDS 8 weeks postpartum and HairF 14 months postpartum, and additionally between 14 months and 2 years postpartum in an exploratory model with similarly good model fit. No further significant associations of HairF with paternal PPDS emerged, and none of the analyses with HairT became significant. The overall pattern of results was confirmed when controlling for the influence of batch and storage time on HairT and HairF levels. No consistent relationships between HairT or HairF and paternal PPDS emerged in this relatively healthy cohort. In HairF analyses with significant results, lower HairF was associated with more severe PPDS. Longitudinal results imply that altered cortisol secretion may rather follow than precede changes in paternal PPDS. Further research on hormonal changes in PPDS in fathers should consider possible covariates and examine fathers with higher depressive burden, which may help to identify fathers at risk and inform future preventive and interventive approaches.

Service preferences among postpartum women (non-)affected by different types of intimate partner violence: insights from the cross-sectional study INVITE

BackgroundWomen in the postpartum period are at greater risk of intimate partner violence (IPV), which may cause physical, sexual, or psychological harm and have a long-lasting negative impact on mother and child. Seeking help in case of IPV in the postpartum period can be difficult.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine service preferences among postpartum women in Germany (non-)affected by IPV.MethodsIn the cross-sectional study INVITE, postpartum mothers (n = 3,509) were interviewed via telephone. Using the WHO-Violence Against Women Instrument (WHO-VAWI), women were divided into groups: non-affected women and women affected by psychological, physical, and/or sexual IPV.Using analyses of variance, group differences regarding preferred services and modes of service provision were assessed. Examined service domains were psychosocial services (e.g., women´s shelter or self-help groups), medical services (e.g., gynecologist or emergency room), and midwives. Modes of service provision included direct communication (e.g., in person or video conference) and indirect communication (e.g., chat or e-mail).ResultsPeople from the women's social environment (e.g., family, friends) and specialized IPV services, such as women's shelters, were the most preferred support. Regarding service categories, women who experienced any type of IPV rated all three service domains less likely to be used than non-affected women. Most preferred provision mode was “in person”. Women affected by physical and/or sexual IPV rated direct modes more negatively than non-affected women. However, there were no differences between (non-)affected women regarding indirect modes, such as e-mails or apps.DiscussionThe present results indicate that services were rated less likely to be used by postpartum women affected by IPV. Potential barriers which lead to these ratings need to be investigated. Efforts should be made to increase awareness of IPV and the beneficial effects of support.

A predictive model for postpartum depression: ensemble learning strategies in machine learning

Postpartum depression (PPD) presents a significant mental health challenge for mothers following childbirth. While the precise cause of this condition remains unknown, preventive measures and treatments are available. This study aims to employ ensemble learning techniques, utilizing C4.5 decision tree (DT), gradient boosting tree (GBT), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), to predict the occurrences of PPD in the Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The predictive model developed encompasses a dataset comprising 317 records gathered from postpartum mothers in hospitals, community health services, and midwifery clinics (referred to as Model 1). Furthermore, resampling techniques (Model 2) were employed to address class imbalance. Additionally, feature selection including forward selection and backward elimination (Model 3) were implemented to enhance model performance. The findings reveal that XGBoost, combined with resampling methods, achieved the highest accuracy rate at 87.57%. Feature selection identified five crucial factors associated with PPD incidence: marital status, number of living children, history of depression, fear of delivery, and family relationships. The utilization of ensemble learning strategies for PPD prediction yields reliable outcomes that can be applied within clinical settings. Exploring alternative ensemble learning strategies such as random forest and adaptive boosting could further optimize model performance and warrant consideration in future research endeavours.

MENTORING PROGRAM IMPROVES MOTHER’S AND FAMILY’S CAPABILITY TOWARD THE HEALTH OF PUERPERIUM HEALTH

Background: The postpartum period starts after giving birth and lasts until 6 weeks afterward. Women during this period experience physiological and psychological changes and are at risk of experiencing health problems, especially in the first week of the postpartum period, especially due to fatigue, pain and stress. Efforts need to be made to overcome this problem in order to improve the welfare of mothers during the postpartum period. The problems experienced by postpartum mothers as partners are a lack of knowledge about the health of postpartum mothers and the family's lack of skills in supporting the postpartum period. Several treatments that can be done to overcome this include increasing the mother's knowledge about health during the postpartum period starting from pregnancy and increasing the role of the family as a companion to the mother during the postpartum period. Objectives: The aim of this community partnership program is to increase the knowledge of mothers and families and improve practical skills in overcoming problems during the postpartum period. Method: This community partnership program implemented in Sukajadi sub-district, Bandung City from July to December 2024. Partners in this activity are third trimester pregnant women and their families. The implementation of this program takes the form of partner assistance in 14 activities which include providing education on basic postpartum material, theory and practice of effleurage massage. Before and after participating in the enrichment material, the mother's knowledge regarding the postpartum period was measured, then practice and assessment were carried out using an effleurage massage checklist. Result: The result of this activity is increased knowledge of mothers and families regarding the health of postpartum mothers and families are able to perform Effleurage massage on postpartum mothers Conclusion: Community partnership programs through assistance to pregnant women and families are effective in increasing knowledge and abilities in supporting improved health of postpartum women.

EVIDENCE BASED CASE REPORT (EBCR): THE EFFECT OF BETEL LEAF DECOCTION ON THE HEALING OF PERINEAL WOUNDS IN POSTPARTUM WOMEN

Background: The postpartum period is a time for the restoration of the reproductive organs to their pre-pregnancy condition. One of the problems that often occurs in postpartum mothers is perineal rupture. Betel leaves are known to have chemical content that acts as an antiseptic and antibacterial drug, in addition betel leaves also contain chemicals as anti-inflammatories that are good for mothers who experience perineal wounds, which can help accelerate perineal wound healing. Objectives: This study aimed to apply the administration of boiled betel leaves to postpartum women with second-degree perineal tears at the Rancaekek DTP Health Center. Method: Systematic searching was conducted to find the best literature before implementing the intervention. The intervention was given to Mrs. R P3A0 postpartum with a second-degree perineal suture wound. The formula given was 25 grams of betel leaves added to 100 ml of water and boiled for 15 minutes. Then filtered and the boiled water was used to clean the vulva in the morning and evening. Perineal wound healing was evaluated daily using the REEDA questionnaire. Results: The results of the first day's evaluation obtained a REEDA score of 9, day 2 score 4, day 3 score 3, and day 4 REEDA score 0 which means the wound healed. Thus, the healing of the perineal wound in Mrs. R took place in 4 days.. Betel leaf decoction is effective in accelerating the healing of stitches in Mrs. R. Conclusion: The use of betel leaves decoction can be used as an effective alternative for perineal wound care.

Analysis of the relationship between postpartum anxiety and baby blues syndrome at Dewi Sartika hospital, Kendari City

Background: The postpartum period is a critical phase that can impact a mother's mental health. Baby Blues Syndrome is a common psychological condition among postpartum mothers, characterized by anxiety, mood swings, and emotional instability. One of the main factors influencing its occurrence is the level of postpartum maternal anxiety. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between postpartum maternal anxiety levels and the incidence of Baby Blues Syndrome at Dewi Sartika General Hospital in Kendari City. Methods: This research used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 80 postpartum mothers admitted to Dewi Sartika General Hospital from June to October 2024. Data were collected using the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Of the 80 respondents, 40% showed no anxiety, 47.5% experienced mild to moderate anxiety, and 12.5% experienced severe anxiety. A total of 25% of mothers experienced Baby Blues Syndrome, predominantly in the group with severe anxiety (8.75%). Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.003, indicating a significant relationship between postpartum maternal anxiety levels and the incidence of Baby Blues Syndrome. Conclusion: Postpartum maternal anxiety levels are significantly associated with the incidence of Baby Blues Syndrome. Social and psychological support-based interventions are essential to reduce the risk of anxiety and Baby Blues Syndrome in postpartum mothers.

HUBUNGAN STATUS PARITAS DENGAN KEJADIAN POST PARTUM BLUES DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS JUWIRING KLATEN

Postpartum blues is categorized as a mild mental disorder, therefore it is often ignored so that it is not diagnosed and not managed properly, finally it can become a difficult problem, and sometimes this disorder can develop into a more severe condition, namely depression and postpartum psychosis, which has a worse impact, especially in the problem of marital relations with husbands and the development of their children. This study aims to determine the Relationship between Parity Status and the Incidence of Postpartum Blues in the Juwiring Klaten Health Center Work Area. The design of this study is an analytical survey study. The approach used is cross-sectional. The population in this study were all postpartum mothers in the Juwiring Klaten Health Center work area as many as 44 people in March 2017. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data analysis used chi square. Respondent characteristics (age 20-35 years old as many as 40 people (97%), education is high school as many as 31 people (72.1%), occupation is housewife as many as 33 people (76.7%). Parity status in the work area of ​​​​Juwiring Klaten Health Center is mostly multiparous as many as 33 people (76.7%). The incidence of postpartum blues in postpartum mothers in the work area of ​​​​Juwiring Klaten Health Center is 17 people (39.5%) with moderate postpartum blues. There is a relationship between Parity Status and the Incidence of Post Partum Blues in the Work Area of ​​​​Juwiring Klaten Health Center with a p value = 0.035 (α&gt; 0.05).

STUDI KASUS: PENERAPAN EFFLEURAGE MASSAGE TERHADAP PENURUNAN AFTER PAIN PADA IBU POST PARTUM

The postpartum period or puerperium is the period after childbirth is complete, up to 6 weeks or 42 days. During the postpartum period, the reproductive organs will slowly experience changes to the condition before pregnancy. This process of physical change sometimes causes discomfort known as postpartum pain (afterpain). The pain or afterpain is like heartburn caused by contractions of the uterus. This afterpain lasts for 3-4 days post partum and often occurs in multiparas, because the uterus is stretched, uterine contractions tend to occur twice as often as in primiparas. One treatment that can be used to overcome this problem is by applying non-pharmacological therapy to post-partum mothers. Effleurage massage can improve blood circulation throughout the body, maintain health, help reduce pain and fatigue, stimulate the production of endorphins which function to relax the body, reduce stress hormones (cortisol), and balance the work of the body's organs and overcome fatigue. This case study describes the application of effleurage massage to a post partum mother who complained of after pain. After midwifery care was implemented, Mrs. B experienced a decrease in after pain so that the problem could be resolved.

Knowledge Attitude And Practices About Family Planning Methods Among Postpartum Mothers And Challenges Faced By The Service Providers At A Tertiary Care Hospital- A Mixed Method Study

Abstract: Background: According to the fifth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), only 66.7% of married women were using family planning methods. In addition, there are numerous obstacles faced by the family planning unit service providers in making beneficiaries utilize these services. Objectives: To assess the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices about family planning methods among postpartum mothers. To explore the challenges faced by the service providers of family planning unit. Methodology: Study design: Facility-based mixed method study Quantitative part: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the postpartum ward of KGH, Visakhapatnam among 156 mothers by convenient sampling technique using a pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. Qualitative part: The service providers of family planning unit of KGH, Visakhapatnam were interviewed using an in-depth interview guide. Results: The Knowledge and Practices regarding family planning methods among postpartum mothers is 81.4% &amp; 48.7% respectively, the most common reason for non-usage being want for children. Service providers faced challenges related to counselling, service, and infrastructure in the health care facility. Conclusion: This study emphasizes that knowledge regarding family planning methods need not necessarily result in their usage.

Effect of Consuming Papaya Leaves, Almond Milk, Green Beans, Moringa Leaves, Ajwa Dates, Soy Milk, and Fennel Leaves on Breast Milk Production in Postpartum Mothers

Exclusive breastfeeding rates are often low due to suboptimal breast milk production, which impedes infants' nutritional needs. This issue is frequently attributed to poor maternal nutrition, unbalanced diets, and irregular food consumption. Breast milk production relies on hormonal changes, notably the dominance of prolactin over progesterone and estrogen during childbirth. To address this, a study was conducted to evaluate the impact of specific foods boiled papaya leaves, almond milk, green beans, moringa leaves, ajwa dates, soy milk, and fennel leaves—on breast milk production. Employing a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach, the study involved 56 postpartum mothers whose milk production was substandard. These participants were selected in March 2023 using purposive non-probability sampling. A paired t-test was performed for bivariate analysis. Results indicated a significant improvement in milk production, with a p-value of 0.000, demonstrating that the consumption of these foods positively affects lactation. Consequently, it is recommended that breastfeeding mothers incorporate these foods into their diet to enhance milk production and support exclusive breastfeeding. Regular consumption of these specific foods can help meet infants' nutritional needs more effectively.

Postpartum depression, risk factors, support perception, and quality of life among primipara mothers in Rural Lanao del Sur, Philippines: A descriptive-predictive study

Background: The transition to motherhood is a significant life event that can be both exciting and challenging, often complicated by postpartum depression. Understanding the awareness, risk factors, and support systems related to postpartum depression is crucial for improving the quality of life among new mothers. Objective: This study aimed to explore the quality of life, awareness of postpartum depression, level of depression, and perception of support among primipara postpartum mothers in selected Rural Health Units (RHUs) of Lanao del Sur, southern Philippines, while also examining the correlation between awareness of postpartum depression, perception of support, and quality of life. Methods: A descriptive-predictive study design was employed. A stratified random sampling method was used to select 356 respondents from a population of 4,694. Data were collected using questionnaires, including a self-developed survey for postpartum depression awareness and perceived social support, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for depression levels, and the WHOQOL-BREF for assessing quality of life. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were applied to interpret the data. Results: The majority of respondents were young, married women with diverse educational and income backgrounds. Moderate awareness of postpartum depression was noted, with many respondents reporting mild depression. Strong support systems involving family, friends, healthcare providers, and peer groups were identified as essential in managing postpartum depression. Regression analysis indicated that awareness of postpartum depression (β = 0.400, p &lt;0.001) positively influenced quality of life, whereas higher risk for postpartum depression (β = -0.229, p &lt;0.001) was associated with reduced quality of life. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the need to enhance awareness and support systems to effectively manage postpartum depression, thereby improving the quality of life of postpartum mothers at risk. Improving health information dissemination and healthcare services is critical for addressing postpartum depression in rural settings.

A Conditional Indirect Effects Analysis of Intimate Partner Violence, Depression, Social Support, and Race With Alcohol Consumption among Postpartum Mothers.

Alcohol use and alcohol-related mortality for pregnant and postpartum women have increased, and there are racial disparities in both alcohol consumption and pregnancy outcomes. In addition, data indicate that women of Color are more likely to experience many forms of violence and face more adverse consequences from violence than non-Hispanic White women. Therefore, the current study examined how the direct and indirect pathways between intimate partner violence (IPV), depressive symptoms, and alcohol consumption are moderated by both social support and race among postpartum women. In 2022, a cross-sectional survey was administered to participants across the U.S., including 503 postpartum mothers. Participants responded to a survey battery assessing three social support strategies (appraisal support, belonging support, and tangible support), IPV, depressive symptomology, race, and alcohol consumption. A conditional process model was specified to examine the multifaceted direct and indirect relationships between IPV, the three aspects of social support, depressive symptomology, race, and alcohol consumption among postpartum mothers. Postpartum mothers experiencing violence consumed more alcohol, and depressive symptoms partially accounted for this relationship; however, some pathways were conditional upon either social support or race. For instance, women of Color who experienced violence consumed more alcohol than White women who experienced violence. Also, the protective effects of Appraisal Support in relation to depressive symptoms was stronger for White women than women of Color, while higher Belonging Support was more protective against alcohol consumption for women of Color than White women. Each social support approach contributed unique insights into the multidimensional nature of these relationships, shedding light on potential therapeutic targets for prevention-intervention efforts utilizing social support as a key buffering mechanism.

Association Between Postpartum Depression and Personality Traits Among Japanese Postpartum Mothers and Fathers.

Background/Objectives: Although numerous investigations have been conducted on postpartum depression, studies on the association between postpartum depression and personality traits of mothers and fathers are lacking. This study aimed to examine the association between postpartum depression and the Big Five personality models among Japanese mothers and fathers at one-month health check-ups. Methods: The participants were 82 couples, and they responded to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Japanese version of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory, and the Quality of Marriage Index (QMI). We examined the correlations among variables and analyzed the data using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: Maternal neuroticism was significantly associated with maternal depression (β = 0.50, p < 0.001), and maternal extraversion was significantly associated with paternal depression (β = -0.64, p < 0.001). In addition, we found that maternal postpartum depression was associated with maternal marital satisfaction (r = -0.29, p = 0.037); however, this association disappeared in SEM. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that health practitioners should pay attention to depression and personality traits in both postpartum mothers and fathers. Moreover, we should consider the different associations between depression and personality in parents when initiating interventions.

Efficacy and safety of domperidone and metoclopramide on human milk production in postpartum mothers: a bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundBreastfeeding is the most advantageous nutrition for infants because of its many health benefits. However, lactation insufficiency is a prevalent issue among women, particularly those who give birth prematurely. Galactagogues, such as domperidone and metoclopramide, have been reported and may be beneficial for lactation insufficiency. However, the optimal pharmacological galactagogue remains unclear.MethodsThe PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from their inception to April 23, 2023. The primary aim of this research was to assess the efficacy and safety of domperidone and metoclopramide using Bayesian network meta-analysis. The efficacy outcome was the increased breast milk volume (in mL/day). The safety outcome was the frequency of maternal drug-related adverse events during the study period.ResultsSeventeen randomized controlled trials were included in the final analyses. Preterm mothers who took domperidone had a greater increase in breast milk volume than those who took metoclopramide or placebo (domperidone vs. metoclopramide: MD = 82.84, 95% CI: 37.04–118.95; domperidone vs. placebo: MD = 88.30, 95% CI: 59.48–118.62). However, in the term mothers, domperidone did not show the above benefit compared with metoclopramide or placebo (domperidone vs. metoclopramide: MD = 93.67, 95% CI: -186.11–375.59; domperidone vs. placebo: MD = 126.25, 95% CI: -49.91–304.55). Both in preterm and term mothers, metoclopramide was no better than the placebo. There was no difference in the frequency of maternal drug-related adverse outcomes among domperidone, metoclopramide, and placebo.ConclusionDomperidone increased the daily breast milk volume in mothers of preterm infants, without serious adverse events. However, this conclusion is limited due to the small sample sizes in the studies analyzed.

The Effect of Pointer Finger Friction (PFF) Massage on β-Endorphin Levels and Sleep Quality of Postpartum in Semarang

Background: In Asia, more than 54.7% of postpartum mothers experience sleep deprivation, ranging from 50.9%. Massage can increase the levels of endorphins in the body and stimulate the central nervous system (CNS). This study aimed to determine the effect of Pointer Finger Friction (PFF) Massage on β-Endorphin Levels and Sleep Quality in Postpartum Mothers in Semarang City.Method: This study was quasi-experimental with a pre-posttest control group design. The population consisted of postpartum mothers in the Semarang City Health Center area, and samples were obtained by simple random sampling. The number of samples were 36 postpartum mothers who were divided into 2 groups. The treatment in the intervention group with PFF was carried out five times, starting on the first postpartum day. Venous blood was collected before and after treatment to measure endorphin levels and sleep quality. Data analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test.Result: The results of the study showed most of the respondents were 23 years old and had a high school education (82.9%). The average level of β-endorphins after the treatment group was 135 mg/ml higher than that of the control group (38 pg/ml), and the quality of sleep after the treatment group decreased by 3.5 compared to the control group, with a score of 0.9. There was a relationship between the levels of β-endorphins and sleep quality between the PFF and control groups. To increase the levels of β-endorphins and the quality of sleep of postpartum mothers, we can promote and educate people about the use of the PFF massage method.