Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire Research Articles

Identification and transfer to stepped care of depressed and psychosocially stressed parents during peri- and postpartum-UPlusE: study protocol for cluster randomized trial of a screening intervention.

Perinatal depression affects 10-15% of mothers and approximately 5% of fathers. However, only a small number of affected individuals seek treatment. If left unrecognized and untreated, it can have negative long-term consequences for the family's health, leading to subsequent high costs. Early treatment is crucial, yet there is a notable underdiagnosis and undertreatment. Affected individuals are often seen during this time, e.g. in paediatric practices, but not by specialists in mental health. Consequently, this study aims to increase detection and treatment rates of affected individuals by implementing a screening for depression and psychosocial stress in perinatal and postpartum parents within routine obstetric and paediatric care with subsequent advice and-if necessary-further referral to a mental health specialist. UPlusE is a prospective, cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted in an outpatient setting. Obstetric and paediatric practices will be randomized into an intervention and control group (1:1 ratio). Practices and enrolling patients will be required to use specific smartphone apps (practice apps) for interaction. The screening will occur with the apps at each paediatric checkup up to the child's age of 12months, using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), KID-PROTEKT questionnaire, and the scale 1 (impaired bonding) of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ-1). The goal is to screen 10,000 patients across Germany. Gynaecologists and paediatricians will receive certified training on peripartum depression. Participants in the intervention group with scores above cut-offs (EPDS ≥ 10, KID-PROTEKT ≥ 1, PBQ-1 ≥ 12) will receive counselling through their treating gynaecologists/paediatricians and will be provided with regional addresses for psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and "Frühe Hilfen" (early prevention) as well as family counselling centres, depending on symptom severity. At each screening, participants will be asked whether they sought support, where, and with whom (utilization). Utilization is the primary outcome. The screening is designed to reduce underdiagnosis to enable suitable support at an early stage (especially for those often overlooked, such as individuals with "high-functioning depression") and hence to avoid manifestation of mental health problems in the whole family, especially infants who are exceptionally dependent on their parents and their well-being will benefit from this program. German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00033385. Registered on 15 January 2024.

Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: Measurement, Prevalence, Clinical Features, Maternal Mental Health, and Mother-Infant Bonding.

Introduction: Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a condition affecting lactating women, characterized by abrupt emotions of dysphoria that start shortly before or during milk let-down and progress for several minutes. Research on D-MER, especially with quantitative methodology, is minimal. This study aimed to validate an instrument for D-MER-related emotions, examine its prevalence and clinical features, and explore differences in maternal mental health and mother-infant bonding between mothers with and without D-MER. Methods: A total of 711 women up to 12 months postpartum participated in an online cross-sectional study. Participants fulfilled the D-MER Questionnaire (D-MERq), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales, and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. Results: The analysis showed that D-MERq had high reliability and good discriminant and divergent validity. The prevalence of D-MER was 5.9%. For the majority, D-MER manifested intensely, accompanied mostly by agitation- and anxiety-related emotions, and 45% of mothers discontinued breastfeeding due to D-MER. Mothers experiencing D-MER had higher levels of depression, anxiety, stress, previous psychiatric diagnoses, and more mother-infant bonding difficulties compared with mothers without D-MER. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that D-MERq is a valuable tool with good psychometric properties and suitable for clinical and research use to facilitate early identification and better understanding of this phenomenon. D-MER affects a noteworthy number of women and is associated with impaired mental health, bonding difficulties, and breastfeeding discontinuation. This highlights the importance of health care providers recognizing D-MER to ensure better outcomes and a more positive breastfeeding experience.

PREDICTIVE ROLE OF MATERNAL DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND PERCEIVED QUALITY OF LIFE ON POSTNATAL MOTHER-INFANT BONDING

This cross-sectional study was focused on the predictive role of maternal depressive symptoms and perceived quality of life on postnatal mother-infant bonding. Research show that impaired postnatal bonding has a negative long-term effect on child’s development. Relevant literature also acknowledges a scientific gap in the understanding of the relationship between maternal mental health and the quality of postnatal mother-infant bonding. Respondents were 162 women in the first 12 months after childbirth, advising with gynecologist in maternity hospitals in the Republic of North Macedonia. Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, subscales of psychological and environmental domain of the WHO Quality of Life Scale-brief, and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were applied to measure study variables. Results from hierarchical binary logistic regression showed that psychological domain of quality of life significantly predicted quality of postnatal bonding in the first and second block. However, its effect was suppressed in the third block when depressive symptoms variable was entered. The presence of depressive symptoms and environmental domain of the perceived quality of life significantly predicted postnatal mother-infant bonding. Findings confirmed the significant predictive relationship of maternal depressive symptoms and of environmental domain of mother’s perceived quality of life on the quality of postnatal boding. This gives reason for increased attention on development of mother–infant dyads during the postnatal period and on the importance of social support.

Influence of postpartum depression on maternal-infant bonding and breastfeeding practices among mothers in Abeokuta, Ogun state

BackgroundPostpartum Depression (PPD) is a severe mental health condition that adversely affects mothers and their infants. The influence of PPD on maternal-infant bonding and breastfeeding practices has been scarcely reported in Nigeria. Therefore, we examined the prevalence of PPD, the associated factors, and the relationship with maternal-infant bonding and breastfeeding practices in Abeokuta, Nigeria.MethodA descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 600 mothers within the extended postpartum period (≤ 1 year) from three government-owned immunisation clinics at primary, secondary, and tertiary health facilities in Abeokuta, Ogun State. PPD was assessed using the Edinburgh postnatal depression Scale (EPDS ≥ 13), and maternal-infant bonding was evaluated using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ ≥ 50). We also examined breastfeeding practices (i.e. the time to initiation by 30 min, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and early commencement of complementary feeding by 2 months). Data was analysed using chi-square and logistics regression models at a 5% significance level.ResultsThe prevalence of PPD was 21.8%, 95% CI (18.7–25.3). Factors associated with PPD were maternal age: 25–34 years [AOR = 0.52; 95% CI (0.29–0.90)]; ≥ 35 years [AOR = 0.44; 95% CI (0.20–0.96)], being married [AOR = 0.43; 95% CI (0.21–0.85)], perceived stress increased the odds of PPD: moderate stress level [AOR = 8.38; 95% CI (3.50–19.9)]; high-stress level [AOR = 47.8; 95% CI (8.65–263.7)] and self-reported history of emotional problems [AOR = 3.25; 95% CI (1.43–7.38)]. There was a significant direct association between PPD and poor maternal-infant bonding [AOR = 3.91; 95% CI (1.04–4.60)]. PPD reduces the odds of early breastfeeding initiation [AOR = 0.43; 95% CI (0.28–0.68)], but no association was found between PPD and exclusive breastfeeding [AOR = 1.07; 95% CI (0.07–1.67)].ConclusionThe prevalence of PPD was high in our study population and associated with poor maternal-infant bonding and late breastfeeding initiation but not with exclusive breastfeeding. Promoting maternal mental health to foster stronger mother-infant relationships and better breastfeeding practices has become crucial.

The association of delivery during a war with therisk for postpartum depression, anxiety and impaired maternal-infant bonding, a prospective cohort study.

To examine the impact of war conditions on maternal mental health postpartum outcomes, specifically depression and anxiety, as well as on maternal-infant bonding (MIB). A prospective cohort study was performed on women who gave birth in a tertiary medical center during (October-November 2023) and before (March-May 2020) the Israel-Hamas War. All participants completed validated self-reported questionnaires: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS ≥ 10), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI > 39) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ ≥ 26). A total of 502 women were included in the study, with 230 delivering during the war and 272 delivered before. The rates of postpartum depression (PPD) were higher in women delivering during the war (26.6% vs. 12.4%, p < 0.001), while multivariable regression revealing a two-fold higher risk (adjusted OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.16-4.74, p = 0.017). The rate of postpartum anxiety (PPA) risk was also higher (34.3% vs 17.0%, p < 0.001), reaching a trend towards significance when accounting for other risk factors (adjusted OR 2.06, 95% CI 0.97-4.36, p = 0.058). Additionally, delivery during the war was associated with specific factors of impaired maternal-infant bonding (MIB), although it did not increase the overall impaired MIB (PBQ ≥ 26) (10.2 ± 14.1 vs 8.3 ± 6.9, p = 0.075). The study revealed an increased risk of PPD, a marginally risk for PPA, and some aspects of impaired MIB among women delivering during the war. Maternal mental illness in the postpartum period has negative impacts on the entire family. Therefore, comprehensive screening and adequate resources should be provided for women delivering in war-conflict zones.

Role of self-criticism in postpartum mental health: a network analysis

PurposeA significant percentage of women experience psychopathological symptoms during the postpartum period, which can impact not only their mental health and well-being but also the relationship between mother and baby. However, studies investigating how specific psychological factors, such as self-compassion and self-criticism, contribute to the development and maintenance of these symptoms are scarce.MethodsThis cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship among compassionate self-responding (CSR), uncompassionate self-responding (USR), maternal mental health indicators, mother-infant bonding, and the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected online from 189 Brazilian women with infants aged 0 to 12 months. Participants completed measures of sociodemographic characteristics, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS-BR-RSF-C), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), and COVID-19–Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL).ResultsThrough network analysis, our findings highlighted that postpartum depression played a central role in the structuring of variables in this system. Furthermore, USR, instead of CSR, emerged as the variable most strongly associated with levels of postpartum depression, which, in turn, was associated with mother-infant bonding.ConclusionMitigating levels of self-criticism in mothers may represent a pathway to prevent the development of postpartum depression, which, in turn, could impact the quality of the mother-infant relationship. Given the significance of the child’s early years for their emotional development, intervening early in maternal mental health may be a means to prevent mental disorders in the child as well.

Maternal Perception of Infant Sleep and Bonding in Opioid Use Disorder.

Infant sleep problems are common in early infancy and can negatively influence maternal-infant bonding. As opioid-exposed neonates are at increased risk of sleep difficulties, we examined the association between maternal perception of infant sleep difficulties and maternal-infant bonding among dyads affected by maternal opioid use disorder (OUD), from birth through 6 months. We enrolled 100 birthing people (participants) between 6 months and 2 years postpartum who had received medications for OUD during their pregnancy. Participants answered questions regarding maternal and infant characteristics, as well as the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), on which higher scores indicate decreased maternal-infant bonding. Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models were used to examine the association between infant sleep and bonding. Of 100 study participants, 91 completed the PBQ. Of these, 55% reported difficulties with their infant's sleep during the first 6 months postpartum. Although bonding scores were overall strong, those who reported infant sleep difficulties scored on average 10.40 points higher on the PBQ (β = 10.40; 95% confidence interval, 5.94-14.85) than participants who did not report sleep difficulties, indicating the negative association between infant sleep problems and bonding. This effect remained after adjusting for relevant maternal-infant characteristics (β = 6.86; 95% confidence interval, 2.49-11.24). In this study among postpartum individuals with OUD, maternal perception of infant sleep problems was associated with reduced maternal-infant bonding. This relationship between infant sleep and bonding offers a target for supporting dyads affected by OUD.

Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence and Maternal-Infant Bonding in Women With Anxiety Symptoms in Pakistan: The Moderating Role of Breastfeeding.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) during the perinatal period can negatively affect both a woman's health and the bonding with her infant. Research on IPV among pregnant women experiencing psychological distress in South Asia is limited. We examined associations between perinatal exposure to IPV and postnatal maternal-infant bonding in Pakistani women with symptoms of anxiety and assessed if breastfeeding practices moderated these associations. Postnatal data were collected from 720 Pakistani women who reported at least mild levels of anxiety symptoms in pregnancy. We performed Poisson regression with robust variance analyses to examine the associations between IPV during pregnancy or within 6 weeks after delivery (i.e., the perinatal period) and maternal-infant bonding. Interaction terms between IPV and breastfeeding practices were included in the analytic models to examine the moderating effects. About 27% of women were exposed to at least one type of perinatal IPV. Women who were exposed to IPV were more likely to have moderate to severe postpartum anxiety (n = 57, 28.9% of IPV-exposed women), compared to those without IPV (n = 65, 12.4% of unexposed women; p value < .001). Compared to women not reporting IPV, women exposed to any IPV showed a 38% increase in Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire scores, suggesting higher likelihood of impaired bonding (risk ratio [RR] = 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.21, 1.56]). Among women who initiated breastfeeding later than 1 hr post-delivery, IPV was associated with impaired bonding (RR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.06, 1.20]), whereas no association was present for women who initiated breastfeeding within 1 hr (RR = 1.03, 95% CI [0.98, 1.08]). In addition to the efforts to reduce IPV, encouraging IPV-exposed women to adhere to the breastfeeding guidelines (e.g., early breastfeeding) may enhance maternal-infant bonding.

Intergenerational effects of maternal childhood maltreatment on newborns' stress regulation: The role of maternal depressive symptoms

BackgroundMaternal childhood maltreatment (CM) has been repeatedly associated with negative offspring's emotional outcomes. The dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis has emerged as the main underlying physiological mechanism. ObjectiveTo explore the association between maternal CM and newborns' physiological and neurobehavioral stress responses, considering the role of perinatal maternal depression and bonding. Participants and setting150 healthy women were followed throughout pregnancy. 79 mother-infant dyads were included in the final analyses. Maternal CM was evaluated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and depressive symptoms by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at each trimester. At 7 weeks postpartum, the EPDS and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were administered. Newborns' behavioral responses were assessed using “States Organization” (SO) and “States Regulation” (SR) subdomains of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Newborns' salivary samples were collected before and after the NBAS to study cortisol reactivity. MethodsA cross-lagged panel model was employed. ResultsInfants born to mothers with higher CM presented more optimal scores on SO (β (0.635) = 0.216, p 〈001) and SR (ß (0.273) = 0.195, p = .006), and a higher cortisol reactivity after NBAS handling (β(0.019) = 0.217, p = .009). Moreover, newborns of mothers with higher CM and postpartum depressive symptoms exhibited a poorer performance on SR (ß (0.156 = −0.288,p = .002). Analyses revealed non-significant relationships between mother-infant bonding, newborns' cortisol reactivity and SO. ConclusionsNewborns from mothers with greater CM present higher cortisol reactivity and more optimal behavioral responses, which may reflect a prenatal HPA axis sensitization. However, those exposed to maternal postnatal depressive symptoms present poorer stress recovery.

Postpartum Depression and Its Impact of the Mother Child Relationship

Introduction: Depression is one of the main complications of the postpartum period [1]. Yet it is often insufficiently prevented, diagnosed and treated. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and its impact on the mother-baby relationship, and to identify associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: Descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, over a three-month period from January 1 to March 31, 2022, of postpartum women using a hetero-questionnaire (socio-demographic data); Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Results: We enrolled 227 patients. The mean age of our patients was 28.8 ± 5.76 years.53.7% of our patients were primiparous, and 83.3% wanted their current pregnancy. 13.7% had given birth prematurely. The prevalence of postpartum depression was 21.1% and correlated with celibacy, low educational level, lack of desire for pregnancy and poor marital relationship. Post-partum depression is said to have an impact on family dynamics, mainly on the mother-baby relationship, and later on the child's psychological balance and development, as assessed by the PBQ. The PBQ came back disturbed in our study. Conclusion: Therapeutic, preventive and even curative measures should be proposed for postpartum women, from educational measures for women and their close circle, psychotherapeutic means to well timed and appropriate drug prescription before complications set in.

Reducing the stress of mothers in the postpartum period: psychological inflexibility or mother-infant bonding

ABSTRACT Background Parental stress is a critical problem because it affects both the mental health of the mother and children’s development. In addition to many factors related to birth and marriage, mother – infant bonding and psychological inflexibility are essential factors that can affect stress. In this study, we examined the effects of the psychological processes of mothers and factors related to pregnancy, mother, environment on parental stress, and their relationships. Methods A sociodemographic variables scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, and Parental Stress Scale were completed by 115 mothers in their first postpartum year. The model created with the correlation and regression results was subjected to path analysis. Results Breastfeeding, psychological inflexibility, and mother – infant bonding are related to parental stress. The bonding problem is the mediator of the relationship between psychological inflexibility and parental stress. The entire effect of sleep quality on parental stress occurred through psychological inflexibility. Conclusion Efforts should be directed towards improving the bond between the mother and infant and enhancing the mother’s psychological flexibility to lessen the negative impacts of stress. Breastfeeding should not be treated categorically, and its potential adverse effects should not be ignored.

Mother-infant bonding: The role of postpartum depression, violence, and bonding established with one's own mother during childhood.

Mother-infant bonding is influenced by several risk and protective factors, and the literature has investigated the relationships between these factors independently. This study aimed to verify the interrelationships of some of these factors and how they influence mother-infant bonding in Brazil. In this study, 361 mothers participated, and the outcome variable of mother-infant bonding was assessed using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Multivariate regression analysis was performed using a hierarchical model with three blocks structured according to the influence exerted on mother-infant bonding. The PBQ's factor scores were estimated and used in the subsequent analyses to decrease measurement error. The variable "violence experienced by mothers" was statistically significant for explaining the second block model but not significant for the third block. Network analysis was performed after multiple regression, showing that the violence experienced by mothers does not directly influence mother-infant bonding but rather is mediated by postpartum depression. This explains why violence is not significant in the hierarchical multiple regression when maternal depression is added to the model. This study's strengths lie in its utilization of PBQ factor scores and network analysis, enabling the estimation of conditional relationships among variables. This approach provides deeper insights into factors affecting mother-infant bonding.

Postpartum-Specific Anxiety and Maternal-Infant Bonding: A Predictive Validity Study amongst Italian Women.

The role of anxiety is unknown in relation to postpartum bonding, unlike the well-known detrimental effect that postpartum depression has on the relationship between a mother and child. This study investigates how anxiety affects mother-infant bonding after childbirth, comparing the Italian version of the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS-IT) with generalized measures of anxiety. Examining 324 non-randomly-selected participants responding to various scales, including the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), postpartum-specific anxiety scale (PSAS-IT), postpartum bonding questionnaire (PBQ), and baby care questionnaire (BCQ-2), initial results suggest a link between certain postpartum anxiety symptoms and attachment problems. Surprisingly, anxiety measured with the PSAS has no direct influence on attachment; however, it is a strong predictor of bonding, even when maternal age, general anxiety, and depression are taken into account, explaining 3% of the variance in scores (β = 0.26, p < 0.001). This emphasizes the importance of early identification and intervention of postpartum anxiety in promoting bonding between mother and child.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Impaired Maternal-Infant Bonding among Mothers Attending Young Child Clinic in Kampala, Uganda.

Impaired maternal-infant bonding can have a negative impact on the mother-infant relationship, affecting the social, emotional, and cognitive development of a child. In Uganda, there is a paucity of literature on impaired maternal-infant bonding. This quantitative, cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with impaired maternal-infant bonding. Postnatal mothers (n = 422) attending the Young Child Clinic at Kawempe National Referral Hospital participated in the study. Maternal-infant bonding was measured using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Participants with a score ≥ 13 on the PBQ were considered to have impaired maternal-infant bonding. The prevalence of impaired maternal-infant bonding among mothers was 45% (190/422). Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with impaired maternal-infant bonding. Unmarried mothers (AOR = 2.05, 95% [CI = 1.03-4.09], p = 0.041), unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 5.19, 95% [CI = 3.07-8.82], p < 0.001), first-time mothers (AOR = 2.46, 95% [CI = 1.37-4.43], p = 0.003), female infant (AOR = 1.80, 95% [CI = 1.13-2.86], p = 0.013), mothers with no/low education levels (AOR = 2.29, 95% [CI = 1.05-4.50], p = 0.036), and those who delivered post term (AOR = 2.49, 95% [CI = 1.10-5.67], p = 0.028) were more likely to have impaired maternal-infant bonding. Nurses and midwives in postnatal care should include maternal-infant bonding within their client's assessment and provide supportive mother-centered care. Interventions to improve maternal-infant bonding should be created and implemented in clinical practice.

Development of the Parent-to-Infant Bonding Scale: Validation in Swedish Mothers and Fathers in Community and Clinical Contexts.

Valid measurement instruments are needed to investigate the impact of parental bonding on child health development. The aim was to develop and validate a self-report questionnaire, the Parent-to-Infant Bonding Scale (PIBS) to measure bonding in both mothers and fathers. Internal consistency and construct validity were analysed using data from Swedish parents from both clinical (N = 182), and community (N = 122) population samples. Overall, good oracceptable internal consistency of the PIBS appeared. Convergent validity (against the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, analysed in the clinical sample) and discriminant validity (against the mental health constructs of depressive symptoms and anxiety) were demonstrated. The results support the PIBS as a measure of maternal and paternal bonding in community and clinical populations. Assessments of criterion validity in these populations are desirable. The similarities in PIBS measurement properties between the parent groups suggest its usefulness for comparisons between mothers and fathers, and for future investigations of unique and interactive impacts of maternal and paternal bonding on child outcomes using community and clinical cohorts.

The effect of maternal childhood maltreatment on postpartum mother–child bonding and maternal hair glucocorticoids

ABSTRACT Background: Maternal experiences of childhood maltreatment (CM) constitute a risk factor for impairments in the mother–child relationship. One mechanism underlying this intergenerational transmission may be maternal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation. Yet, few studies have examined different maltreatment subtypes, including emotional neglect, considered concurrent depressive symptoms, and used long-term integrated glucocorticoid measures. Objective: This study aimed to investigate associations between maternal CM history, postpartum glucocorticoids in hair, and mother–child bonding. In exploratory analyses, we tested whether specific subtypes of CM had differential implications for glucocorticoid secretion and bonding. Methods: During pregnancy, N = 269 mothers from the prospective cohort study DREAMHAIR provided retrospective information on CM and current information regarding psychological and hair-related variables. Hair samples were collected 8 weeks after delivery for quantification of maternal long-term hair cortisol and cortisone concentrations in 2-cm scalp-near hair samples. Mother–child bonding was measured 8 weeks and 14 months after birth using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. Results: While bivariate correlations revealed significant associations of CM with bonding and hair cortisol, regression findings showed CM was associated with impaired bonding 8 weeks (overall CM trend-level; emotional neglect p = .038) and 14 months (emotional neglect trend level p = .041) after birth, however not after controlling for depressive symptoms at the time point of the outcome. In regression analyses, CM was not associated with maternal hair glucocorticoids 8 weeks postpartum. Maternal hair glucocorticoid concentrations were not related to mother–child bonding and did not mediate associations between CM and mother–child bonding. Conclusion: Data tentatively suggest that mothers with CM experiences, in particular emotional neglect, may be at risk for suboptimal bonding to their child, however current depressive symptoms seem to be more important. Our data provide no evidence for a crucial role of glucocorticoid secretion, yet aetiological processes of long-term glucocorticoid secretion and bonding are complex and more severely affected samples should be examined.

Intimate Partner Violence And Its Profound Effects On Maternal Well-Being And Mother-Child Interaction Within The Hazara Community

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a widespread social issue that has significant effects on women's health and wellbeing around the globe. This study examines the complex dynamics of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Pakistan and its effect on maternity and mother-child interaction. Utilizing a wide range of variables, including cultural influences, demographics, and the complex effects of intimate partner violence. Quantitative research study explores the intricate connections between intimate partner violence, maternity, and mother child interaction. The methodological approach involves data collection from various institutes of Quetta. A sample of 170 participants was selected through convenience sampling. Utilizing self-report questionnaire, demographic characteristics, the revised conflict Tactics Scale (RCTS), and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) are employed for analysis. Statistical analysis reveals significant correlation between PBQ and negotiation, physical assault, injury, Sexual Coercion and RCTS, which indicate problems bonding in intimate relationships, are linked to an increase in bargaining, physical assault, sexual coercion, injury, and overall relationship conflict. This association shows a possible link between decreased partner bonding and increased levels of conflict within partnerships. The RCTS shows a significant positive correlation between physical assault, sexual coercion, and injury, suggesting that higher levels of these issues may lead to higher levels of relationship conflict.

Preterm Birth and Maternal Mood States: What Is the Impact on Bonding?

Preterm birth is a significant global health issue affecting millions of infants each year, with potential implications for their developmental outcomes. This study investigated the impact of preterm birth on maternal mood states during the early postpartum period and its subsequent effects on mother-infant bonding. Mothers of 90 preterm infants were involved in the assessment of maternal mood states, examined with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire and the evaluation of mother-infant bonding, carried out through the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Contrary to expectations, there was no significant correlation between preterm birth characteristics and maternal mood states. On the other hand, significant correlations emerged between specific maternal mood states and the quality of mother-child bonding. More specifically, regression analyses showed that feelings of tension, anger, and confusion experienced by the mother tend to negatively affect the quality of her bond with her child. These findings emphasize the crucial role of maternal mental well-being in shaping the mother-infant relationship in the early postpartum period. The study highlights the importance of identifying and addressing maternal mood disorders to promote positive mother-infant bonding and child development, further underlining the need for comprehensive support and interventions for mothers of preterm infants.

Mother-infant bonding and postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic - a risk for nurturing care and child development.

The COVID-19 pandemic Increased the risk of impairing the mother-infant bonding. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the early bond established between mother and infant and postpartum depression (PPD) in pregnancies that occurred during the pandemic period, to identify the factors that may have influenced these outcomes and to verify if there was an association between bonding and probable PPD. This is a cross-sectional study of postpartum women from a public maternity hospital in the city of São Paulo conducted from February to June 2021, involving 127 mother-baby dyads. The initial data were collected in the immediate postpartum period and between 21-45 days after birth, using a semi-structured questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, gestational and birth conditions, and baby characteristics; the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) were used to evaluate PPD and bonding, respectively. The presence of probable PPD and unplanned pregnancies were associated with higher PBQ score and risk to impaired bonding (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). EPDS showed a high prevalence of PPD (29.1%) and was not associated with any Studied variable. Probably, this high prevalence of probable PPD was due to the context of insecurity secondary to the pandemic. We observed an increase in the prevalence of probable PPD and unplanned pregnancies during the first 18 months of the pandemic, which were associated with worse scores in mother-infant bonding. The impaired bond can affect the future development of children born during this period.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (K-PBQ)

Purpose: We evaluated the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (K-PBQ) among Korean parents with children under 12 months of age.Methods: The K-PBQ was translated considering Korean cultural validity through translation, back-translation, and expert panel review. Construct validity was tested by conducting both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with data from 308 couples (N=616). Convergent and discriminant validity were performed using correlations between the K-PBQ and instruments measuring the concepts of attachment, postnatal depression, and dyadic adjustment. The reliability of the K-PBQ was calculated using Cronbach’s ⍺ coefficients.Results: EFA revealed that the 25-item K-PBQ was composed of two factors: impaired bonding (17 items) and the burden of infant care (8 items). The results of the final model fit were acceptable. Known-group validity showed that the K-PBQ score of the postnatal depressed group was significantly higher than that of the non-depressed group. The Cronbach’s ⍺ of the K-PBQ was .95.Conclusion: The K-PBQ was verified as a valid and reliable scale to measure postpartum bonding among parents with children under 12 months of age in Korea. It may contribute to facilitating further research on parent-infant bonding.