Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery Research Articles

Comparison of the Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery in the Maxillary Sinus between Edentulous and Dentate Patients Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Comparison of the Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery in the Maxillary Sinus between Edentulous and Dentate Patients Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Evaluation of anatomic variations in the posterior superior alveolar artery – A Cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) study

Anatomical variation of the course of posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) within maxillary bone are vital information for surgeons before any maxillary surgery. This study was designed to evaluate the variations of PSAA by determining the prevalence of intraosseous PSAA and assessing the anatomical reference points and diameter of the PSAA. Comparison between dentate and edentulous alveolus was also done. One hundred CBCT images were included in this study to enumerate the prevalence of intraosseous PSAA in maxilla. Anatomical reference points which include the horizontal position of the PSAA and the vertical distance from the PSAA to the maxillary sinus floor and alveolar crest were identified. The diameter and horizontal position of PSAA were also analysed. The results were tested using independent t-test and chi square test. The PSAA was seen in 73.5% of the cases and 70.1% were located intraosseously. There was no significant difference in the vertical distance between PSAA and alveolar crest, as well as between maxillary sinus floor and alveolar crest for dentate and edentulous patients. Meanwhile, there was a significantly greater vertical distance between the PSAA and the maxillary sinus floor in edentulous (9.24 ± 4.75 mm) than in dentate patients (6.78 ± 3.43 mm) with p-value of 0.002. Mean diameter of the canal was 1.09 ± 0.43 mm. In conclusion, this study provides useful information regarding the most prevalent location and diameter of the PSAA which indicates the importance of preoperative evaluation through CBCT to reduce the risk of intraoperative bleeding that may complicate the treatment.

Anatomical study on the posterior alveolar canal in maxillary tuberosity region using computed tomography

ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify the anatomical characteristics of the posterior alveolar canal (PAC) and related maxillary bone using computed tomography (CT). MethodsThe study included 40 Japanese cadavers (70 hemi-heads), comprising 23 males (41 hemi-heads) and 17 females (29 hemi-heads). Simple CT data of the maxillary bone region of the specimens were obtained and analyzed using a measurement software with reference to the Frankfurt horizontal (FH) plane to identify the PAC in the maxillary tuberosity region, alveolar crest (AC), and corner of the inferior crest of the zygomatic process (CICZP). The shortest distances between the PAC and the respective landmarks and the smallest width of the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus (WPWMS) at the PAC level were calculated and analyzed statistically. ResultsOf all specimens, the mean and SD of AC-PAC: 21.4 ± 3.32 mm, horizontal PAC-CICZP: 15.1 ± 2.89 mm, vertical PAC-CICZP: 5.70 ± 3.15 mm, WPWMS: 0.81 ± 0.31 mm, and the coefficients of variation ranged 15.5–55.3%. In the WPWMS, the mean value was statistically smaller in the female group (0.59 mm) than in the male group (0.96 mm) (p < 0.001). ConclusionsThe results showed certain tendencies in the distances between the PAC and the respective anatomical landmarks with large variations. The thickness of the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus was thinner in females than in males. However, it is < 1 mm in both sexes, and external forces caused by trauma or surgery may fracture the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus and damage the posterior superior alveolar artery regardless of sex.

Utilizing a Novel AI Tool to Detect the Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery's Location's Impact on Maxillary Sinus Mucosal Thickening in the Presence of Periapical Lesions.

Periapical lesions have been implicated in sinus-related complications, but the precise influence of anatomical variations in the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) on mucosal thickening remains an uncharted aspect. The new AI tool employed in this research utilizes advanced image processing algorithms to enhance image visualization. Background and Objectives: This study examines the accuracy of a new cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) software (eVol DXS, version 1.0.1.0) employing AI to detect the PSAA's location and the effect of that on maxillary sinus thickening in the presence of periapical lesions. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 120 CBCT cases with posterior maxillary periapical lesions and 120 without odontogenic infections. Teeth with proximity (<2 mm) to the sinus were excluded in both groups to eliminate the sinus floor's perforation effect. Both the PSAA locations and maxillary sinus thickening were classified and compared. Results: The mucosal thickening differs significantly (p < 0.001) between the study group and the control group. The study showed that an increased sinus thickness occurred when the PSAA was beneath the sinus membrane in the study group (62.5% compared to 8.6%; p < 0.001 *). The AI tool helped to achieve a 100% identification rate in determining the PSAA locations. Conclusions: AI algorithms for PSAA localization, which affects mucosal thickness in response to periapical lesions, yield excellent results.

Distribution of the intraosseous branch of the posterior superior alveolar artery relative to the posterior maxillary teeth.

Preoperative identification of the intraosseous posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) is critical when planning sinus surgery. This study was conducted to determine the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the PSAA, as well as to identify factors influencing the detection of the PSAA on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In total, 254 CBCT scans of maxillary sinuses, acquired with 2 different scanners, were examined to identify the PSAA. The distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the PSAA was recorded at each maxillary posterior tooth position. Binomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression were employed to evaluate the effects of scanner type, CBCT parameters, sex, and age on PSAA detection and CEJ-PSAA distance, respectively. P-values less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. The mean CEJ-PSAA distances at the second molar, first molar, second premolar, and first premolar positions were 17.0±4.0 mm, 21.8±4.1 mm, 19.5±4.7 mm, and 19.9±4.9 mm for scanner 1, respectively, and 17.3±3.5 mm, 16.9±4.3 mm, 18.5±4.1 mm, and 18.4±4.3 mm for scanner 2. No independent variable significantly influenced PSAA detection. However, tooth position (b=-0.67, P<0.05) and scanner type (b=-1.3, P<0.05) were significant predictors of CEJ-PSAA distance. CBCT-based estimates of CEJ-PSAA distance were comparable to those obtained in previous studies involving cadavers, CT, and CBCT. The type of CBCT scanner may slightly influence this measurement. No independent variable significantly impacted PSAA detection.

Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery Thickness and Intraoperative Bleeding in Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation Procedures

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the thickness of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) and the intraoperative bleeding volume during maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) procedures. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study involving 24 consecutive participants who underwent MSFA at a university hospital in Turkey. The thickness of the PSAA was assessed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Intraoperative data were collected to measure bleeding volume. The statistical analysis included Spearman correlation analysis to determine the relationship between PSAA thickness and bleeding volume. Results: The present study revealed no significant correlation between the thickness of the PSAA and the volume of intraoperative bleeding. The mean PSAA thickness was 1.36 mm (SD: 0.40 mm), and the widest canal diameter was 2.40 mm. Univariate analysis revealed no significant associations between PSAA diameter and the assessed factors, with β values ranging from -10.510 to 6.814 and p values all above 0.2. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the thickness of the PSAA, as determined by CBCT, may not be a predictive factor for intraoperative bleeding during MSFA procedures. This study contributes to the understanding of surgical risk management in MSFA patients and supports the continued use of CBCT for preoperative assessment.

Assessment of neurovascular channels in lateral maxillary sinus wall using cone-beam computed tomography: An imperative clinicians guide for implant placements.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the location and radio morphometric features of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) in patients undergoing rehabilitation of posterior maxilla and other sinus augmentation surgical procedures by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 816 CBCT scans were included. Various radio morphometric measurements were done to assess the PSAA location, diameter, and distances to the sinus floor and alveolar crest. The PSAA was mostly intraosseous in the maximum in the age group 31-51 years (56%), in males (53.4%), and in dentate patients (57.4%). The artery tends to be wider in older patients. Distances to the sinus floor or the alveolar crest tend to be shorter in women. This study suggests that CBCT is a valuable pre-surgical tool and the evaluation of the PSAA on CBCT images could reduce the likelihood of excess bleeding during surgery in the maxillary posterior region.

Evaluation of anatomical variants and pathological findings of the maxillary sinus prior to sinus floor elevation: A Cone Beam CT retrospective study in 660 patients.

Maxillary sinuses may present a wide spectrum of anatomical variations and pathological lesions whose recognition is mandatory for the clinician, especially prior to any surgical intervention in the area, such as in cases of sinus floor elevation. The goal of this study was the evaluation, mapping and prevalence of sinus anatomical variants and pathoses in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of dental patients. 660 CBCT examinations of adult patients involving both sinuses were obtained (between 2017 and 2023) and analyzed. The following anatomic variants and pathologic findings were evaluated: antral septa (AS), posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA), sinus hypoplasia, sinusitis, odontogenic cysts, retention cysts, antroliths, and various less common lesions (e.g.: benign fibro-osseous dysplastic lesions, neoplasms etc.). Investigation of the association of the findings with patients' age and gender was performed using the Chi-square test (X2), Fisher's exact test, t-test, and ANOVA (P<0.05). Differences in prevalence between findings, based on their location (right and/or left sinus), were investigated using z-test and t-test. AS were found in 38.6%, and PSAA was identifiable in 90.2% (mean distance from the sinus floor=6.44 mm) of the patients respectively. 3% of patients had hypoplasia, 15.6% sinusitis, 2.7% odontogenic cysts, 16.1% retention cysts, 8.6% antroliths, and 1.7% uncommon lesions (e.g. malignant neoplasms and fibrous dysplasia). A statistically significant association was found between gender and PSAA diameter, PSAA distance from the sinus floor, hypoplasia, sinusitis, and retention cysts, as well as a statistically significant association between age and PSSA diameter and sinusitis. The prevalence of various anatomical variants and pathologic findings of the maxillary sinus did not differ based on their location. However, some of these findings appear to be related to either gender or age. CBCT is a valuable diagnostic tool to identify various anatomical variants and pathological findings of the maxillary sinus. Key words:Sinus, anatomy, pathology, CBCT.

Identification of Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery During Direct Sinus Floor Elevation: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Radiographic Study

Identification of Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery During Direct Sinus Floor Elevation: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Radiographic Study

Localization of the position of vital anatomical structures in the lateral wall of maxillary sinus during different surgical intervention using cone beam computed tomography

Background: Proper information about the anatomy of the maxillary sinus is required to avoid any unexpected complications that may arise due to the close relation between the maxillary sinus and posterior superior alveolar artery. Objective: To the current study used cone beam computed tomography CBCT imaging to assess the position of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) in relationship to the alveolar ridge and the flour of maxillary sinus. Patients and Methods: A number of 95 Iraqi patients participated in this prospective study (53 females, 42 males; age range 20-49 years). From January 2021 to February 2022, attended a 2nd specialised dentistry institution in Baquba city for CBCT scanning for numerous diagnostic and management purposes. Results: According to our study, we detected the presences of artery in (83.68%) of the sample. females showed higher PSAA prevalence than men on both sides, and the difference was significant overall, Also, the existence of artery for each side and total in the intramembranous locating in females is greater than that in males, which may demonstrate that the probability of Bleeding and other side effects is higher in males, since the existence of artery in the intramembranous area in females will reduce the likelihood of traumatic injury throughout any surgical treatment. Conclusion: This research used CBCT to determine the precise location of PSAA in the Iraqi population. This data could assist in decreasing the likelihood of hemorrhage as well as other complications which may happen throughout any surgical treatment, such as dental implant placement, ridge expansion.As well as other surgical interventions in this region. Keywords: Maxillary sinus walls, posterior superior alveolar artery, cone beam computed tomography

Localization of the position of vital anatomical structures in the lateral wall of maxillary sinus during different surgical intervention using cone beam computed tomography

Background: Proper information about the anatomy of the maxillary sinus is required to avoid any unexpected complications that may arise due to the close relation between the maxillary sinus and posterior superior alveolar artery.&#x0D; Objective: To the current study used cone beam computed tomography CBCT imaging to assess the position of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) in relationship to the alveolar ridge and the flour of maxillary sinus.&#x0D; Patients and Methods: A number of 95 Iraqi patients participated in this prospective study (53 females, 42 males; age range 20-49 years). From January 2021 to February 2022, attended a 2nd specialised dentistry institution in Baquba city for CBCT scanning for numerous diagnostic and management purposes.&#x0D; Results: According to our study, we detected the presences of artery in (83.68%) of the sample. females showed higher PSAA prevalence than men on both sides, and the difference was significant overall, Also, the existence of artery for each side and total in the intramembranous locating in females is greater than that in males, which may demonstrate that the probability of Bleeding and other side effects is higher in males, since the existence of artery in the intramembranous area in females will reduce the likelihood of traumatic injury throughout any surgical treatment.&#x0D; Conclusion: This research used CBCT to determine the precise location of PSAA in the Iraqi population. This data could assist in decreasing the likelihood of hemorrhage as well as other complications which may happen throughout any surgical treatment, such as dental implant placement, ridge expansion.As well as other surgical interventions in this region.

Automatic detection of posterior superior alveolar artery in dental cone-beam CT images using a deeply supervised multi-scale 3D network.

This study aimed to develop a robust and accurate deep learning network for detecting the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) in dental cone-beam CT (CBCT) images, focusing on the precise localization of the centre pixel as a critical centreline pixel. PSAA locations were manually labelled on dental CBCT data from 150 subjects. The left maxillary sinus images were horizontally flipped. In total, 300 datasets were created. Six different deep learning networks were trained, including 3D U-Net, deeply supervised 3D U-Net (3D U-Net DS), multi-scale deeply supervised 3D U-Net (3D U-Net MSDS), 3D Attention U-Net, 3D V-Net, and 3D Dense U-Net. The performance evaluation involved predicting the centre pixel of the PSAA. This was assessed using mean absolute error (MAE), mean radial error (MRE), and successful detection rate (SDR). The 3D U-Net MSDS achieved the best prediction performance among the tested networks, with an MAE measurement of 0.696 ± 1.552 mm and MRE of 1.101 ± 2.270 mm. In comparison, the 3D U-Net showed the lowest performance. The 3D U-Net MSDS demonstrated a SDR of 95% within a 2 mm MAE. This was a significantly higher result than other networks that achieved a detection rate of over 80%. This study presents a robust deep learning network for accurate PSAA detection in dental CBCT images, emphasizing precise centre pixel localization. The method achieves high accuracy in locating small vessels, such as the PSAA, and has the potential to enhance detection accuracy and efficiency, thus impacting oral and maxillofacial surgery planning and decision-making.

Posterior superior alveolar artery – an anatomical and clinical case report

Abstract During a routine dissection of infratemporal fossa on educational purposes abnormality of posterior superior alveolar artery was found. This abnormality stays in relation to atypical anatomy of the facial artery in this cadaver. Such an unusual course of branches may have a profound meaning during surgery in the infratemporal and facial area and might have educational value. A case report was conducted using routine dissection techniques, and the material was accessed through a local informed donation program.

Alveolar antral artery: cone beam computed tomography study and clinical context.

Anastomosis between posterior superior alveolar artery and infraorbital artery can go through bony canal in the lateral wall of the maxilla. This artery is called alveolar antral artery. It can complicate lateral sinus lift procedure by bleeding and hemosinus formation or bone graft wash out. The artery can also go in soft tissues where is not visible on cone beam computed tomography. In previous studies, the relation of this artery to sinus floor or alveolar process was measured. These structures are highly unstable during lifetime and after tooth loss. The aim of this study is to study presence and relations of bony canal in the lateral maxillary wall, to characterize the group of patients which is more likely to have bone canal in the lateral maxilla. The aim and the novelty of this study is the describing of the relationship of the bony canal to the more stable structure of hard palate and describing the relation of presence of bony canal on width of maxillary sinus, and to facilitate the prediction of presence of the alveolar antral artery. The cone beam computed tomography scans of the patients (251 in number) of the university hospital were examined for presence of alveolar antral artery (148 was fulfilled inclusion criteria), patient were characterized by gender, age, and sinus type (wide, average, narrow). The diameter of the bony canal and its relation to the level of sinus floor and hard palate were measured. The cone beam computed tomography scans of 148 patients, out of it 55 man (37,2%) and 93 women (62,8%). Bony canal containing alveolar anastomosis was found in 69 cases (57,0%). Presence of the bony canal in the lateral wall of maxillae showed statistical probability depending on age with p=0,064 according to Mann-Whitney test. The older patients have more likely the bony canal. The presence of the alveolar antral artery was found more likely in the wide sinuses. The hard palate level can serve as a prediction point of alveolar antral artery only in first molar and second premolar region. In accordance with previous studies the width of bony canal is significantly higher in group of man (p=0,015). There was found a correlation between smaller distance of bony canal from sinus floor in the presence of teeth (p=0,067). After tooth loss the distance between sinus floor and bony canal increases, but the distance of bony canal to hard palate level stays constant. This can be explained hypothetically so that periodontal ligaments and root surface acts as a barrier for sinus pneumatization. Lateral sinus lifting in some cases can be unenviable, the knowledge about alveolar antral artery anatomy can reduce the risk of arterial bleeding. The cone-beam computed tomography is a routine examination prior to augmentation surgery and therefore the data obtained from it has an impact on clinical practice.

Research Paper: Evaluation of posterior superior alveolar artery position and its relationship with maxillary sinus in cone beam computed tomography images

Introduction: The posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) and the infraorbital artery (IOA) are the branches of the maxillary artery that provide blood flow to the maxillary sinus. The arterial site is essential for implant placement in the maxillary sinus area to prevent surgical injury. This study examined the location of PSAA and its relationship to the maxillary sinus. Materials and Methods: In this study, 145 CBCT images of patients referred to the Radiology department of the dental faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, were included. Results: The mean distance between the lower border of the artery and the right alveolar crest 16.63 mm in the whole. On the left side, it was equal to 15.72 for men, 15.9 for women, and 15.83 overall, with a significant difference in ratio to gender (P&gt; 0.05) and a significant difference in proportion to the maxilla (P&lt;0.05). The mean diameter of the right PSAA in men was 0.76, in women 0.71, and general 0.73 (P&gt; 0.05). On the left side, in men, it was 0.77, in women 0.71, and general 0.73. A significant difference was reported between genders (P &lt;0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the distance between the artery’s inferior border and the alveolar crest on the right side of the maxilla is greater than on the left. In addition, the diameter of PSAA is greater in men than in women. In other cases, the values are not significantly different. Men are more likely to bruise than women.

Evaluation of the Locations of Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery and Lingual Foramen in Cone Beam Computed Tomography Before Dental Implant Treatment

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the locations of the lingual foramen and posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) and their distances from the alveolar crest and maxillary sinus floor using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).&#x0D; Material and method: In this study, 136 patients underwent CBCT:1) The PSAA's proximity to the alveolar crest and sinus floor, its position on the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus, and 3) the distance from the lingual foramen to the alveolar crest borders.&#x0D; Results: Gender caused a significant difference in the distance of the PSAA from the alveolar crest (p

Maxillary sinuses, multiple aspects to consider prior to bone grafting procedure: a retrospective study in a sample of a Palestinian population.

To analyze various anatomical aspects of the maxillary sinuses on CBCT volumes, mainly, the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA), and to compare its visibility on CBCT vs. panoramic radiographs. A retrospective radiographic analysis was conducted on 120 patients (240 maxillary sinuses) using their CBCT coronal views (CCV) and panoramic radiographs (CP). On CCV, the PSAA's maximum dimension (MD), vertical distance (PVD) to the alveolar crest, and bone plate thickness (T1 and T2) buccally and inferiorly to the PSAA, respectively, were analyzed. Additionally, on CCV, the ostium vertical distance (OVD) and location were recorded, and the height of the remaining bone height inferior to the maxillary sinuses (MVD) was also measured. The PSAA's visibility was evaluated and compared between CCV and CP. All these variables were studied at the apical region of the second maxillary premolar (P2), first molar (M1), and second molar (M2). Age, gender, and face side (right vs. left) factors affecting the sinus dimensions and visibility were investigated. Several statistical tests were used to analyze these variables. PSAA was detected in 96.53% of the records on CCV, where it was significantly superior to CP in the detection of the PSAA structure (p value 0.000) at all sites analyzed. The PSAA's MD, PVD, T1 and T2 thicknesses, and MVD were on average 1.19mm, 19.54mm, 0.69mm, 1.36mm, and 10.25, respectively. OVD average was 31.04mm where 42.9% of the ostia were within the mesiodistal extent of the second upper molar. No significant relation was found between different age groups, gender, and the visibility level of PSAA. Age, gender, and the side of the face investigated showed no discernible effects on the maxillary sinus's bone thickness, vertical dimensions, or PSAA diameter among the studied Palestinian sample. As CCV was superior to CP in the identification of PSSA, preoperative evaluation of PSSA using CBCT volumes is thus recommended.

Management of Mid-Facial Fracture Complicated by Pseudoaneurysm of Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery.

Facial fractures, particularly mid-facial fractures, can result in various complications, such as functional and esthetic problems. Prompt reconstruction of the fractured bones is crucial for restoring normal anatomy and function and preventing complications. However, such procedures can be complex and carry the risk of potential complications. The authors report the case of a 27-year-old man who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of the left zygomatic complex fracture and reconstruction of the left inferior orbital wall. During the surgery, heavy bleeding from the posterior superior alveolar artery due to a broken bone near the pterygomaxillary region caused a prolonged surgery time and the development of a pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm was eventually treated with superselective transcatheter embolization using 25% N-Butyl cyanoacrylate glue. This case highlights the challenges in the management of mid-facial fractures and the potential complications that can arise during surgery, particularly when dealing with the pterygomaxillary region.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography Analysis of Posterior-Superior Alveolar Canal from a Fixed Reference Point: Implications for Sinus Floor Elevation Procedure through Lateral Approach.

Sinus floor elevation is commonly done in the maxillary posterior region prior to dental implant placement. This study primarily aimed at assessing the location of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) canal on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and its relation to the alveolar ridge and maxillary sinus from a fixed reference point. A total of 226 edentulous maxillary molar sites were included in this retrospective analysis. The distance from the PSAA to the sinus floor (SF), alveolar crest (AC) and a fixed reference point, that is, the roof of sinus (RS) were measured. The alveolar bone height (ABH), thickness of the crestal keratinized mucosa (CKM) and thickness of Schneiderian membrane (SM) were also evaluated. 54 sites (23.89%) were excluded from the study. The SF, AC, RS and ABH values averaged at 11.91mm ± 3.63mm, 16.05mm ± 3.96mm, 25.32mm ± 7.13mm and 4.93mm ± 4.27mm respectively. SF and AC was higher in second molar than first molar region (p < 0.001), but RS did not show significant difference (p = 0.85). CKM and SM averaged at 2.02mm ± 0.68mm and 1.31mm ± 0.81mm respectively. The PSAA can be visualized in CBCT scans with a prevalence of 76.11% and may not be detected when adherent to the sinus membrane. This study stresses on the need for a CBCT, prior to sinus surgeries through lateral approach, to assess the PSAA.

Frequency, location, and diameter of the anastomosis between the posterior superior alveolar artery and the infraorbital artery in imaging studies: systematic review and meta-analysis.

The anastomosis between the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) and the infraorbital artery (IOA) courses along half of the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. Risk of injury to the anastomosis between PSAA and IOA during surgical procedures has been reported. The aim of the present study was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the frequency, location, and diameter of the anastomosis between PSAA and IOA in imaging studies (cone-beam computed tomography, spiral cone-beam computed tomography, and computed tomography). A search was carried out in the PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS. Original works were included reporting imaging studies to analyze the frequency, location, and diameter of the anastomosis in humans. The risks of bias were analyzed using the AQUA tool. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate the frequency and the 95% CI in the meta-analysis. The variance in prevalence estimates was stabilized by logit transformation. The qualitative analysis included 49 studies with 10,837 patients. The frequency of the anastomosis between PSAA and IOA was 74% (prediction interval 0.20-0.97%). The anastomosis was most frequently located in the intraosseous region (60.0%), followed by the submembranous region (33.0%), and least frequently in an extraosseous location (5.0%). Arteries with diameter of 1.0-1.9mm were most frequent (32.0%), followed by arteries with diameter less than 1mm (23.0%); a small number with diameter greater than 2mm was recorded (4.0%). These data can be used as a reference to help surgeons when planning interventions in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. Registration number: INPLASY, number 202120071.