Posterior Perforator Research Articles

Secondary reconstruction of vaginal stenosis using a posterior labial perforator based Falandry flap.

The aim of vaginoplasty should be the creation without excessive morbidity of a neovagina that will be satisfying in appearance, function and feeling. The multitude of methods described in the literature indicates the fact that an ideal approach has not yet been found. In this paper the authors describe the technique for repairing vaginal stenosis by interposing between the vaginal walls, a skin flap pedicled removed using the Falandry technique at a high lip. We achieved a satisfactory result.

Posterior tibial artery perforator flaps for coverage of Achilles region defects

BackgroundDefects of the Achilles tendon region still represent a tricky issue in lower limb surgery. Among the several reconstructive possibilities, local propeller perforator flaps have gained popularity in the last decade. Materials and methodsWe report our experience with eight patients affected by small-to-moderate soft-tissue defects of the Achilles tendon region, who underwent surgical reconstruction with local flaps based on posterior tibial perforator branches. ResultsAll patients healed successfully in terms of aesthetic and functional aspect. In only one case a transient venous congestion was observed and this resolved spontaneously. ConclusionsAlthough the surgical technique requires much care and skill, including an extremely gentle dissection of perforator vessels, local propeller flaps should be considered the first-line choice for reconstruction in small-to-medium size soft-tissue defects in the Achilles region.

Anatomical basis of a proximal fasciocutaneous extension of the distal-based posterior interosseous flap that allows exclusion of the proximal posterior interosseous artery

The objective of this study was to provide anatomical information for the repair of small tissue defects in the hand with posterior interosseous artery chain-link perforator flaps, a proximal fasciocutaneous extension of the distal-based posterior interosseous flap, which allows the exclusion of the proximal posterior interosseous artery. Fourteen posterior interosseous artery chain-link perforator flaps taken from human cadavers were studied by the following three methods: latex perfusion for microanatomy analysis, denture material and vinyl chloride mixed packing for cast analysis, and latex perfusion for the production of clearance specimens. Statistical analysis was performed on cutaneous perforators coming from the intermuscular septum of the extensor carpi ulnaris and the extensor digitorum communis. A cluster analysis was conducted to determine the overall distribution of perforators. There are two main clusters of perforators at a relative distance of 21% and 48% along the ulnar head-to-lateral epicondyle interval. On average, the posterior interosseous artery extends six cutaneous perforators through the intermuscular septum of the extensor carpi ulnaris and the extensor digitorum communis. Of these six arteries, two are clinically significant perforators (0.5mm or more in diameter) and are located 6±2cm proximal to the head of the ulna and 10±1cm distal to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Their mean diameters are 0.5±0.1 and 0.6±0.1mm, with pedicle lengths of 16.8±5.1 and 21.2±12.3mm, respectively. At the two main clusters of perforator-intensive sites, the vessel chains formed by adjacent perforators are parallel to the intermuscular septum of the extensor carpi ulnaris and the extensor digitorum communis. This study demonstrates that the posterior interosseous artery has two main clusters of perforators in the middle and distal one-fifth of the forearm, which can be used for repairing hand defects with posterior interosseous artery chain-link perforator flaps.

Free multilobed posterior interosseous artery perforator flap for multi-finger skin defect reconstruction

The posterior interosseous artery (PIA) perforator flap can be used for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of fingers. Based on the multiple perforators from the posterior interosseous artery, we describe a technique to reconstruct the multi-finger defect in the use of the free multilobed PIA perforator flap. PIA perforators from different areas of the forearm were used to design a free multilobed skin paddle for multi-finger skin defect reconstruction. Each paddle without the deep fascia had separate perforators. To increase the perforator pedicle length, the courses of the PIA perforators were dissected from the superficial layer of the deep fascia to the subcutaneous layer. The flap was raised as a unilateral free bilobed PIA perforator flap in 10 cases of two-finger defects, a free trilobed PIA perforator flap in two cases of three-finger defects, and a bilateral free bilobed PIA perforator flap in one case of four-finger defects. The average effective vascular pedicle length and trunk pedicle length were 8.3 and 3.1cm, respectively, for the bilobed flap, and 6.3 and 4.0cm, respectively, for the trilobed flap. All flaps survived except one paddle with tip necrosis. At 10.8 months (range, 4-27 months) after surgery, 10 cases showed satisfactory cosmetic appearance, while the fingers were bulky in the remaining three cases. The average score of static two-point discrimination in 10 innervated paddles was 12.9mm. The remaining 20 paddles recovered only protective sensation. The average total active motion (TAM) of each finger was 164° before surgery and 187° at the latest follow-up. Free multilobed PIA perforator flap is a good candidate for reconstruction of multi-finger skin defect. Therapeutic, Ⅳ.

Reconstruction of a Posterior Trunk Defect using a Pedicled Dorsolateral Posterior Intercostal Artery Perforator Flap.

Reconstruction of a Posterior Trunk Defect using a Pedicled Dorsolateral Posterior Intercostal Artery Perforator Flap.

Application of V-Y advanced flap pedicled with posterior perforator from medial malleolus for small skin defect at achilles tendon region

To investigate the therapeutic effect of V-Y advanced flap pedicled with posterior perforator from medial malleolus for small skin defect at achilles tendon region. From Mar. 2011 to Sep. 2012, 7 cases with small skin defect at achilles tendon region were treated by V-Y advanced flap pedicled with posterior perforator from medial malleolus. The flaps was 6.0 cm x 3.0 cm-9.0 cm x 4.5 cm in size. The defects at the donor sites were closed directly. All flaps survived completely. 7 cases were followed up for 6-8 months after operation. The flaps had good texture and color match. The function of ankle was normal. All patients were satisfied with postoperative function and shape. It is an ideal reconstruction method for skin defect at achilles tendon region with V-Y advanced flap pedicled with posterior perforator from medial malleolus. It is easily performed with low risk and short recovery time.

Study of outcome of tympanoplasties in relation to size and site of tympanic membrane perforation.

There are not many studies on the effect of the site and size of the perforation on the hearing loss. This study is set to investigate the relationship between the size and site of perforation and hearing loss. This study was carried out between September 2011 to September 2013, at a tertiary care centre during which 100 cases of chronic otitis media tubotympanic type having central perforation were selected. All patients underwent, tympanoplasty using temporalis fascia/cartilage graft, underlay technique with or without simple mastoidectomy/modified radical mastoidectomy and followed up for 3months and evaluated for graft uptake and hearing improvement with respect to size and site of TM perforation. To measure the size of perforation intra-operatively, thin transparency sheet was used, on which a graph paper of 1×1mm(2) size was printed. Significant relationship was observed between size and site of tympanic membrane perforation with hearing loss. Perforations which were involving all four quadrants (AS+AI+PS+PI) are having maximum residual perforations after the surgery. In relation with size, subtotal perforation were having more residual perforations postoperatively, followed by medium sized perforations. An inherent relationship noted between ossicular involvement and hearing loss, maximum average hearing loss was observed in those cases, where all three ossicles (malleus, incus & stapes) were involved, also more hearing loss was noted in posterior perforations.

English

There are many methods for closing the perforated peptic ulcer. The technique of closure of perforation by figure of 8 stitch method has been found to be very effective in managing patients with this common problem. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The present study was conducted in Unit III of Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College and Dr. Susheela Tiwari Government Hospital Haldwani, from January 2012 to December 2013 on the cases of peptic ulcer perforation peritonitis. All patients with clinical and radiological features and intraoperative findings suggestive of perforated peptic ulcer were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 153 patients were included in the study. Out of these, 128 patients (84%) were males and 25 patients (16%) were females. In 120 patients (78%) there was duodenal perforation and in 33 patients (22 %) gastric perforation was present. Out of these 33 patients, 6 patients had posterior gastric perforation. 140 patients were managed with midline laparotomy and 13 with laparoscopic method, with one converted to open due to presence of posterior gastric perforation. The average time of patient reporting to the emergency was3-4 days, with earliest reporting time of 2-3 hours and late reporting up to 7-8 days. Age ranged from 15 years to 90 years (average 35 - 45 years). In the postoperative period, 3 patients had leakage from repair site, 7 patients died, rest showed good outcome. CONCLUSION: Figure of 8 stitch method showed very good and acceptable result. Therefore, in our

Reconstruction of the Hand Soft Tissue Defects with the Free Proximal Posterior Interosseous Artery Perforator Flaps

Introduction: To investigate the applied anatomy of the proximal posterior interrosseous artery perforator flap (PIAP) and report the clinical results of repairing the soft tissue defects in hands&#65294

Supercharging and augmenting venous drainage of an anterolateral thigh free flap: options and indications.

Summary:This study introduces the options for supercharging and augmenting venous drainage of an anterolateral thigh free flap. Clinical indications and options for additional microvascular anastomoses are reviewed in 5 consecutive patients. The indications were simultaneous mucosal and cutaneous defects, divergent mucosal defects, and extensively wide and long cutaneous defects. Three additional vascular pedicles were anastomosed: the transverse branch of the lateral circumflex (n = 3), a perforator coming directly off the superficial femoral artery (n = 1), and a posterior perforator from the profundus femoral artery (n = 1). The anastomosis of a separate pedicle from the superior, medial, and/or posterior-lateral thigh may be a useful technique when confronted with an extensive defect that may not reliably be reconstructed with a routine anterolateral thigh flap based on a single perforator.

Posterior interosseous artery perforator-free flap: Treating intermediate-size hand and foot defects

Ambiguous defects on the hand and foot, especially on the fingers and toes, are still challenging to treat despite achievements in reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of the posterior interosseous artery perforator flap for resurfacing intermediate-sized defects and provide adequate coverage over tendons and bones. Between October 2008 and March 2013, a total of 19 patients with soft-tissue defects on the hand or foot were treated. Flap elevation, anatomy, and clinical progress were evaluated. All flaps survived and covered the defects, which ranged in area from 12 to 45 cm(2). The freestyle approach was used to harvest the flaps. The average length of the pedicle was 2.5 cm, and the pedicle was harvested without affecting the source vessel. The average diameter of the artery was 0.8 mm, and the average thickness of the flap was 3.5 mm. Anastomosis was performed either end-to-end on the perforator, or end-to-side on deep vessels. No subsequent thinning or surgical flap correction was necessary. Ambulation was allowed at 3 days postsurgery. The donor site was closed primarily to leave an acceptable donor site. A posterior interosseous artery perforator-free flap is a suitable choice for intermediate-size defects that are too large to cover using a local flap or too small for a first-line perforator flap. Up to 45 cm(2) of adequate coverage can be provided using a thin posterior interosseous artery perforator-free flap that does not require additional debulking. The disadvantages of a short pedicle can be overcome using perforator-to-perforator supermicrosurgery.

Use of Free Modified Innervated Posterior Interosseous Artery Perforator Flap to Repair Digital Skin and Soft Tissue Defects.

Current techniques to reconstruct soft tissue of the fingers result in scarring and functional deficits. Perforator flaps raised on the posterior interosseous artery are thin and well vascularised, and cause minimal donor site scarring. Using a flap with sensory nerves was hoped to contribute to the desired postoperative sensory recovery of fingers. We used modified innervated posterior interosseous perforator flaps to repair digital defects in 18 patients. Injuries included digit amputations and palmar soft tissue defects. The posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve was carried in the flap and bridged with the defect section of the proper digital nerve. The flaps used measured 10cm × 6cm to 5cm × 3cm. All 18 flaps survived; one necrotic edge eventually healed. During the 10-28months of follow-up (average, 14months), two-point discrimination in flaps and injured fingers was 6-15mm. Good functional and sensory outcomes were obtained in primary operation, and patients were generally satisfied with the aesthetic results. Further work will be needed to assess the branches of the posterior interosseous artery preoperatively to improve surgical planning.

The localization of the distal perforators of posterior tibial artery: a cadaveric study for the correct planning of medial adipofascial flaps

The adipofascial flap, introduced by Lin in 1994, has many advantages compared to fasciocutaneous or free flaps. Its dissection is relatively easy and fast with low donor-site morbidity, and it does not alter the shape of the leg. The aim of this dissection study is to evaluate the anatomic localization of the most distal perforator of the posterior tibial vessels to provide an anatomical rationale for the safe harvesting of distally based medial adipofascial flaps of the leg. 30 Lower limbs from 15 cadavers were used for this study. The most distal perforator from posterior tibial perforator artery, accompanied by at least one vein, was identified and its distance from the medial malleolus was noted. A distal perforator was found in all specimens; the mean caliber was 0.77 mm. In all cases, the perforator artery passed in the septum between flexor hallucis longus m. and flexor digitorum longus m. and was accompanied by two veins. In our series, the distance between the lowest perforator and the medial malleolus ranged from 3.5 to 8.2 cm. The median was 6.75 cm, the 5th percentile 4 cm and the 95th percentile 8.1 cm. The mean distance of the perforator from the medial tibial border was 1.23 cm. The mean ratio between the distance of perforator from the medial malleolus and the total leg length was 21%. Compared to all previous researches, our study has found more distal perforators from posterior tibial perforator artery. This fact may have important clinical consequences, because the anteromedial adipofascial flap would cover more distal soft tissue defects. Moreover, our data suggest some safety parameters to make the rising of a medial adipofascial leg flap safer in surgical practice.

Cartilage support for fascia graft in type I tympanoplasty.

To evaluate the success rate, in terms of anatomical and functional results, in our technique of cartilage support for fascia graft in type I tympanoplasty. Retrospective study of tragal cartilage support for fascia graft in tympanoplasty for large central perforation in 748 patients was carried at an academic institution during January 2004 to March 2012. Patients' age ranged from 11 to 65years. 325 (43.4%) male and 423 (56.6%) female patients were operated and mean post-operative follow up was of 24months (range 6-48months). The inclusion criteria were large central or subtotal perforation, anterior quadrant perforation, anterior tympanosclerotic patch with perforation and revision myringoplasty. Small central perforation, posterior perforations, traumatic perforations and Ossiculplasty were excluded from this study. In this technique, a piece of tragal cartilage carved in semi lunar shape is inserted medial to anterior remnant of tympanic membrane. Temporalis fascia graft is sandwiched between cartilage and anterior remnant of tympanic membrane. Post-operative closure of perforation was noted. Pure-tone average pre and post-operative air-bone gap in dB at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4,000Hz were compared. The overall success rate of our technique was 98.3% in terms of graft uptake and within 13.35±5.22dB of air bone gap closure in terms of hearing improvement. This study reveals that cartilage support for fascia graft in type I tympanoplasty is a highly reliable technique and gives significant improvement in graft take-up and hearing status.

Perforator Pedicled Propeller Flaps for Soft Tissue Coverage of Lower Leg and Foot Defects

To investigate the efficiency of perforator pedicled propeller flaps for soft tissue coverage of lower leg and foot defects. Twenty patients (12 male, 8 females; mean age 28 years, range, 5-75) with soft tissue defects of the lower leg and foot were retrospectively reviewed. Their defects had been repaired with perforator pedicled propeller flaps from September 2011 to October 2013 and included five cases of injuries caused by spokes, four of infection with postoperative skin necrosis, two of dorsal skin defects caused by heavy objects and nine caused by car accidents. The areas of soft tissue defect were from 2 cm × 8 cm to 10 cm × 20 cm. Fifteen cases had terminal branch of the peroneal artery perforator flaps and five posterior tibia artery perforator flaps, flap size ranging from 5 cm × 11 cm to 12 cm × 28 cm. Color Doppler ultrasound was used to locate all perforator vessels, the calibers of which ranged from 0.8 mm to 1.0 mm. The intraoperative coincidence rate of the color Doppler ultrasound was 96.7%. The donor sites were sutured directly in 12 cases and skin grafted in 8. One case had a venous crisis within 24 h that was treated by removal some sutures and drainage. All cases were followed up for 1-18 months; all flaps survived well and pedicles had a satisfactory appearance. The patients were extremely satisfied with the results for repair. Perforator pedicled propeller flaps have the advantages over other pedicle flap of being simple, safe, and effective and not involving vascular anastomosis.

Can we consider standard microsurgical anastomosis on the posterior tibial perforator network? An anatomical study

The main vessels in an injured leg can be spared with perforator-to-perforator anastomosis. However, supermicrosurgery is not a routine procedure for all plastic surgeons. Our objective was to establish if the diameter of the perforators of the leg could allow anastomosis with standard microsurgical procedures. Twenty lower legs harvested from ten fresh cadavers were dissected. Arterial and venous vessels were injected with colored latex. The limbs were then dissected in a suprafascial plane. All the perforating arteries of a diameter >0.8mm were located and their external diameter, the number and external diameter of the venae comitantes were reported. We found at least three tibial posterior artery perforators with diameters >0.8mm per leg with a mean external diameter of 1.1mm and one vena comitans in almost all cases (96%). The vena comitans was usually bigger than the perforating artery with a mean diameter of 1.6mm. After statistical analysis, we were able to locate two main perforator clusters: at the junctions of the upper two-thirds of the leg and of the lower two-thirds of the leg. The low-morbidity concept of perforator-to-perforator anastomosis can apply to posterior tibial artery perforators without using supermicrosurgical techniques. This is of high interest for open leg fractures where main vessels could be injured. We hope that the results of our study will incite surgeons to consider sparing of main vessels for coverage of open leg fractures whether surgical teams master supermicrosurgery or not.

Fat-plug myringoplasty of ear lobule vs abdominal donor sites

The purpose of this study is to compare the success rates of fat-graft myringoplasties harvesting adipose grafts from different donor sites (ear lobule vs abdomen). The clinical records of 61 patients (24 males and 37 females) who underwent fat-plug myringoplasty (FPM) were reviewed retrospectively. Fat from ear lobule (FEL) and abdominal fat were used as graft materials. The impact of age, gender, systemic diseases, topography of the perforation, utilization of fat graft materials of different origin on the tympanic membrane closure rate and the effect of FPM on hearing gain was analyzed. Our tympanic membrane (TM) closure rate was 82%. No statistical significant difference was observed regarding age, gender, comorbidities (septal deviation, hypertension and diabetes mellitus) or habits (smoking). Posterior TM perforations had significantly lower healing rate. The change in TM closure rate considering different adipose tissue donor sites was not statistically significant. The hearing gain of the patients was mostly below 20dB. Fat-plug myringoplasty (FPM) is a safe, cost-effective and easy operation for selected patients. Abdominal fat graft is as effective as ear lobe fat graft on tympanic membrane healing, has cosmetic advantages and should be taken into consideration when planning fat as the graft source.

A Rare Presentation of Posterior Duodenal Ulcer Perforation

Perforated peptic ulcer perforation involves sudden onset of pain and exhibits sign of perforation. A posterior perforation is rare presentations and awareness of such entity is important in surgical practice. In the present case report, perorated duodenal peptic ulceration with its intestinal complication in gangrene of the Right hemi colon has been highlighted.

Tympanic membrane perforation: Its correlation with hearing loss and frequency affected - An analytical study

Objective: The correlation between tympanic membrane perforations and hearing loss was studied. Study Design: Cross sectional prospective study design. Setting: E. N. T OPD, at a tertiary referral center. Materials and Methods: 100 perforated ears in patients of CSOM safe were selected from May 2011 to September 2013. Instruments used for data collection/processing included questionnaires, oto-endoscopy and micro-otoscopy, Pure tone audiometer and image J software. Results: Sixty-three patients (27-males, 36-females), aged 10-56 years (mean age 23.2 years ± 11.8 years) with 100 perforated eardrums were studied. 37(58.7%) had bilateral TM perforations, 7(11.1%) right unilateral and 19(30.2%) left unilateral. The various sizes of perforation and their hearing loss were as follows: Group I (0-8 mm 2 ), n=18, with mean hearing loss 29.41 ± 4.39. Group II (8.1-30 mm 2 ), n=39, with mean hearing loss 34.69± 4.96. Group III (>30.1 mm 2 ), n = 43, with mean hearing loss= 38.79± 3.44. Difference was significant, P value 0.000. The various sites of perforations were Central (69 ears. Mean hearing loss 35.64 dB ± 5.31), Posterior (16 ears, mean hearing loss 39.99 dB ± 2.79) and Anterior (15 ears, mean hearing loss 30.1 dB ± 2.98). Difference was significant, P value 0.000. Lower frequencies were affected more than higher frequencies. Inverted 'V' pattern of audiograms was observed at 2000 Hz. Conclusion: A linear relationship existed between size and degree of hearing loss. Posterior perforations had a higher hearing loss. Lower frequencies were affected more in general. Inverted 'V' pattern of audiograms was observed with turning point at 2000 Hz.

A case of acute inferior myocardial infarction with posterior septal perforation treated with emergent surgical closure followed by ventricular aneurysm formation

A case of acute inferior myocardial infarction with posterior septal perforation treated with emergent surgical closure followed by ventricular aneurysm formation