Posthumous Edition Research Articles

La poesía de Quevedo al margen del Parnaso: hacia una edición crítica y anotada de la “musa décima”

AbstractThis article characterises Quevedo's “musa décima”, his poetry not included in the posthumous editions, in order to deepen its features and to consider the future critical edition of the whole. The limits of the corpus are still blurred, due to the abundance of poems of doubtful attribution. After a brief contextualisation in the complex transmission of Golden Age poetry, the catalogue of poems, their textual sources and outstanding literary features are dealt with: jocular matter and antigongorism, burlesque sylvas and poems of praise, which situate the author at the beginning of his career. Unveiling this “peripheral” corpus will have an impact on the “nuclear” poetry of Quevedo.

E. S. Skoblikova, a linguist and a teacher (to mark the centenary of the scientist’s birth)

The article characterises the scientific legacy of Professor E. S. Skoblikova (1 June 1924 – 12 August 2016), a prominent Russian linguist, a specialist in modern Russian syntax, Russian dialectology, Russian orthography. The scientist authored monographs, university textbooks and manuals, series of articles on basic linguistic disciplines. She also compiled and edited the posthumous editions of university textbooks and fundamental scientific works of Professor A. N. Gvozdev, a corresponding member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. The relevance of E. S. Skoblikova’s scientific works is determined by the distinctive feature of the theoretical and methodological orientation of her works, namely the adherence to the traditional approaches in resolving controversial issues and the interconnection of scientific and pedagogical thought. This principle remains significant in the conditions of the equally important principle of scientific pluralism.

The Publication of Hellas

This article considers the publication of Hellas, the last major poem of Shelley's that appeared in his lifetime. First, it focusses on the press-copy, the poem's most important textual witness (and arguably the basis of any modern edition), recovering from it a hitherto unnoticed but apparently authoritative reading. Second, it discusses Charles Ollier's unexpurgated edition, identifying passages that were removed from, or altered in, the first edition published in 1822. Third, it traces the gradual emergence of the suppressed passages in editions of the poem published between 1829 and 2002. Finally, with reference to ‘A Defence of Poetry’ and the first (authorised) posthumous edition of the poem, by Mary Shelley, published in 1839, it considers how the textual history of Hellas may illustrate Shelley's view that the meaning of a poem may not be realised in an author's lifetime. In her ‘Note on Hellas’ Mary Shelley appears to have identified the poem's awareness of itself as yet to be fully understood with a subtlety matched in the criticism of the late Michael O’Neill, one of Shelley's finest readers whose loss we continue to mourn.

«Из писем с дороги» О. Ф. Берггольц: история текста и проблема цикла

The paper examines the long-term work of O. F. Bergholz on the cycle “From the Letters from the Road” first published in the collection “On the Stalingrad Land” (1953) under strict censorship. While working on the cycle, the poetess expanded the meaning and deepened the semantics. She completed the pivotal episodes of the lyrical heroine’s stay on the Volga-Don, “velikaya srtoyka” (the great construction site), introduced spatial images of the Volga-Don steppe that was hostile to man, and supplemented the text with substantive content (“watchtower”, “sentry bayonet”). The poetess changed the content, composition, and context of the cycle. It was published either as part of a collection or book sections or as a separate lyrical unity. Eventually, Bergholz transformed the travel cycle “From the Letters from the Road,” which predominantly focused on the Volga-Don theme, into the love cycle “Letters from the Road” (1965). This new cycle became a fully formed and cohesive collection with consistent content and structure. The central theme in “Letters from the Road” was that suffering caused by the situation in the Volga-Don land could not be separated from the protagonist’s experience, leading to a rift between her and her friend who “etoy zhestkoy zemli ne potrogal” (did not touch this hard land). The analysis of the lifetime publications of the cycle has revealed the incorrect reproduction of the cycle in posthumous editions (1983, 1989), emphasizing the importance of the author’s cyclization as a productive way of plot realization and communication with the reader.

Framing Texts and Images: Critical and Posthumous Editions in the Digital Single Market

Although Art. 14 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM Directive) was introduced mostly to deal with issues connected with non-original photographs of public domain works, it also impacts the protection of posthumous and critical editions. Whenever a work of visual art that belongs in the public domain becomes the object of an edition, Art. 14 CDSM Directive excludes its protection under neighbouring rights. In the case of complex works, embedding original contributions belonging to different genres, Art. 14 CDSM Directive applies only if visual elements are predominant in the given work and as long as it is not possible to exploit the work of visual art without using other contributions embedded in the complex work. At the same time, Art. 14 CDSM Directive indirectly confirms that an edition may be protected by copyright if it is original. The particularly low threshold of originality required makes the presence of copyright quite common in three-dimensional and two-dimensional reproductions of works in the public domain that can qualify as editions. Then, with reference to textual works, the limits of originality are challenged: although there is little doubt that the person preparing a critical edition faces choices, they may not necessarily be free and creative. Editorial interference with the text can be compared to findings made by historians during their research and, as such, remain unprotected by copyright. Such an edition may still be protected within the regime of the neighbouring right in those few member states that decided to implement it. Eventually, as is the case nowadays with many aspects of human activity, the future of IP protection of various editions will become murkier due to the advent of new artificial intelligence technologies. For example, models are already being developed to automate the arduous and difficult process of transcription of manuscripts, as well as to ensure appropriate restoration of works of visual art. In particular, the further rapid development of artificial intelligence may cause the neighbouring rights in editions to become at least partially obsolete if the process of preparation of editions becomes devoid of human input. And this would have an impact on the copyright presence as well.

«У нас дома все говорили “Левин”»: о произношении фамилии героя романа «Анна Каренина» в семье Л. Н. Толстого

The article deals with the issue of correct pronunciation of the surname of Konstantin Levin — a character from L. N. Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina. According to the writer’s youngest daughter A. L. Tolstaya and his great grandson I. V. Tolstoy, the author of the novel and all his family pronounced it like “Lévin.” This tradition is currently preserved in the L. N. Tolstoy State Museum in Moscow and in L. N. Tolstoy Museum-Estate ‘Yasnaya Polyana’. Apart from the spoken tradition there is also a written tradition originated from L. N. Tolstoy himself. Manuscripts of Anna Karenina attest to the fact that L. N. Tolstoy, S. A. Tolstaya and all other copyists always wrote “Levin,” letter “ё” (“yo”) being used in necessary cases. N. N. Strakhov who helped L. N. Tolstoy prepare the first separate edition of Anna Karenina (1878) wrote in the same manner. The tradition of spelling the surname of the character as “Levin” is registered in all lifetime and posthumous editions of Anna Karenina as well as in translations into foreign languages. However there is a contradiction in spelling “Lyovin” in two private letters of L. N. Tolstoy’s contemporaries (I. S. Aksakov and K. N. Leontiev), who were not in his inner circle, and a viewpoint of V. V. Nabokov claiming that L. N. Tolstoy derived the character’s surname from his own name Lyov used at home.

Organon 2010: is a medical textbook after 200 years still up to date?

The question, proposed by the German Central Union of homeopathic Doctors, is the pivotal subject addressed in a series of lectures and discussions being held all over Germany in 2010, to celebrate the bicentenary of homeopathy´s first medical textbook. 
 Hahnemann´s Organon of the Healing Art is the basis for classical homeopathy. Reading its 6th and posthumous edition is part of the education of 90% of the homeopaths, as indicated by a survey carried out at the 60th Homeopathic World Medical Congress (Berlin 2005). This might be odd to conventional doctors, used to read the latest editions of textbooks and journals, but Hahnemann´s therapeutics seems to be ahead of his time, in that classical homeopathy can be at least as effective as current standard pharmacotherapy. For instance, classical homeopathy for children suffering from atopic eczema showed comparable results to conventional treatment in usual care. Moreover, randomized controlled double blind trials using the dynamization scale introduced by the 6th edition (fifty-millesimal or Quinquagintamillesimal dynamization and its products, the Q-potencies) showed that homeopathically individualized Q-potencies were superior to placebo for fibromyalgia or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, and not inferior to the antidepressant fluoxetine in a sample of patients with moderate to severe depression. 
 More studies using the clinical-pharmaceutical protocol of the Organon are of course needed, but so far its use by trained physicians have yield to challenging results, keeping up with what is recommended in most recent clinical textbooks for the treatment of some chronic diseases.

Illuminated by Fire: the Hundred Years’ War in the Works of Professor M. N. Petrov of Kharkiv University (1826-1887)

The article examines the contribution of Professor M. N. Petrov, Kharkiv University’s leading medievalist during the third quarter of the 19th century, to the study of key events and personalities of the Hundred Years’ War between England and France. Contextually, Petrov considered some of the events of the final stage of the war in his master’s dissertation “On the Nature of the Statesmanship of Louis XI” (1850). He was able to show that, in the war against the English, the French royal house was forced to make concessions to the great feudal lords of the realm in exchange for military support. Among the concessions made by Charles VII for the sake of victory over England, Petrov rightly singles out the anti-English Treaty of Arras (1435) between the French king and Duke Philip III of Burgundy. Nevertheless, the end of the Hundred Years’ War, development of the French national consciousness, and decline of feudal chivalry all objectively contributed to the strengthening of royal power. It is shown that Petrov became the first scholar at Kharkiv University and in the Ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire to publish a work entirely devoted to the Hundred Years’ War – “Jeanne d’Arc (Historical and Psychological Experience)” (1867). Petrov distinguished between the objective and subjective causes of the turn in the Hundred Years’ War and explained the success of the Maid of Orléans by the sympathy and support of the broad masses of the population. It is stressed that, in contrast to the French scholar J. Michelet, for whom Jeanne d’Arc was a messenger of Heaven, child of the Church, and servant of God, Petrov in his essay represented her actions as a manifestation of the French people’s growing self-awareness, rather than of the will of Providence. The author notes that such assessment of the role of the common people in the historical process was characteristic of the liberal medieval studies of the first post-reform years in the Russian Empire. A summary of the main events of the Hundred Years’ War was presented in the posthumous edition of Petrov’s Lectures in World History (1888). This was the first university textbook in this discipline in the Russian Empire. It is emphasized that Petrov’s treatment of the events of the Hundred Years’ War contributed to the popularization of medieval history, and that the objectivity of his interpretations stemmed primarily from the critical study of historical sources, including the Memoirs of Philippe de Commines, and adherence to the norms of positivism.

Multi-Modal, Non-Invasive Investigation of Modern Colorants on Three Early Modern Prints by Maria Sibylla Merian

Northwestern University’s Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections owns three hand-colored copperplate engravings that once belonged to an edition of Matamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium by artist-naturalist Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717). Because early modern prints are often colored by early modern readers, or modern collectors, it was initially unclear whether the coloring on these prints should be attributed to the print maker, to subsequent owners or collectors, or to an art dealer. Such ambiguities posed challenges for the interpretation of these prints by art historians. Therefore, the prints underwent multi-modal, non-invasive technical analysis to assess the date and material composition of the prints’ coloring. The work combined several different non-invasive analytical techniques: hyperspectral imaging (HSI), macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) mapping, surface normal mapping with photometric stereo, visible light photography, and visual comparative art historical analysis. As a result, the prints and paper were attributed to a late eighteenth-century posthumous edition of Merian’s work while the colorants were dated to the early twentieth century. This information enables more thorough contextualization of these prints in their use as teaching and research tools in the University collection.

On the Threshold of Editorship. Or From Collection to Oeuvre

The sole collection of verses by Jonas Mačiulis (1862–1932, pen name Maironis), the father of modern Lithuanian poetry, went through five editions in the author’s lifetime. The poet continued to improve the works of his youth until his advanced age, producing hundreds of textual variants. The first published versions of some verses, which are ranked as national classics today, cannot be considered finely crafted works by a long shot. From a retrospective point of view, one is surprised that such lengthy and tedious corrections could have yielded such nice final results, while a prospective approach might incite amazement at how the crude, primary rock of first versions could have concealed the possibility of such poetic gems. Taking a grandmotherly attitude towards his works, the author did not only polish their versification, but also applied different strategies throughout his rewriting process to use new editions to consolidate his own social and cultural position with the changeable standards of bibliographic codes over time. The problem editors of the Maironis’ posthumous editions face is that the authorial editions of his works differ in title, textual variants, and arrangement. As this article argues, both Maironis’ high standing in the Lithuanian cultural landscape and the elusive expectation of stability and comprehensiveness have discouraged editors to plunge into the dynamic nature of Maironis’ authorial manipulations up until today.

John Locke as a Reader of Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan: A New Manuscript

The following article provides significant new evidence of John Locke’s interest in Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan (1651). The evidence derives from the collection of manuscripts amassed by the historian Thomas Birch (1705–66), the author of The History of the Royal Society of London (1756–57). Within this collection are several documents in the hand of Pierre Des Maizeaux (1672/3–1745), the Huguenot journalist and biographer. In 1718–19, Des Maizeaux set about compiling A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Locke, a posthumous edition of lesser-known works and manuscripts by Locke, edited with the guidance of Anthony Collins (1676–1729). In preparing the volume, Des Maizeaux interviewed one of Locke’s friends, whose recollections he recorded in an anonymized memoir, in French. The article reveals that the anonymous friend was James Tyrrell (1642–1719), one of Locke’s closest acquaintances. Tyrrell’s claim that Locke “almost always” had Hobbes’s Leviathan on his table in Oxford, ca. 1658–67, is one of several in the memoir that revise our understanding of Locke’s intellectual formation and the history of one of his best-known friendships. The article contextualizes and translates the memoir and revisits the debate surrounding Peter Laslett’s relegation of Hobbes’s significance to the development Locke’s political thought.

Вопросы некрасовской текстологии

The article discusses some complex issues of N.A. Nekrasov’s poetry textual criticism, which the author had to solve in the course of preparing a new threevolume edition in the “Poet's Library” series. The status of the so-called “Posthumous edition” (1879) of Nekrasov's poems edited by S.I. Ponomarev, who used the now lost copy with the author's notes and revisions, is discussed. The textual critic is faced with the task of separating copyright editing from Ponomarev's conjectures, which he resorted to. The authoritative Soviet editions of Nekrasov did not take into account the versions of the “Poems” of 1879, which was sometimes erroneous, as is demonstrated in the article on the example of individual readings of such works as “Vlas”, “Philanthropist” and others.

The Remaking of Letitia Elizabeth Landon

The critical conversation regarding the poetic achievement of Letitia Landon has been deformed by the influence of posthumous editions that remake and misrepresent her work. Emma Roberts’s edition of The Zenana and Minor Poems of L.E.L. (1839) and Leman Blanchard’s Life and Literary Remains of L.E.L. (1841) have too often been taken by Landon scholars as reliable sources, yet both occlude and alter her poems in serious ways. Landon herself creatively recycled earlier work: much of her originality depends on her manipulation of its changing media contexts. Thinking coherently about Landon’s poetry requires an extensive acquaintance with her textual history.

ПАМЯТИ НИКОЛАЯ ПЕТРОВИЧА ЕРОШКИНА (9.09.1920–30.01.1988)

In the article, based on personal memories, the author analyzes the activities of a famous scientist and teacher, doctor of historical sciences, professor, who worked for more than forty years at the Institute of History and Archives of the Russian State Humanitarian University – Nikolai Petrovich Eroshkin. His scientific, methodological and teaching activities are analyzed. His academic career allowed him to be deservedly considered the largest specialist in the history of Russian statehood in the 19th – early 20th centuries. His lecturing skills were characterized by the audience as one of the best in the Institute of History and Archives. He is the author of a textbook on the history ofstate institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia, the study book that withstood three lifetime and two posthumous editions, and has not lost its relevance to this day. Particular attention is paid to his organizational skills, which made it possible to create a specialized department, the core of which was the school of scholars of the history of state known not only in the USSR, and later in the Russian Federation, but also abroad. It exists to this day and consists of his students and their students. Under his leadership, hundreds of theses were written, about forty of his students defended their Ph.D. theses, seven of whom became doctors of science.

К оценке теоретической эволюции Менгера, или Сюжет о «четырех Менгерах»

The article analyzes some directions of the evolution of scientific thought of the founder of the Austrian School C. Menger, which became the subject of discussions in the last decade. It is shown that it is wrong to tract changing of his definition of the as a principal reversal. It is just a different accent: on the one hand, capital is a homogeneous fund for generating future income, and on the other, it realized in the heterogeneous capital goods. Money as an organic institution by its origin is combined with the possibility of the state's influence on its improvement. Classical liberalism as a worldview basis of the theory does not contradict the performance of certain economic functions by the state. The introduction to the analysis of human associations as an uber-individual agent with their own needs and demands for goods, however, does not mean Menger's abandon of the methodological individualism. The main method is the content analysis of both well-known and less-known his works, including the second posthumous edition of Grundsatze der Volkswirtschaftslehre.

Воскрешение одной ошибки (К истории изучения исчезнувшего текста Н.А. Некрасова)

In posthumous editions of K.I. Chukovsky’s works, including the newest 15-volume Collected Works, his article “The Poet and the Executioner” (1922), which is essentially devoted to the poem “Raising the Grace Cup...” addressed to M.N. Muravyov-Vilensky, is re-published. In the 1930s B.Ya. Bukhshtab finally disavowed the authorship of N.A. Nekrasov, and Chukovsky not only excluded this poem from the body of the poet's works, but also refused to republish his article. Now its republishing requires detailed reservations and explanations, which can be facilitated by the reconstruction of scientific polemics of the past decades. Thу article is devoted to its history.

Folkloristics without Illusions. Some Thoughts on the Contexts of Folklore Research by Donatas Sauka

The 90th anniversary of birth of the famous Lithuanian literary scholar and folklorist, professor of the Vilnius University Donatas Sauka (1929–2015) is celebrated in 2019. The article discusses various contexts of the folklore research and academic activities by Donatas Sauka, revealing his own attitude towards folklore as well. Donatas Sauka is rightly placed among the most original and creative Lithuanian folklore researchers. His works and lectures that he gave to the students of the Vilnius University encourage regarding folklore as an integral part of the human life in the traditional community, and emphasize an imperative of grasping the mentality of the folklore creators. According to him, “a collection of folklore, if read intently provides an important source on the social and psychological experience”. Donatas Sauka also merits praise for his unique writing style that combines the research precision and poetic reflection. His most important folklore research works include the monograph Tautosakos savitumas ir vertė (‘Uniqueness and Value of Folklore’, 1970) and the textbook for students Lietuvių tautosaka (‘Lithuanian Folklore’, 1982).The current text rests on the posthumous edition of Donatas Sauka’ diaries and recollections Apie laiką ir save (‘On Time and Myself’, 2019), in which the author remembers and evaluates his personal experiences and those of an entire generation of the Lithuanian intellectuals living under the Soviet occupation, submits auto-commentaries for his books, and reveals details on his research work.

Mark Twain’s phrenological experiment: Three renditions of his “small test”

ABSTRACTSamuel Langhorne Clemens (1835–1910), the American humorist and author better known as Mark Twain, was skeptical about clairvoyance, supernatural entities, palm reading, and certain medical fads, including phrenology. During the early 1870s, he set forth to test phrenology—and, more specifically, its reliance on craniology—by undergoing two head examinations with Lorenzo Fowler, an American phrenologist with an institute in London. Twain hid his identity during his first visit, but not when he returned as a new customer three months later, only to receive a very different report about his humor, courage, and so on. He described his experiences in a short letter written in 1906 to a correspondent in London, in humorous detail in a chapter that appeared in a posthumous edition of his autobiography, and in The Secret History of Eddypus, the World Empire, a work of fiction involving time travel, which he began to write around 1901 but never completed. All three versions of Twain’s phrenological ploy are presented here with commentary to put his descriptions in perspective.

Introduction: Debates on Experience and Empiricism in Nineteenth Century France

Introduction: Debates on Experience and Empiricism in Nineteenth Century France

Building the Chivalric Canon: Teofilo Folengo, Lodovico Domenichi, and Aretino’s Silence

ABSTRACTThis article explores the 1552 posthumous edition of Teofilo Folengo’s Macaronee, which included his masterpiece Baldus, and the preface to the work penned in late 1544/early 1545 by one Vigaso Cocaio. Following a suggestion by Luca Curti, who identified Vigaso with Lodovico Domenichi, I suggest including the Baldus in Domenichi’s publication programme of chivalric novels. This included Pulci’s Morgante and Boiardo’s Inamoramento de Orlando, both published in 1545. I argue that Folengo was originally part of Domenichi’s attempt at building a chivalric canon and I make some hypotheses as to why this programme was never fully accomplished. In doing so, I pay special attention to the relations between Domenichi, Folengo, and Pietro Aretino, suggesting that this latter may have played a role in the editorial history of Folengo’s macaronic works.