Posterior Subcapsular Cataract Research Articles

A study of the prevalence of nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, mixed lens opacities in age-related cataractous population

Background: The purpose of the study was to study the prevalence of various subtypes of lens opacities in a clinic-based age-related cataractous population. We also evaluated the effect of age and axial length (AXL) on different types of cataract.Methods: This observational clinic-based study was carried out on 2448 patients above 40 years of age with age-related cataracts. Only one eye of each subject was randomly selected for the study. The study population was categorised according to age (in terms of decade) and AXL as axial hypermetropes <23.40 mm, emmetropes 23.40–23.90 mm and myopes >23.90 mm.Results: Mixed cataract (52.9%) was the most frequently encountered type of cataract followed by nuclear (22.2%), posterior subcapsular (18.9%) and cortical (6.0%). In eyes >50 years, mixed cataract was most common (59.2%), while in eyes between 40–50 years, posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) was more common (48.7%). In eyes >50 years of age, mixed cataracts were more common compared to isolated cataracts (odds ratio: 1.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.24–1.78). In eyes <50 years, in hypermetropes and emmetropes PSC (57.5% and 57.8%), while in myopes nuclear cataract emerged as a predominant category (39.4%).Conclusions: The most commonly observed type of cataract was the mixed type. In younger age groups, isolated cataracts were predominant (PSC being the most frequently observed type). Mixed cataracts were predominant in older age groups. In eyes below 50 years, PSC was predominant in axial hypermetropes and emmetropes, while in those with axial myopia, nuclear cataract was predominant.

A new pattern of bilateral cataracts associated with hypocalcemia secondary to uncontrolled hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder characterized by hypocalcemia. Premature cataract is one of the signs of hypoparathyroidism, but it is very rare. The present text is a case report of a rare case of a new pattern of bilateral cataracts associated with hypocalcemia secondary to uncontrolled hypoparathyroidism. The patient is a 30-year-old male with a chief complaint of progressive, painless vision loss and tearing in both eyes and photophobia in the left eye for the past 10 months and paresthesia, muscle spasms, and tingling for 2 years before referral. He had a history of hypoparathyroidism disorder that was undertreated with medication. Central posterior subcapsular cataract in both the eyes had been diagnosed. He underwent cataract surgery of the left eye under topical anesthesia. The visual acuity improved from 20/40 to 20/20 postoperatively, and the patient did not have any visual symptoms. This case is the first report of cataract with feathery opacity pattern reported with high-quality imaging from a patient. This feathery opacity pattern may explain the difference in the morphology of this patient's cataracts from others.

Aged Nrf2-Null Mice Develop All Major Types of Age-Related Cataracts

PurposeAge-related cataracts affect the majority of older adults and are a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Treatments that delay cataract onset or severity have the potential to delay cataract surgery, but require relevant animal models that recapitulate the major types of cataracts for their development. Unfortunately, few such models are available. Here, we report the lens phenotypes of aged mice lacking the critical antioxidant transcription factor Nfe2l2 (designated as Nrf2 −/−).MethodsThree independent cohorts of Nrf2 −/− and wild-type C57BL/6J mice were evaluated for cataracts using combinations of slit lamp imaging, photography of freshly dissected lenses, and histology. Mice were fed high glycemic diets, low glycemic diets, regular chow ad libitum, or regular chow with 30% caloric restriction.ResultsNrf2 −/− mice developed significant opacities between 11 and 15 months and developed advanced cortical, posterior subcapsular, anterior subcapsular, and nuclear cataracts. Cataracts occurred similarly in male mice fed high or low glycemic diets, and were also observed in 21-month male and female Nrf2 −/− mice fed ad libitum or 30% caloric restriction. Histological observation of 18-month cataractous lenses revealed significant disruption to fiber cell architecture and the retention of nuclei throughout the cortical region of the lens. However, fiber cell denucleation and initiation of lens differentiation was normal at birth, with the first abnormalities observed at 3 months.ConclusionsNrf2 −/− mice offer a tool to understand how defective antioxidant signaling causes multiple forms of cataract and may be useful for screening drugs to prevent or delay cataractogenesis in susceptible adults.

Transcriptomics Analysis of Lens from Patients with Posterior Subcapsular Congenital Cataract.

To gain insight into the aetiology of posterior subcapsular congenital cataract from the perspective of transcriptional changes, we conducted an mRNA sequencing analysis of the lenses in posterior subcapsular congenital cataract patients and in normal children. There were 1533 differentially expressed genes from 19,072 genes in the lens epithelial cells of the posterior subcapsular congenital cataract patients compared to in the normal controls at a cut-off criteria of |log2 fold change| of >1 and a p-value of <0.05, including 847 downregulated genes and 686 upregulated genes. To further narrow down the DEGs, we utilised the stricter criteria of |log2 fold change| of >1 and an FDR value of <0.05, and we identified 551 DEGs, including 97 upregulated genes and 454 downregulated genes. This study also identified 1263 differentially expressed genes of the 18,755 genes in lens cortex and nuclear fibres, including 646 downregulated genes and 617 upregulated genes. The downregulated genes in epithelial cells were significantly enriched in the structural constituent of lenses, lens development and lens fibre cell differentiation. After filtering the DEGs using the databases iSyTE and Cat-Map, several high-priority candidate genes related to posterior subcapsular congenital cataract such as GRIFIN, HTRA1 and DAPL1 were identified. The findings of our study may provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of posterior subcapsular congenital cataract and help in the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Epidemiology of risk factors of various morphological types of age-related cataract in eastern region of Nepal

Introduction: Age related cataract is the leading cause of preventable blindness globally, with multifactorial risk factors. Multiple mechanism contributes to the progressive loss of lens transparency.&#x0D; Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the risk factors for different morphological types of senile cataract in eastern region of Nepal.&#x0D; Methodology: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Four hundred patients aged ≥ 50 years with senile cataract attending eye out patient department for one year were enrolled and divided into two groups based on Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS) III grading. Group A consisted of ‘no-moderate’ cataract and group B consisted of ‘severe’ cataract. The parameters studied were age, gender, education, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes and hypertension, body mass index and use of topical or oral medication. Statistical analysis was conducted to find an association of various parameters to different morphological type of cataract.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of presentation was 61±9.07 years. Male to female ratio was 1:02. Group A had 154 and group B 246 patients respectively. Statistically significant association was seen between older age group and severe cataract (p &lt;0.002). Household activities and moderate alcohol consumption alcohol was seen associated with moderate nuclear sclerosis (p &lt;0.001) and posterior sub-capsular cataract (p &lt;0.003) respectively. High blood pressure was associated with severe Nuclear Sclerosis and Posterior Subcapsular Cataract (p &lt;0.014).&#x0D; Conclusion: Older age groups, household activities, moderate alcohol consumption and high blood pressure were found to have significant association with age-related cataract.

Lens coloboma secondary to neglected buphthalmos

A 36-year-old male presented with progressive diminution of vision OS for 3 months. He was a known case of bilateral congenital glaucoma who underwent trabeculectomy at 6 months and 5 years of age OD and OS respectively. Best corrected visual acuity was 6/24 OD and 1/60 OS. Slit lamp examination revealed bilateral Haab striae (Figure 1a) with lens subluxation OS evident by the scalloped border of the lens with broken zonules in the superonasal quadrant and lens coloboma in the inferonasal quadrant with the absence of zonules (Figure 1b,c,d). A posterior subcapsular cataract was also noted OS. Advanced glaucomatous optic nerve cupping was noted OU. An intraocular pressure of 10 mm Hg OD and 16 mm Hg OS was noted. Biometry documented an axial length of 26.30 mm OD and 28.75 mm OS with a keratometry of 42.50D/46.50D @20˚/110˚OD and 37.75D/40.00D @ 45˚/135˚OS. Ultrasound bio-microscopy depicted increased sphericity of the lens with broken zonules OS (Figure 1e).

Age- and Sex-Standardized Prevalence of Age-Related Cataract and Its Determinants; Tehran Geriatric Eye Study (TGES)

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine the prevalence of cataract and its relationship with some determinants in individuals above 60 years. Methods Of 3792 subjects that were invited, 3310 participated in the study (response rate = 87.31%). All subjects underwent full optometric, slit lamp, and fundoscopic examinations. Then, their lenses were evaluated according to the World Health Organization cataract grading system after pupil dilation. Results Age- and sex-standardized prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI) of nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC), any type cataract, and all lens change was 53.09% (49.80 to 56.35), 23.02% (20.87 to 25.32), 5.57% (4.62 to 6.70), 58.78% (55.65 to 61.83), and 72.49% (70.14 to 74.71), respectively. Any type, nuclear, cortical, and PSC cataracts, had a positive association with age and an inverse association with education. Moreover, the prevalence of cortical and PSC cataract had an inverse association with economic status. Among all variables, age was the strongest determinant for cataract and its subtype. Conclusion This study found a higher prevalence of cataract compared to some previous studies such that about two-thirds of the geriatric population had cataract in the past or at the time of the study. Considering the association of cataract with variables such as economic status and education level, it seems that training and increased awareness and knowledge of the elderly population regarding the importance of eye care by physicians plays an important role in reducing the burden of cataract.

Accidental intralenticular sustained-release dexamethasone (Ozurdex) implantation: A case report

Intravitreal implantation of Ozurdex (Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA, USA), a sustained-release dexamethasone implant, is a common practice in ophthalmology. Inadvertent intralenticular implantation of Ozurdex is a very rare complication. Herein, we report a case of accidental intralenticular Ozurdex implantation. During the intravitreal procedure, the patient moved his head vigorously which resulted in the said complication. He was followed up periodically with monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP), best-corrected visual acuity, lens status, fundus, and macular edema status. He developed a posterior subcapsular cataract after about 5 months of the procedure. The cataract was removed around 6 months follow-up by phacoemulsification with anterior vitrectomy and implantation of a 3-piece posterior chamber intraocular lens in the ciliary sulcus. Macular edema had resolved by 3 months of Ozurdex implantation and the patient did not require a second intravitreal dose. He was well at 3 months follow up after cataract surgery.

Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and It’s Interface with Coagulation Activation

Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and It’s Interface with Coagulation Activation

The Role of Diabetes Mellitus in Causing Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts in Outpatients (Case From Indonesian Eye Hospital)

The Role of Diabetes Mellitus in Causing Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts in Outpatients (Case From Indonesian Eye Hospital)

When the Trauma Draws a Rose: Rosette Cataract

A 40-year-old male patient referred to the ophthalmologic emergency room for complaints of diminution of vision in the left eye since three months after a trauma. Examination of the left eye showed a corrected visual acuity of 20/70. Slit-lamp examination revealed a rosette cataract (Figure 1). The patient underwent phacoemulsification with implantation of an IOL in the bag. The rosette cataract is a posterior subcapsular cataract due to a violent contusion with a closed globe. It can develop in the hours that follow, or on the contrary several years later.

Lenticular changes in eyes with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma: A histopathological study of 48 enucleated eyes

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the lenticular changes in advanced intraocular retinoblastoma (RB) and identify the risk factors for cataract in these eyes. Methods Retrospective analysis of 48 primary enucleations. Results All enucleated eyes were classified either as group D (n = 7; 15%) or group E (n = 41; 85%) tumors based on the International Classification of Intraocular Retinoblastoma. Of the 48 enucleated eyes with RB, cataract was noted clinically in only 5 (18%) cases, while histopathology revealed cataractous changes in 28 (58%) cases. Based on histopathology, the cataractous changes included anterior subcapsular cataract (n = 10; 36%), cortical cataract (n = 6; 21%), posterior subcapsular cataract (n = 10; 36%) and both anterior and posterior subcapsular cataract (n = 2; 7%). Based on multivariate logistic regression, only increased area of necrosis on histopathology was the significant (p = .009) factor predictive of cataractous changes in lens with an odds ratio of 1.08. Conclusion Eyes with advanced RB can harbor cataract in 58% cases, though most of these are subclinical. Clinically significant cataract may be evident in only 18% cases. Increased tumor necrosis is associated with the development of cataractous changes in RB cases.

Quantitative investigation of the effect of surgically induced hypoparathyroidism on cataract development.

Although cataract formation is known in hypoparathyroidism, lens clarity and its correlation with clinical parameters have not been investigated quantitatively before in patients with hypoparathyroidism. The aim of this study was to compare the crystalline lens clarity of patients with surgically induced hypoparathyroidism and healthy subjects. Forty female patients with surgically induced hypoparathyroidism and 38 age-matched healthy female subjects were enrolled in this study. Scheimpflug corneal topography was performed to measure lens density (LD) and thickness (LT). Serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and disease duration were recorded. No statistically significant difference was observed between the hypoparathyroidism and control groups in the Pentacam densitometry zones 1-2-3, LT, and average and maximum LD (p > 0.05 for all). Nine blue-dot-like, two cortical, and two posterior subcapsular cataracts were detected in the hypoparathyroidism group. The frequency of total and blue-dot-like cataracts was significantly higher in the hypoparathyroidism group than in the control group (p = 0.008 and p = 0.002, respectively). In the hypoparathyroidism group, a significant correlation was observed between the maximum LD and the hypoparathyroidism duration (ß = 0.420, p = 0.017), and the maximum LD and serum PTH level (ß = -0.332, p = 0.049). The clarity of the crystalline lens may decrease in surgically induced hypoparathyroidism patients depending on the disease duration and PTH levels. Additionally, this study detected an increased frequency of blue-dot-like cataract in the patient group, which may be due to the effect of hypoparathyroidism.

Intermediate uveitis

Brucellosis is endemic to India but remains highly underdiagnosed. We report an unusual case of intermediate uveitis with Brucella etiology (BE). A 45-year old female from eastern India complains of diminution of vision and floaters in both eyes (BE), worsening over the last 6 months. Previously, she received on and off oral steroids for 2 years. Her BCVA in right eye (RE) was 20/160 and left eye (LE) was 20/200. She had old keratic precipitates, posterior subcapsular cataract, and vitritis in BE. On ELISA, she was positive for Brucella IgM antibodies. Subsequently, oral antibiotics improved her vision. Ocular involvement in brucellosis, can cause severe vision-threatening complications. An early diagnosis of brucellosis can thus save sight.

Retinopathies with Phacomatoses; Pathophysiology, Findings, Diagnosis and Treatment (Von Hippel-Lindau Disease, Tubular Sclerosis, Neurofibromatosis)

Phacomatosis is the general name for a group of diseases (Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1), Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF-2), Von Hippel Lindau, tuberous sclerosis, ataxia-telangiectasia, and Sturge Weber syndrome) that include different clinical syndromes characterized by eye, skin, neurological and oncological symptoms. They are formed as a result of tumor suppressor protein loss, which controls the abnormal growth of cells. Most of these diseases are autosomal dominant. Neurofibromatosis -1 is the most common type of phacomatosis. autosomal dominant passes. Skin (cafe au-lait = milk coffee stain, armpit, and inguinal freckles), ocular involvement, and nerve involvement (neurofibromas) are seen. In NF-2, in addition to NF-1, 8th cranial nerve involvement is present. In ocular involvement of neurofibromatosis, proptosis, strabismus, pulsatile exophthalmos, ptosis may occur due to neurofibromas. Hamartomas in iris (lisch nodules), posterior subcapsular cataract (more often in NF-2), retinal astrocytic hamartomas, and optic glioma can be seen. Von Hippel Lindau passes autosomal dominant. Brain (cerebellum) spinal cord, renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and renal or pancreatic cysts may occur as systemic involvement. Retinal hemangioblastomas can be seen in ocular involvement. Tuberous sclerosis passes autosomal dominantly. It is a disease in the group of phacomatosis, characterized by hamartomas affecting more than one organ, including the skin, central nervous system, lung, heart, and kidney. Multiple astrocytic hamartomas can be seen in ocular involvement. In conclusion, when these lesions are seen in the eyes, it is necessary to treat them with a multidisciplinary approach considering that systemic involvement may occur.

A case report on anaesthetic management of patient with bilateral retinitis pigmentosa with partial blindness for abdominal hysterectomy: Sequential combined spinal epidural anaesthesia in era of COVID19 pandemic

Retinitis pigmentosa is typically bilateral and symmetric. There is currently no treatment that can stop the process of retinitis pigmentosa, but gene therapy shows promise. Retinitis pigmentosa is typically a bilateral, progressive retinal degeneration that ultimately leads to death of both rod and the cone photoreceptors. Retinitis pigmentosa is generally symmetric, but can present asymmetrically. Other complications associated with retinitis pigmentosa include posterior subcapsular cataracts and cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment [1]. Forty-five separate gene loci have been identified that account for 50% of all bilateral retinitis pigmentosa cases. In addition, between 20-30% of patients with bilateral retinitis pigmentosa have an associated systemic disease, with more than 30 syndromes identified? The most widely known associated syndrome, Usher Syndrome, results in retinitis pigmentosa and hearing impairment. Other syndromes associated with retinitis pigmentosa are Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome. We report the case of Retinitis pigmentosa with partially blind patient for Total abdominal hysterectomy managed by Sequential combined Spinal Epidural Anaesthesia (Sequential CSEA) in the era of COVID Pandemic inorder to avoid drastic changes in blood pressure thus preventing drastic change in intraocular pressure as intraocular pressure is a determining factor in partially blind patient with progressive retinitis pigmentosa. Sequential combined spinal epidural anaesthesia is a very safe regional anaesthesia technique to avoid General anaesthesia thus preventing abrupt increase in intraocular pressure and aerosol generation in era of COVID Pandemic. Sequential combined spinal epidural anaesthesia (Sequential CSEA) is probably the greatest advance in central neuraxial block. Sequential combined spinal epidural anaesthesia is a safe, effective, reliable technique with stable haemodynamic along with provision of prolonging analgesia compared to spinal anaesthesia alone for high risk patients.

Frequency, Etiology and Leading Causes of Pre-Senile Cataract: A Descriptive Study

Background: Cataract is generally caused due to physical aging, but in some cases, there are chances that it may develop in early ages (Pre-senile cataract). Pre-senile cataract is believed not to be primary in nature and some underlying ocular/systemic/environmental factor is causing the lens opacification at an early age. This study aim was to determine frequency and risk factors of pre-senile cataract in our populationMethods: this observational study at Outdoor Patient - Eye in Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi (BBH), for the period from December 2017 to June 2018. Cataract was diagnosed on slit lamp examination. Detail history, Ocular and systemic examination was done for all pre-senile cataract cases. Laboratory/radiological investigations were performed when and where required. Using the Excel spreadsheet, Statistical analysis of descriptive data was carried out.Results: A total of 11448 patients were examined, whereby cataract was found in 849 (7.41%) patients. Out of these 849, 165 (19.43%) cases were pre-senile cataract. Pre-senile cataract was most seen in age group 30-49 86 (52.13%) and among women 93 (56.36%). The identified causes were idiopathic 55 (33.3%), diabetes 45(27.3%) and Steroids and other drugs related 33 (20.0%). posterior sub-capsular cataract is 60(36.36%) was most identified type in the study among pre-senile cataract.

Cataract surgery in retinitis pigmentosa.

Purpose:The aim of this study was to evaluate visual outcomes of cataract surgery in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.Methods:This retrospective case series includes a review of the medical records of all patients with retinitis pigmentosa undergoing cataract surgery between 2005 and 2018. The primary outcome measure was corrected distant visual acuity and change in vision impairment after surgery.Results:Of the 103 (132) patients, 60 (58.3%) were men and 43 (41.7%) were women. The mean age of the study population was 51.3 ± 11.3 (22–74) years. The mean symptom duration was 35.4 ± 44.5 (1–300) months. The most common morphology of cataracts was a combination of nuclear sclerosis, posterior subcapsular, and cortical cataract (n = 65 eyes, 49.3%). Phacoemulsification (87 eyes, 65.9%) was the preferred surgical technique. The mean preoperative corrected distant visual acuity of 1.21 ± 0.87 log MAR units improved significantly (P < 0.001) to 0.60 ± 0.56 log MAR units after surgery. The number of blind patients reduced from 27 (26.2%) to 8 (7.8%) patients. Zonular dialysis and posterior capsule tear were seen in six (4.5%) eyes each. Good preoperative vision (odds ratio: 6.1 [95% confidence interval: 2.9–13.0], P < 0.0001) was associated with better outcome, wheras reduced central macular thickness (odds ratio: 3.5 [95% confidence interval: 1.3–9.2], P = 0.011) was associated with poor outcome.Conclusion:A considerable number of patients presented with advanced cataracts and severe vision impairment. Significant improvement in visual acuity and alleviation of vision impairment was seen after surgery, with few complications. Good preoperative visual acuity predicted a good outcome, whereas macular thinning predicted a poor outcome.

Correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and clinical manifestations and complications of retinitis pigmentosa.

The role of inflammation in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has been receiving additional attention. However, the association between inflammation and the clinical manifestations and complications of RP is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of RP complicated with cataract and explore the correlations between the NLR and specific clinical features of RP. This retrospective study included 79 RP patients complicated with cataract (125 eyes) and 63 age- and sex-matched patients (63 eyes) with age-related cataract (ARC). Patients' ocular examination results were collected and complete blood count results were used to calculate NLRs. The correlations between the NLR of RP patients and the parameters of ocular examinations were analysed. The NLRs of RP patients with cataracts were significantly higher than those of ARC (1.93 ± 0.83 versus 1.65 ± 0.59, p = 0.029). The NLRs increased with the severity of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC), zonular deficiency, poor preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (LogMAR>1), and visual field defects. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves suggested that NLR > 1.36 could predict higher degrees (PSC area >3%, >P1) of PSC (p = 0.002, 95% CI, 0.672-0.934), and that NLR > 2.12 could predict zonular weakness (p = 0.002, 95% CI, 0.665-0.928) in RP. The NLRs in RP patients with cataract are not only higher but also associated with several clinical manifestations of RP. The NLR can be a predictive biomarker of higher degrees of PSC (>P1) and zonular weakness in RP before cataract surgery. These results suggest that systemic inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of RP.

Результаты изучения катаракты у облученного населения на Южном Урале

Epidemiological data have revealed a significant association between exposure to ionizing radiation, loss of optical lens function, and cataract formation. Residents of villages in the Southern Urals were chronically exposed to external and internal radiation in the range of «small» and «medium» doses as a result of two radiation accidents at the «Mayak» plant in the middle of the last century. Purpose. Тo investigate changes in the lens in individuals who have been chronically exposed to radiation over a long time. Material and methods. Аn analysis of the results of the examination by an ophthalmologist in the clinical Department of the URCRM of 583 people from among those who were subjected to chronic radiation exposure and their offspring was carried out. The examination was carried out according to a special in-depth program with photo fixation of changes in the lens (18 characteristics). Results. According to the results of the examination, grade 1 and 2 opacities were most often detected in all layers of the lens. More expressed changes in the lens significantly reduce vision and require earlier cataract surgery. Lens Opacities in the cortical layers are the most common type of lens pathology in the development of cataracts in all age categories. The frequency of nuclear cataracts in the study group of patients of the URCRM Clinic gradually increases with attained age from 0% under the age of 40 to 19-23% in the age groups with members aged over 70. The same tendency is observed in the increase in the intensity of yellow color in the staining of the lens nucleus. The largest changes in the posterior lens capsule were observed in the oldest age group (over the age of 80 - 22% of all the opacities at this age). Conclusion. The ophthalmological examination of patients affected by radiation accidents in the Ural region revealed an increase in cataract cases with an increase in age, which corresponds to the trends in the non-irradiated population. Key words: eye diseases; chronic radiation exposure; cortical cataract; nuclear cataract; posterior subcapsular cataract.