Postgraduate Candidates Research Articles

A Study of Babylon University's TEFL Postgraduate Candidates and Teaching Staff's Perspectives on Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Problems, Challenges and Prospective

This paper investigated the perspectives of Iraqi TEFL postgraduate candidates specializing in teaching English as a foreign language, as well as the professors who were enrolled in and instructed in a course on research methodology (including quantitative, and qualitative approaches) concerning different types of research methodologies. Moreover, the researcher aimed to investigate the participants' perspectives towards a qualitative or quantitative research approach for conducting their thesis. In this study, 10 TEFL postgraduate candidates and 10 teaching staff from University of Babil/ Faculty of Basic Education were chosen by convenience and purposive sampling. Researcher created a semi-structured interview for them. According to Strauss and Corbin's (1996) grounded theory approach to qualitative content analysis, both groups of participants exhibited positive views regarding MMR. Participants preferred qualitative approaches over quantitative approaches for their thesis. Qualitative research and MMR can be as effective as quantitative research, depending on the study's objective and subject being researched.

The effectiveness of item parceling to increase the model fit: A case study of PAPs

The impact of item parceling to improve model fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis has been on debate amongst psychometricians. In this study, the effectiveness of item parceling was examined using Tes Potensi Akademik Pascasarjana (PAPS) or Postgraduate Academic Potential Test in Universitas Gadjah Mada. Item parceling approach, second-order approach, and item-based approach of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for examination. Data were collected from a sample of 1374 postgraduate candidates in 2017. The result found that model fit indices such as the chi-squared test, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, and standardized root mean square residual were improved in the item parceling approach when compared to item based approach. Interestingly, the root mean square error of approximation were deteriorating in the item parceling approach. The finding of this study suggested that model dimensionality and sample size should be carefully considered when using the item parceling approach.

Challenges Experienced By Postgraduate Candidates in the Application of Conceptual Frameworks in Scientific Research

Conceptual framework brings all aspects of a study together through a process that explicates their connections and the contexts shaping a research setting as well as the study of the phenomena in that setting. It gives a theoretical meaning to what is contained in the main text of the study. The aim of this study was to understand challenges faced by postgraduate students in the application of conceptual frameworks in their researches. The study was informed by a case study and interpretivist paradigm. Participants were made up of four lecturers and twenty postgraduate students. The study findings suggest that students did not understand what the conceptual framework was really about such that, even those who had some ideas could not precisely apply it. This situation was partly attributed to poor understanding by supervising lecturers and lack of prioritization in teaching conceptual frameworks during learning process as well as lack of interactive supportive materials. The study further revealed that students did not substantively review literature to understand their research area that would eventually help them develop shrewd conceptual framework. It was also found that many students who purported to use conceptual framework failed to explain and relate it to methods and findings. Premised on the study findings, the study says that, postgraduate candidates lacked explicit and cohesive understanding of the relationships among concepts throughout the research process, they instead focused on the methods whilst overlooking the conceptual framework. The problem with application of conceptual framework was not only on trainees, but also on the trainers both of whose defensive arguments tended to be projected towards the opposite party. This therefore calls for a critical individual reflection and reflexivity on both parties and to ensure a co-engaged way of teaching and learning that is transformatively hands-on from the onset. The study proposes a framework that can generally enhance effective teaching of complex topics in research methodology courses at all academic levels.

Impact and influence of soft skill training on the employability of engineering and management graduate and post graduate students: A Review

As the percentage of graduate and post-graduate unemployed candidates is very high. Factors affecting employment have a wide variety but lack of soft skills is one of the necessary factors in this advanced era. Most college students do not have the ability to even start a conversation with random people. To work in a company, students go through several rounds of interviews. The interview is actually a procedure to analyze the exact idea of your personality. There comes the significance of these life skills. This paper will help students to understand the importance and influence of certain soft skills which are in high demand these days also the aim of this article is to showcase the increased relevance of soft skills in a continuously changing environment for graduate and post-graduate students.

Where to go for a Christian Research Degree [Part 1

An institution’s support of higher degree research (HDR) candidates engages the supervisor/s and the candidate in a professional learning and teaching relationship, described as the pedagogy of supervision (Grant, 2005; Nulty, Kiley, & Meyer, 2009). Universities develop programs to support academic and research staff to supervise postgraduate candidates while also facilitating the learning of novice researchers and HDR candidates (Carton & Kelly, 2014; Carton, O’Farrell, & Kelly, 2013; Luca et al., 2013). In this mixed methods research project questionnaires and interviews were used to determine what is valued by current and past HDR candidates of Avondale and which areas of our HDR programs need further development. This is the first of two papers that report the findings of this project.

A study of the factors affecting the academic performance of postgraduate examinees in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part-1 examination

Background: It has been observed that some candidates do very well in postgraduate examinations and get through in the very first attempt, whereas the others may not do very well and have to go for multiple attempts to get through the same examination. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the performance and the success rate in the first attempt in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part–1 examination. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study involving 73 postgraduate candidates who passed the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part–1 examination between 2016 and 2017. The candidates were required to respond to various questions about various factors assumed to be affecting their performance, including sociodemographic factors, pre–training, and in–training factors. Statistical analysis of the received responses was done and linked to the performance in the Part-1 examination. Results: The candidates with more than 5 y of medical service had 85% lower odds than those with 5 or fewer years (adjusted OR 0.15; 95% CI 0.03–0.81; p = 0.027). Those who passed the entrance examination after 2 or more attempts also had 80% lower odds than those who passed at the first attempt (adjusted OR 0.20; 95% CI 0.06–0.70; p = 0.011). The odds of the candidates who often had small-group discussions during their study leave were 16.21 times higher to pass than those who seldom had any discussion (adjusted OR 16.21; 95% CI 1.81–145.41; p = 0.013). Conclusions: The success in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part–1 examination in first attempt was determined by a shorter duration of medical service, single attempt at the entrance examination, and regular small-group discussions. Key words: Anesthesiology; Postgraduate; Medicine; Examination; Candidate Abbreviations: UKM – Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; USM – Universiti Sains Malaysia; OSCE – Objective Structured Clinical Examination; SPM – Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia Citation: Yusoff ATM, Hassan WMNW, Hassan MH, Yusoff MSB, Shukeri WFWM, Yaacob NM. A study of the factors affecting the academic performance of postgraduate examinees in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part-1 examination. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(4):478–486. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i4.1568 Received: April 16, 2021, Reviewed: May 30, 2021, Accepted: 2 June 2021

Perception of the difficulties of international postgraduate students writing research proposal

International postgraduate candidates of Universities in Nanjing come from diverse backgrounds and experiences. These students face several problems especially in writing the research proposals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of postgraduate students in writing the research proposal. The quantitative research design was used which involved the use of online questionnaires. A sample of 320 international postgraduate students and 20 supervisors selected at random from Universities in Nanjing were used for the study. Study findings pinpoint towards the general problems to international postgraduate students research proposal writing skills. Grounded on the results, the researcher makes the conclusion that identifying research gaps, reviewing and criticising literature, and finding enough evidence to support the research proposal are major problems for most postgraduate students in writing the research proposal. The study further concludes that these problems are due to lack of research materials, time constraints, low level of engagement with supervisors and hostile attitude of some supervisors. Understanding the language and concept of research is not a reason for postgraduate difficulties in research proposal as identified by other literatures. In this regard, the solutions to these problems for postgraduate students are effective supervision, students cultivating the habit of reading sufficient literatures, supervisors giving equal attention to international postgraduate students, ample time for research, timely feedback and availability of supervisors.

Postgraduate Students’ Perception on their Studies and Supervisors

Postgraduate candidates need to graduate on time (GOT). Failure to GOT among postgraduates is a loss to the nation. GOT should be analyzed from the postgraduate candidates’ perspectives. Therefore, this paper explores postgraduate students’ perspectives about their postgraduate studies. An adapted questionnaire survey was utilized to delve into the postgraduates’ perspective. This quantitative study involved 66 postgraduate candidates from public institutions of higher learning in Malaysia. Initial findings revealed that the candidates rated their supervisor at a higher rating compared to the skills they possessed. Besides, the correlation between critical reading skills and conceptual with research skills is moderately high. Keywords: postgraduate study, perceptions, skills, supervisory factor, completion of the thesis. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI3.2557

Use and abuse of reliability in research: An analysis of postgraduate theses at Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Kenya

Reliability is a classical quality measurement criterion that checks stability, equivalence, internal consistency and absence of errors in the measurement instruments. Due to the need for accurate and reliable results for decision making, a lot of emphasis has been put on proper use of evaluative measurement criteria. Reliability as a criterion of evaluating measurement tools is the focus of this paper. The study aims at 1) finding out the extent to which reliability has been wrongly used; and 2) establishing how Likert type scale has been abused among postgraduates? Classical test theory guided the study to answer the research questions. Descriptive research design was adopted to direct in collection and analysis of data. The study population is theses authored by postgraduate candidates for the years 2018, 2017 and 2016 in Catholic university of Eastern Africa, Gaba Campus. Out of 126 theses filed at the university library, 40 were sampled for the study using the 30% rule. The researchers reviewed literature on research from Loreto library and e-libraries using search engines. Data was collected using review of the sampled theses guided by structured tools developed from the research questions. Collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Study findings revealed that most of the theses (45%) adopted Test-retest, followed by Cronbach (42.4%) as reliability test tests. Test-retest users confused right techniques and coefficients to determine and interpret as stability of measurement instrument. Cronbach was largely pinned at 0.7 alpha without proper interpretation of levels of internal consistency. The third most favored techniques was Split half (10%).

Balancing Our Identities as Medical Students and Global Citizens in the Wake of COVID-19.

As medical students, we felt the burden of COVID-19 in two distinct waves. The first wave brought with it a loss of opportunity and the immense sadness that came with the understanding that we would move forth without ever compensating for such experiences. As clerkships and licensing exams were slowly canceled, we struggled to find ways to fill our days and continue to remain strong postgraduate candidates. It was not long before our personal losses became insignificant in the face of the global trajectory COVID-19 took and the burden of the pandemic impinged on our vulnerabilities. Suddenly, we were facing a significant loss of life and the fear of ill-health was ever-present. This challenged our identity as medical students and forced us to identify as global citizens who were also susceptible to the threat of the pandemic. It also forced us to uphold our health and well-being just as we had pledged to hold the health and well-being of others and to include ourselves in our commitment to a lifetime of service.

Preface

On behalf of the conference organising committee, it is my pleasure to welcome researcher to the “Postgraduate Symposium in Civil and Environmental Engineering 2019”. We must always acknowledge that this event continues to be offered to FKAAS postgraduate researchers through the ongoing support of our university, the commitment of individual professional and academic staff and the participation of postgraduate candidates and their supervisors.The theme of this conference is “Sustainable Engineering for a Better Future”, which expected to be a pioneer in focusing sustainable civil and environmental engineering to ensure the conservation of natural resources, renewable resources and sustainable development.This conference is a forum which offers the opportunity to experience and practice a range of skills that will be useful as progress within student degree and into their career. To the participating candidates, thank you for accepting this opportunity to: prepare and present their research in a friendly conference setting; share their research across the university; hear how researchers from other disciplines are approaching their research and; how research practices are carried out in different contexts. It is worth noting that their preparation and presentation could well provide an opportunity to target attendance at an international conference and possibly be the precursor to the creation of another publication.Like all worthwhile challenges, research requires dedication, conviction, perseverance and specific training. Also in common with many significant life challenges, research requires the will to succeed in a task that necessarily has an unknown result and outcome. This conference provides an excellent opportunity to explore and share the skills and professional and personal attributes that student can develop in order to succeed.The training and experience gained through a higher degree provides those involved with specialist skills and very often specific knowledge on a particular subject. Opportunities to follow the specific areas focused on during higher degree research may or may not present themselves on completion of a degree. Within this reality it is important that higher degree researchers appreciate and recognize the toolbox of skills that they develop and then use this as a utility to explore the broad and perhaps unimagined opportunities that open up.On behalf of the organising committee I would like to thank you for your support and contribution, acknowledging that without it we would not have a conference at all.Dr. Nor Hazurina OthmanChairman of PSCEE2019

Factors Affecting Iranian TEFL Postgraduate Candidates’ Research Productivity: A Qualitative Study

Developing research performance has become an important theme in Iranian higher educational institutions as other national and international academic institutions across the world. However, the research performance of Iranian Teaching English as a Foreign Language postgraduate candidates has been argued to be limited. In order to increase their research productivity and develop their capacity in this regard, the first critical step is to understand the influences which are associated with their academic research performance. This qualitative study focuses on a group of TEFL postgraduate candidates from five major Iranian universities with the purpose of investigating the motivational influences in conducting research, their perception of research value, and their understanding of research environment which is required for research productivity. Interviews were conducted with 20 candidates from the sample universities. It was revealed that the research related activities and efforts of the participants were driven by both external and internal needs and motivations. A multi-dimensional value was accorded to research; however, the academic research environment and requirements were the subject of various concerns. The results of this study offer several future implications for departmental and institutional research administrators to further support TEFL postgraduate candidates’ research development.

Does Class Size Matter in Postgraduate Education?

The paper examines the impact of class size on postgraduate grades using administrative data from one of the largest Schools of a Russell Group University in the UK. As well as estimating Fixed Effects models on the population of postgraduate candidates in the School, we exploit a policy change aimed at reducing class size to implement a regression discontinuity design (RDD). We find that class size does impact grades adversely overall; and the policy aimed at reducing class size impacts grades favourably. Our findings are robust to alternative specifications as well as being supported by the validity tests we conducted.

The Computer Based Tests: a digital substitution for the Iraqi postgraduate students

The wide spread of Computer Based Test in the Iraqi universities raised an important concern for some scholars thinking about integrating computers as an academic assessment tool before making big change in the examination systems, that concern is: how the computerized test score is effected in comparison to old paper and pencil . This paper researches whether test scores of Iraqi students varies in the computer, Pencil based tests, sixty-four postgraduate graduates from Iraqi universities. Thirty five female and twenty nine male, all graduated from colleges of science in specializations other than computer science and applying for postgraduate studies in the Iraqi public universities. Therefore are obliged to get the Iraqi computer skills certification for the postgraduate studies, those students chose the computer center in the University of Baghdad to get that certificate. The findings of the study confirmed that postgraduate candidates test scores were not distinctive in the PC based test and in the paper based test, which drove us to presume that PC based testing can be considered as a promising elective method for the logical postgraduate candidates in Iraq.

Reconsidering postgraduate ‘supervision’ from a participatory action learning and action research approach

Postgraduate supervision is most often perceived as a one-to-one relationship between an expert and a novice researcher. Even when working in groups, an instructional approach tends to dominate, where the supervisor(s) prescribe(s) the content and process, with a narrow focus on the outcome of degree completion, rather than a more holistic approach to the development of postgraduate scholars. At a time when curriculum transformation is high on the agenda of Higher Education, we problematise this traditional conceptualisation of postgraduate supervision and argue for a more participatory action learning and action research (PALAR) approach to postgraduate learning and development. PALAR creates a relational and reflective space for dialogical conversations, equalizing traditional power relations and democratising knowledge creation. This opens up the possibility for postgraduate candidates to perceive themselves as self-directed lifelong learners and collaborative action leaders, rather than just ‘students’. Using a case example of a postgraduate PALAR retreat, we thematically analyse the data generated from participant reflections, presented over three days in visual, oral and other creative forms. Findings reveal that this approach to postgraduate learning and development enhances critical thinking and promotes collaboration rather than competition. Participants are thus able to see themselves as developing scholars and action leaders within their specific fields of influence. Such outcomes are likely to provide a solid foundation for developing future academics or other professionals, able to model a holistic, participatory approach to knowledge creation in their own practice.

INICIAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA: UMA ANÁLISE DE SUA CONTRIBUIÇÃO NA FORMAÇÃO ACADÊMICA

A iniciação científica é um programa desenvolvido nas Instituições de Ensino Superior que permite introduzir estudantes da graduação na pesquisa científica, servindo de apoio técnico e metodológico para a sua formação. A finalidade deste programa é promover o desenvolvimento do estudante-pesquisador, o qual praticará os primeiros momentos da pesquisa acadêmica, dando-lhe maturidade intelectual e desenvolvendo sua compreensão em relação à ciência concedendo-lhe possibilidades futuras, tanto acadêmicas quanto profissionais. O objetivo central deste trabalho foi o de compreender a contribuição da iniciação científica na formação acadêmica, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica em teses, dissertações, artigos e trabalhos apresentados em congresso e/ou simpósio que abordaram o tema. Concluindo que a iniciação científica traz inúmeros benefícios aos jovens universitários, ao se constituir em um excelente instrumento educativo possibilitando ao estudante a participação do processo de produção do conhecimento científico de sua área de formação, melhores desempenhos nas seleções para a pós-graduação, espírito de equipe, mais facilidade de falar em público e de se adaptar às atividades didáticas, transforma-o de agente passivo para ativo, permite-lhe uma evolução que implicará em resultados positivos para a universidade e para a comunidade em que este estudante esteja inserido.

Engaging Postgraduate Students in Preparing Research Proposals

Both foreign and local postgraduate candidates of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia come from diverse backgrounds and experiences. These students face several problems especially in writing the research proposals. Hence, to facilitate the process of writing a proposal, they are required to enrol in Research Methodology, a course that is made compulsory for all postgraduate students. This article presents a report on an action research that investigates the research skills of English as a Second Language postgraduates and their research journey while undergoing the Research Methodology course. Data was collected from their weekly journal entries and the interviews conducted on them. This data is also supported with the feedback by the Research Methodology course instructors during the proposal defense sessions. The findings suggest that although the students seemed enthusiastic when writing their proposals, they were not ready when faced with questions about research problems and approaches. It is found that these students did not read extensively to identify the gaps in their research and this hence, resulted in them facing difficulties to write a clear statement of the problem. This also led to poor formulation of their research questions. The findings will be beneficial for instructors and potential supervisors who aim to be better at teaching and supervising potential postgraduate students.

Reliability and acceptability of six station multiple mini-interviews: past-behavioural versus situational questions in postgraduate medical admission

BackgroundThe multiple mini-interview (MMI) is increasingly used for postgraduate medical admissions and in undergraduate settings. MMIs use mostly Situational Questions (SQs) rather than Past-Behavioural Questions (PBQs). A previous study of MMIs in this setting, where PBQs and SQs were asked in the same order, reported that the reliability of PBQs was non-inferior to SQs and that SQs were more acceptable to candidates. The order in which the questions are asked may affect reliability and acceptability of an MMI. This study investigated the reliability of an MMI using both PBQs and SQs, minimising question order bias. Acceptability of PBQs and SQs was also assessed.MethodsForty candidates applying for a postgraduate medical admission for 2016–2017 were included; 24 examiners were used. The MMI consisted of six stations with one examiner per station; a PBQ and a SQ were asked at every station, and the order of questions was alternated between stations. Reliability was analysed for scores obtained for PBQs or SQs separately, and for both questions. A post-MMI survey was used to assess the acceptability of PBQs and SQs.ResultsThe generalisability (G) coefficients for PBQs only, SQs only, and both questions were 0.87, 0.96, and 0.80, respectively. Decision studies suggested that a four-station MMI would also be sufficiently reliable (G-coefficients 0.82 and 0.94 for PBQs and SQs, respectively). In total, 83% of participants were satisfied with the MMI. In terms of face validity, PBQs were more acceptable than SQs for candidates (p = 0.01), but equally acceptable for examiners (88% vs. 83% positive responses for PBQs vs. SQs; p = 0.377). Candidates preferred PBQs to SQs when asked to choose one, though this difference was not significant (p = 0.081); examiners showed a clear preference for PBQs (p = 0.007).ConclusionsReliability and acceptability of six-station MMI were good among 40 postgraduate candidates; modelling suggested that four stations would also be reliable. SQs were more reliable than PBQs. Candidates found PBQs more acceptable than SQs and examiners preferred PBQs when they had to choose between the two. Our findings suggest that it is better to ask both PBQs and SQs during an MMI to maximise acceptability.

Predictors of Timely PhD Completion: Investigating the Perceptions of PhD Candidates at the Malaysian University

A study was undertaken to investigate the perceptions of PhD candidates at the Malaysian university regarding the predictors of timely PhD completion. Taken 320 PhD candidates from Universiti Utara Malaysia as respondents, the study focused on six predictors namely, institutional/organizational, research skill, research work, supervision, motivational and de-motivational. Research skill was perceived by the candidates as the most important predictor of timely PhD completion. The findings also revealed that the candidates perceived supervision as the second predictor of timely PhD completion, followed by motivational, de-motivational and institutional/organizational. Additionally, the PhD candidates did not perceive research work as predictor of timely completion of their PhD. The study significantly provides the university with accurate predictors of timely PhD completion which may asssit the educators in planning and managing the postgraduate candidates specifically in terms of completing their PhD according to the timeframe. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s1p259

Professor da-yi hu.

Professor Da-Yi Hu (Figure 1) was born in Henan province of central China, in 1946. He graduated from the Beijing Medical School (now Peking University Health Science Center) in 1970 and furthered his education both at SUNY-Oswego and University of Illinois from 1985 to 1987. Professor Hu has been a pioneer in the field of radio-frequency ablation technology in the treatment of tachyarrhythmia. Since 1980, he had actively shared his work with more than 160 hospitals in China along with several hospitals in India, Vietnam and Japan. He has specialized in preventive cardiology, electrophysiology, pacemaker implantation and interventional therapy of coronary artery disease. He also focuses on the treatment and prevention of hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure and arrhythmias. He has been recognized with mutiple awards for his outstanding clinical, academic and social service work, such as “National Prize for Progress in Science and Technology” (twice), “Chinese Physicians Award” and “Beijing Advanced Science Workers”, to name a few. Currently, he actively participates in the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease and comprehensive interdisciplinary research at a national level. He is the principal investigator of dozens of clinical trials initiated and conducted in the Chinese Mainland, including the China Heart Survey. He has also served at the Steering Committee in many international clinical trials such as ROCKET, BEAUTIFUL, GARFIELD, SHIFIT, SAVE, ACE, MAGELLAN, SIGNIFY, ALECARDIO, Dal-HEART, TIMI54, etc. Figure 1. Professor Da-Yi Hu, MD, FACC Professor Hu is the Editor-in-Chief of Chinese Journal of Cardiology, the official journal of the Chinese Society of Cardiology, the Associated Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, a member of the Board of Directors of the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy (ISCP), an international Board Member of the Journal of Clinical Cardiology, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, European Heart Journal, Nature Cardiovascular Medicine, and many other Chinese and international medical journals. Professor Hu has authored, edited and translated 39 professional books, three of which have been published in the United States. He has published 427 research papers in journals at home and abroad. He also has published hundreds of essays, reviews and comments on medicine, healthcare in Chinese newspapers and magazines. Between 1989 and 2011, 82 postgraduate candidates, 34 doctoral candidates and 19 post-doctoral candidates from three different medical schools have graduated under his supervision, many of whom currently holding prestigious positions around China. Professor Hu has presided more than 20 international conferences and 30 small and medium-sized meetings and events. Professor Hu has made tremendous contributions towards promoting Chinese cardiac pacing and electrophysiology, Chinese preventive cardiology and has been a huge proponent of health education in China. Professor Hu is currently the director of the Intervention Center at Peking University People’s Hospital, the Dean of Clinical Research Institute at Fudan University in Shanghai, President of the Committee of Cardio-Cerebral-Vascular Diseases of Geriatric Society of China, President of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Branch-Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine (CRB-CARM). He is the past president of the Chinese Society of Cardiology, the first president of the Chinese College of Cardiovascular Physicians (CCCP). He is an academician of The International Academy of Sciences for Europe and Asia (IASEA). Professor Hu is now also served as a consulting cardiologist at the United Family Healthcare, an international standard healthcare organization in China.