Post-harvest Losses Of Fruits Research Articles

Effect of Marketing Strategies on Post-Harvest Loss of Fruits in Osun State, Nigeria

Effect of Marketing Strategies on Post-Harvest Loss of Fruits in Osun State, Nigeria

Physicochemical properties in NOR tomato line MA 131-6-3 after treated with ethephon and calcium carbide induced ripening

Abstract. Khairi A, Murti RH, Irwan SNR, Putra ETS. 2023. Physicochemical properties in NOR tomato line MA 131-6-3 after treated with ethephon and calcium carbide induced ripening. Biodiversitas 24: 3029-3037. Tomato fruit Postharvest Losses (PHL) from rotting, Physiological Weight Loss (PWL), inadequate nutrition, and other factors can lower fruit quality. Tomato is included as climacteric fruit which shows a significant increase in respiration and ethylene. The use of tomato with an extended shelf life due to genetic engineering, such as a Non-Ripening (NOR) tomato, can lower PHL. This experiment was carried out to evaluate physicochemical characteristics of NOR tomato fruit (lineMA 131-6-3 as result of selection F6)during postharvest after being treated by Ethephon (ET) (375, 750, 1,125, and 1,500 ppm), calcium carbide (CaC2) (5, 10, 15, and 20 gkg?1), and control. The experimental design was arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications.The ambient temperature was 28.30±1.75°C and relative humidity of 60.69±2.33%. The results showed the fruit ripening and physicochemical altered with CaC2 treatment, then followed by yellow but did not alter to the red color for all treatments. The value of reduction sugar, respiration, ethylene, PWL, and pH increased, meanwhile the fruit firmness decreased caused by CaC2. Furthermore, ET could increase rotting during storage.

Effect of Edible Coating on Shelf-life Enhancement of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) at Ambient Conditions

An experiment was conducted on the effect of edible coating on shelf-life enhancement of papaya (Carica papaya L.) at ambient conditions. The main aim of this study was to increase the shelf life of papaya by using edible coating. Postharvest losses in fruits is a serious problem due to rapid deterioration during storage. Use of edible coatings over fruits is used to improve their quality and enhance the shelf life. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of aloe vera gel, beeswax, paraffin wax and gelatine coating in extending the shelf-life of papaya including physico-chemical changes under ambient storage conditions. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment consisted of coating material with Aloe vera gel 0.5% (T1), Aloe vera gel 1%(T2), Aloe vera gel 1.5%(T3), Beeswax 6% (T4), Paraffin wax 100% (T5), Gelatin10%(T6), Control(T7) and freshly harvested papaya fruits. Statistical analysis revealed that among all the treatments, the maximum effect on extending the shelf-life and delaying the ripening was recorded in paraffin wax coated papaya fruits. Therefore, coating of papaya fruits with paraffin wax can be suggested as a post-harvest treatment to enhance the shelf-life.

Postharvest Losses of Fruits and Vegetables Along Their Urban Supply Chain in Eastern Africa: a Case Study of Uganda Towards Sustainable Management

Postharvest Losses of Fruits and Vegetables Along Their Urban Supply Chain in Eastern Africa: a Case Study of Uganda Towards Sustainable Management

Fruit and vegetable processing and consumption: Knowledge, attitude, and practices among rural women in East Africa

High post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables (FVs) limit their supply and availability for year-round consumption. Hence, processing innovations at their production areas could help address this constraint, which requires the need to assess people's perceptions in these areas. Therefore, this study gauged the knowledge, attitude, and practices towards FV processing and consumption and its relationship with actual FV consumption. Surveys were conducted with women in six study sites – three fruit and three vegetable production areas – in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Quantitative 24-h dietary and 7-day FV recalls were collected across two seasons. Open and closed-ended questions were constructed to assess the women's knowledge, attitude, and practices towards FV processing and consumption. The fruit and vegetable sites included 584 and 732 women, respectively. Average fruit consumption was 4-135 g/day in the plenty season and 4-106 g/day in the lean season. Vegetable consumption was 112-146 g/day and 84-180 g/day in the plenty and lean season, respectively. There were significant consumption differences across seasons. Most women expressed high knowledge of FV processing and consumption benefits and showed a positive attitude towards FV processing and consumption. Yet, in practice, a small number of women process FVs largely due to limited processing know-how and equipment. The relationship between knowledge and attitude and FV consumption was negative or none. The high knowledge and positive attitude expressed, yet the limited processing know-how and equipment should be a basis for interventions to increase FV processing into nutritious products for better nutrition and to ensure their availability year-round.

Ultrastructural observation and transcriptome analysis provide insights into mechanisms of Penicillium expansum invading apple wounds

Penicillium expansum is a pathogen causing enormous postharvest losses of fruits, especially apples. In this study, we first investigated the morphological changes of P. expansum within apple wounds during infectious process by microscopic observation. We found that conidia swelled and secreted potential hydrophobin in 4 h, germinated in 8 h, and finally formed conidiophores in 36 h, a critical control time point to prevent the second contamination of spores. We then compared the transcript accumulation of P. expansum in apple tissues and liquid culture at 12 h. In total, 3168 and 1318 up-regulated and down-regulated genes were identified. Among them, genes regarding the biosynthesis of substances such as ergosterol, organic acid, cell wall degrading enzymes, and patulin were induced in expression. Pathways were activated, including autophagy, the mitogen-activated protein kinase, and pectin degradation. Our findings provide insights into the lifestyle and the mechanisms of P. expansum invading apple fruits.

Influence of Wax and Silver Nanoparticles on Preservation Quality of Murcott Mandarin Fruit during Cold Storage and after Shelf-Life

Citrus fruits are perishable and considered the most prominent and essential crops at the local and global levels. The world is focused on minimizing fruit postharvest losses, maintaining fruit quality, and prolonging its storability and marketability. Thus, this study was carried out throughout the two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019 on Murcott mandarin fruits, with the purpose of extending their storage period and shelf life by making a mixture of nanosilver and wax as a coating. The fruits were picked on the first of March, washed, and coated with the following treatments: 1000 ppm imazalil (IMZ as a control), wax, 50 ppm nanosilver, 100 ppm nanosilver, and finally, the combination of wax plus 100 ppm nanosilver, packaged in 0.005% perforated polyethylene (PPE), and stored at 5 ± 1 °C and 90%–95% relative humidity for four months. Samples of each treatment were randomly taken at monthly intervals to evaluate the tested treatments’ effects on fruit quality during cold storage and 6 days of shelf life. The data proved that the combination of wax plus 100 ppm nanosilver packaged in 0.005% perforated polyethylene (PPE) was the most effective treatment for reducing discarded fruits, fresh weight loss, and catalase enzyme activity, as well as maintaining pulp firmness and vitamin C content and keeping a better taste panel index. Therefore, these coatings could be promising alternative materials for extending mandarin fruits’ postharvest life and marketing period.

A REVIEW PAPER ON POST-HARVEST LOSS ON FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Horticultural commodities like fruits and vegetables are highly perishable in nature having a short shelf life. Post-harvest losses on horticulture commodities can be qualitative or quantitative and the quality deterioration can be either physical or physiological. After harvesting, the steps like handling-cooling, cleaning, sorting, grading, packaging, storing, transporting, and marketing must go through high post-harvest losses. Consequently, there will be huge losses that affect the farmer’s economic conditions. Considering the fact there are many methods to control the l post-harvest loss of fruits and vegetables, this review paper discusses the causes, effects, and procedures involved in handling fruits and vegetable commodities and explores ways to minimize post-harvest loss and optimize the returns.

Effects of NSPRI wall-in-wall evaporative coolant on physical properties of stored tomato

Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute developed a wall-in-wall evaporative cooling system for the storage of fresh fruits and vegetables. This is an effort in mitigating post-harvest loss of fruits and vegetables. The effect of the cooling system on the physical properties of tomatoes was investigated using ambient shelf storage as a control. Weight loss, firmness loss and colour changes of tomatoes were the major physical properties studied. Tomatoes were stored for 24 days. There was significantly higher loss in weight of tomatoes stored in ambient (68%) than those of the evaporative coolant (32%). There was significant higher loss in firmness of the tomato stored in ambient (95%) those in evaporative cooling system (58%). Tomatoes stored in evaporative cooling system retained better color while those under ambient became darkened at the end of the storage period.

The Role of Evaporate Cooling Storage Technology to Reduce PostHarvest Losses of Fruits and Vegetables: A Review

Fruits and vegetables are perishable crops, which have high moisture content and short shelf life. Most Postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables occur due to lack of proper cold storage. According to most of research and review show, approximates 40-50% fruits and vegetables loss in the supply chain at globally level. In many Africa countries, postharvest losses are not properly documented but experts have projected the losses to be up to 80%. In Ethiopia, postharvest loss of fruits and vegetables is 50% due to lack of appropriate postharvest handling practice and storage technologies. The loss up to 50% could be caused due to biological and environmental factors. In order to reduce postharvest loss of fruits and vegetables the roles of low cost evaporative cooling storage technology is great. Evaporate cooling is the process by which temperature of substance reduced due to cooling effect from evaporation of water. It work best at dry and hot climate area when results in reduction of temperature and increase in relative humidity. This storage technology reduces postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables by controlling temperature, concentration of gases and relative humidity of the storage area. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to review studies made by several researchers and reviewers on the roles of evaporate storage technologies in postharvest loss reduction of fruits and vegetables. This storage technology of fruits and vegetables produce available for sale increased 42% to 62% and enhances 10-15 % food security. So to mitigate or alleviate high postharvest loss of perishable crops using evaporative storage technology is very important and determinant

Quantifying the magnitude of postharvest fruit losses: a case study of industry packhouse data in the Western Cape, South Africa

ISHS V International Symposium on Pomegranate and Minor Mediterranean Fruits Quantifying the magnitude of postharvest fruit losses: a case study of industry packhouse data in the Western Cape, South Africa

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA, MOLECULAR E PATOGÊNICA DE Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ISOLADO DE MANGA

ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit of great importance in the world. However, fruit postharvest losses are caused by anthracnose, a disease caused mainly by phytopathogenic fungi from the Colletotrichum genus. Thus, this work aimed to study morphology, genetic similarity, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. isolates from mango in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Morphological evaluation of 28 isolates, based on colony color, size of conidia and appressoria, and growth rate, showed that the isolates belong to the C. gloeosporioides species. It was later confirmed with species-specific oligonucleotides. Also, combined evaluation with RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) showed a genetic similarity of 0.23 between Isolates 12 and 21, and 0.71 between Isolates 2 and 4, an indication of high variability among isolates, with dissimilarity over 75%. Moreover, the dendrogram generated by the UPGMA method indicated that the isolates were arranged in eight groups, which did not correlate with the collection site. Based on pathogenicity, although most isolates showed low virulence for Tommy Atkins cultivar, some of them proved to be highly aggressive (Isolates 9, 15, 20, 21, 24, 26, and 27). Also, pathogenicity did not correlate with clusters. In conclusion, the results revealed high genetic and pathogenic variability in C. gloeosporioides isolated from mango cultivars in one of the main exporting regions in Brazil.

Precooling and Cold Storage Methods for Fruits and Vegetables in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Review

Fruits and vegetables, known for their large nutrient potential, are more susceptible to high postharvest loss than other crops. Factors such as perishability, poor post-production handling and storage and processing infrastructures, increase the magnitude of food losses. The postharvest loss of fruits and vegetables in Sub-Saharan Africa ranges from 30% to 50%. One key strategy to overcome such losses is through cold chain integration in value chains. However, most developing countries currently lack the basic infrastructure and management skills needed to support the development of integrated cold chains, particularly in rural areas, where up to 60% of overall food losses occur on the farm and in ‘first-mile’ distribution. Storage of highly perishable produce in a controlled environment with respect to temperature and relative humidity leads to quality and quantity preservation. This contributes to increases in food and nutrition security, household incomes and environmental protection. This review addresses the need for adopting and strengthening measures for the precooling and cold storage of fruits and vegetables to improve their value chains. A range of precooling and cold storage methods, their suitability, energy demands and the constraints on storage and distribution are discussed and recommendations are made on how to improve their accessibility for small-scale farmers in rural communities.

Performance of Food Processing Industry in India

India is the highest producer of milk and second largest producer of fruits and vegetables. Unfortunately, a large amount of that production is lost due to deficient post harvest technology. According to an estimation by Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India, the post harvest loss of fruits and vegetables range between Rs.200 to 250 crore annually. The establishment of Food Processing Industries (FPIs) can help to mitigate these colossal losses effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, generating full-time employment opportunities for the rural workforce is another positive facet of food processing industries. The fact remains that FPIs share to Gross Domesti Product (GDP) far exceeds the contribution by other manufacturing industries. As such, India can hardly afford to ignore the importance of FPIs as it can unify and combat several diverse national issues. The creation of a ministry, dedicated to the implementation of Food processing, stands as testimony to the fact that the Indian Government has taken initiatives to develop the prospect of growth in FPIs. This article focuses on the performance of FPIs in India.

Effect of polysaccharide based edible coating to improve shelf ­life and quality of guava (Psidium guajava) in Malwa region of central India

Guava fruit have a very short shelf life due to high rate of respiration. Storage of guava fruits at room temperature causes weight loss, microbial disease, physiological disorders and physical injuries and is moreover, highly susceptibility to chilling injury making low temperature storage less possible. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out at the Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, India during the year 2019- 2020 with an objective to extend shelf-life of guava fruits cv. Rewa-72. The treatments comprised of post-harvest treatments with Chitosan, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Aloe vera gel. The physico-chemical, functional and sensory quality of guava fruits were significantly influenced by application Chitosan @ 1.5% and Carboxymethyl cellulose @ 1.5%) coating up to 12 days of storage. It was found that the CMC or Chitosan bilayer coating was equally effective as the commercial polyethylene wax in enhancing glossy appearance of guava fruits because it is a good moisture barrier, thus preventing the water loss by transpiration. Chitosan @ 1.5% and CMC @1.5% treated fruits had more overall acceptability because this coating helped in improving the colour, aroma, taste, texture, appearance and quality of fruits. Hence, this technology could be more useful for increase shelf life of fruits, low cost and reduce the post-harvest loss of fruits it also helps to replace the use of harmful chemicals by growers and traders.

Effects of Psidium guajava L. Leaf Powder and Aloe vera L. Gel on Shelf Life of Citrus sinensis L. Fruits

Postharvest loss of fruits is a critical problem due of rapid deterioration during handling, transportation and warehousing. Edible coating over fruits is utilised to boost their quality and shelf life. The effects of leaf extracts of Psidium guajava and Aloe vera gel on the elongation of the shelf life of orange fruits were evaluated. Orange fruits were treated with Guava leaf powder and A. vera gel to assess their effectiveness in extending their shelf life and quality in storage. Weight loss, firmness, post-harvest decay, marketability and shelf life of uncoated and coated samples were evaluated all through the period of this study. Fungi were also isolated from deteriorating samples. A. vera was able to preserve the orange samples for 21 days; P. guajava preserved them for 17 days while the untreated fruit samples stayed for 14 days. Three fungi viz: Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from the decomposing orange fruits. The result shows that orange fruits coated with A. vera gel and guava leaf powder is effective in extending the shelf-life of orange fruits when compared to untreated fruit (control) in the following order: A. vera>P. guajava > control. The findings from this study indicate that plant extracts could be employed to prolong the shelf life and improve quality of orange fruits.

Conventional and Biotechnological Approaches for Enhancing Shelf-life of Horticultural Crops

Background: Due to its highly perishable nature and less shelf life, postharvest losses of fruits result in a high gap between production and availability. Various plant traits which need to be genetically modified for higher shelf life include lowered respiration and ethylene production, less sensitivity to ethylene, lowering ripening rates, reduced browning, decreased chilling sensitivity and increased postharvest disease resistance. Methods: The importance of understanding the biochemical process of softening and the use of such information for retarding the ripening process has been demonstrated in this paper. Result: After reviewing the development made in extending the shelf life of fruits, it becomes evident that although success in this field has been inadequate, there are possibilities that fruit breeders will succeed in the near future in evolving superior cultivars with longer shelf life by adopting conventional and biotechnological approaches.

Effect of p-coumarate esters resistant against postharvest Botrytis cinerea infection in apple fruit

Gray mold rot caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most common diseases resulted in considerable postharvest losses of fruits. The antifungal activity of esterified p-coumarates on Botrytis rot in apple fruit were investigated. Results showed that the mycelial growth and spore germination of B. cinerea were effectively inhibited by the application of methyl p-coumarate (MpCA) and ethyl p-coumarate (EpCA). Treatments with MpCA and EpCA resulted in a large leakage of intercellular electrolytes, soluble proteins and sugars, and ultrastructural distortion of the pathogen during growth, suggesting that p-coumarate esters may act via destroying the plasma membrane of the pathogen. In addition, treatments with MpCA and EpCA significantly inhibited the infection on apple fruit by B. cinerea. MpCA and EpCA up-regulated expression of genes encoding a pathogenesis-related protein (PR1), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD), enhanced activities of PAL and POD, and stimulated the accumulation of chlorogenic acid and catechin in the fruit. MpCA and EpCA thereby activated the disease-resistance system and the metabolism of polyphenols and flavonoids against the infection by B. cinerea. Collectively, two p-coumarate esters could not only exert their directly antifungal activity, but also induce the defense mechanism of host apple fruit. Application of MpCA and EpCA would provide a promising approach for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits.

Conventional and Biotechnological Approaches for Enhancing the Shelf-life of Fruits and Vegetables: A Review

Due to highly perishable nature and less shelf-life, post-harvest losses of fruit and vegetables results in high gap between production and availability. Various plants traits which need to be genetically modified for higher shelf-life includes lowered rate of respiration and ethylene production, less sensitivity to ethylene, lowering ripening rate, reduced browning, decreased chilling sensitivity and increased postharvest disease resistance. The importance of understanding the biochemical process of softening and the use of such information for retarding the ripening process has been demonstrated in this paper. After reviewing the development made in extending the shelf-life of fruits, it becomes evident that although success in this field has been inadequate, there are possibilities that fruit breeders will succeed in near future in evolving superior cultivars with longer shelf-life.

Organic acid, a virulence factor for pathogenic fungi, causing postharvest decay in fruits.

Decay due to fungal infection is a major cause of postharvest losses in fruits. Acidic fungi may enhance their virulence by locally reducing the pH of the host. Several devastating postharvest fungi, such as Penicillium spp., Botrytis cinerea, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, can secrete gluconic acid, oxalic acid, or citric acid. Emerging evidence suggests that organic acids secreted by acidic fungi are important virulence factors. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the biosynthesis of organic acids, the role of the pH signalling transcription factor PacC in regulating organic acid, and the action mechanism of the main organic acid secreted via postharvest pathogenic fungi during infection of host tissues. This paper systematically demonstrates the relationships between tissue acidification and postharvest fungal pathogenicity, which will motivate the study of host–pathogen interactions and provide a better understanding of virulence mechanisms of the pathogens so as to design new technical strategies to prevent postharvest diseases.