Posterior Interosseous Nerve Research Articles

A case report of surgical treatment of traumatic drop hand by quadruple tendons transfer.

IntroductionDrop hand is the case of inability to dorsiflexion of the hand and fingers according to radial nerve palsy (complete syndrome) or PIN (Posterior Interosseous Nerve) palsy (partial syndrome). Therefore, the patient loses part of the normal function of his/her hand causing life problems especially if it is the dominant hand. Tendon transfer is the main surgical treatment.Case reportWe present a case of a young male who sustained multiple traumatic war injuries especially in the left upper limb; open humerus fracture, open ulna fracture, open radius fracture with a clear drop hand syndrome. After quadruple tendons transfer, he got a very good result especially in thumb movements with good ROM (Range Of Motions) in the wrist.DiscussionSince it is difficult to restore full ROM and full muscular strength in the wrist and fingers of a drop hand with triple tendon transfer routinely, especially in the case of multiple injury to the upper extremity with the pronator teres being nonfunctional, we decided to perform quadruple tendon transfer depending on the tendons; FCR, PL, 3rdFDS, 4thFDS for stronger extension of the wrist, thumb, and other fingers.ConclusionOur aim here is to confirm that the drop hand does not have standard findings in all cases. It may be a challenge, and may have atypical findings especially in the case of ipsilateral multiple traumatic limb, which in turn may have weakness or restriction in some important movements, so, it is important to keep in mind alternatives of tendon transfer.

Intramedullary, unicortical repair of distal biceps tendon rupture

Historically-used bicortical repair of distal biceps tendon rupture are at risk for posterior interosseous nerve palsy. Here we present a technique, and associated case report, utilizing unicortical repair with a suture cortical button device for this injury. The described technique provides robust fixation and avoids the rare, but potentially devastating complication of posterior interosseous nerve palsy.

Non-Traumatic Pediatric Posterior Interosseous Nerve Entrapment Neuropathy

Posterior interosseous nerve entrapment neuropathies may occasionally occur in adults. Although it is seen in children, it is thought to be related to trauma. In this article, we present a case of posterior interosseous nerve entrapment in the pediatric age group, which is not related to trauma.

Penetration of the posterior interosseous nerve fibers into the dorsal capsule of the wrist - a new perspective on wrist innervation.

The dorsal capsule of the wrist and the DCSS may play a significant role in the conduction of nerve signals transmitted from proprioceptors present in SL to PIN, which is located above the dorsal capsule. Hence, this study aimed to determine if nerve fibers of PIN penetrate inside the dorsal capsule. The dorsal capsules of the wrist were dissected from both sides from 15 cadavers. Eventually, 30 dorsal capsules were dissected. It can be concluded that the PIN nerve fibers penetrate the dorsal capsule of the wrist, as the penetration was noticeable in every part evaluated. The present study proves that afferent fibers from the mechanoreceptors of the SLIL potentially pass through the DCSS and subsequently through the dorsal capsule of the wrist to the PIN. This knowledge can surely be of great use for hand surgeons that perform procedures on the dorsal wrist.

Iatrogenic injury of posterior interosseous nerve during osteosynthesis for the fracture of radial head via Kaplan's approach. A report of two cases

Iatrogenic injury of posterior interosseous nerve during osteosynthesis for the fracture of radial head via Kaplan's approach. A report of two cases

Flow-Through Arterialized Posterior Interosseous Nerve Grafts for Digital Neurovascular Bundle Defects: Anatomical Study

Digital neurovascular bundle defects are often encountered during crush or avulsion injuries and require complex reconstruction. Use of an arterialized nerve graft (neurovascular graft) serving both as an interpositional arterial conduit and as a nerve graft could be a reconstructive option in these cases. In this anatomical study, the authors aimed to describe a neurovascular graft of the posterior interosseous nerve and a branch of the anterior interosseous artery for neurovascular bundle reconstruction of the fingers. Eighteen forearms were injected with red latex in order to collect the anatomical characteristics of the posterior interosseous nerve and the artery running near it. In all cases, the posterior interosseous nerve was followed by a branch of the anterior interosseous artery: the distal dorsal branch of the anterior interosseous nerve. The origin of this artery was proximal to the radiocarpal joint, at an average of 56.5 ± 11.1 mm. The proximal and distal diameters of the branch of the anterior interosseous artery were 1.6 ± 0.2 and 1.1 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. The proximal and distal diameters of the posterior interosseous nerve were 1.2 ± 0.3 mm and 1.1 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. These results show that a potential free neurovascular graft using the posterior interosseous nerve as nerve graft and the anterior interosseous artery as an arterial bypass to reconstruct both the nerve and arterial tree of the finger could be a useful approach. The authors speculate that this graft could be used to reconstruct the neurovascular bundle of amputated or devascularized digits.

Outcomes of surgery for schwannomas of the upper extremity.

<b>Introduction:</b> Schwannoma is a nerve tumor originating from Schwann-cells of the nerve sheath. It is found in all body regions, the most frequent in the head, neck and in the extremities. </br></br> <b>Aim:</b> The objective of this study was analysis of outcomes of surgery for these lesions in the authors' institution. </br></br> <b>Materials and methods:</b> Results of the treatment of 12 patients, 7 women and 5 men, aged a mean of 40 years with shwannomas localized in the upper limb are presented. The follow-up assessment was performed in a form of telephone interview at a mean of 4.2 years post-operatively. </br></br> <b>Results:</b> The tumors were located in the hand in 5 patients, in the forearm in other 5 and in the wrist in 2. In 3 patients the tumors originated form the median, in 2 from the ulnar and in 2 from the radial nerves; in 5 cases it grew from small nerve branches. All lesions of the median, ulnar and radial nerves were encapsulated without damage of the nerve fascicles, while in the hand they were resected in total. At a mean of 4.2 years of follow-up, two recurrences (17%) occurred, both following resection of the tumor located in the hand. Complications were noted in 5 patients: two felt parasthesiae in the operated finger, two were disappointed due to unaesthetic scar and one patient following tumor resection from posterior interosseous nerve had incomplete finger extension. </br></br> <b>Conclusion:</b> Outcomes of surgery for these rare tumors are generally good, but functional deficits should be considered in cases of lesions involving motoric nerves.

Invivo evaluation of a new intramedullary distal biceps tendon fixation device.

Intramedullary fixation in distal biceps tendon repair may be a solution to address specific shortcomings of current fixation techniques. Most investigations are limited to biomechanical evaluation. The purpose of this study was to report the short-term outcomes of an intramedullary fixation device. We evaluated functional and radiographic outcomes at up to 6 months of follow-up. Patients with an acute distal biceps tendon rupture eligible for surgical repair were invited to take part in the study. Ten patients were included in the final analysis. All patients were evaluated both clinically and radiographically at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Outcomes were recorded using a visual analog scale score for pain, the Mayo Elbow Performance Score, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score. Radiographic evaluation comprised radiographic and computed tomography evaluation. There were no failures of fixation in the patient group examined. Elbow mobility was symmetrical for all patients from 3 months onward. Supination strength was 86% of the uninjured side at final follow-up. The mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score and Mayo Elbow Performance Score at final follow-up were 0 and 100, respectively. Computed tomography images showed no signs of button migration, cortical thinning due to button pressure, or button breakout. The tendon could be followed to the button in all cases. The intramedullary fixation button technique to repair the distal biceps tendon has excellent functional outcomes at 6 months. No adverse reactions of the button on the bone were seen. As this technique minimizes the risk of posterior interosseous nerve injury and has a sufficient bone tunnel to avoid gap formation, this may be a promising new technique for distal biceps tendon rupture refixation.

Palsy of the posterior interosseous nerve treated by targeted ultrasound-guided perineural hydrodissection

Perineural hydrodissection is a minimally invasive technique using an injection of fluid to dissect the perineural plane and tissue space. This report describes a case of palsy of the descending branch of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) which was recovered by targeted ultrasound-guided perineural hydrodissection. Ultrasonographic examination was performed, and multiple stenotic lesions interrupted by hyperechoic bands within the fascicles of the PIN were found. Using ultrasonography, perineural hydrodissection was performed four times every other week. Fifteen weeks after the first hydrodissection, there was no restriction in the patient’s thumb and fingers movement, and ultrasonography revealed that multiple stenotic lesions had improved. Today, surgical treatment is recommended for patients with complete nerve constriction. However, there is no standardized approach for patients with incomplete or without nerve constriction. Ultrasound-guided perineural hydrodissection is a noninvasive and easy method. This procedure could be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic modality for the management of the disease.

Risk of Total Wrist Arthrodesis Following Proximal Row Carpectomy: An Analysis of 1,070 Patients

Proximal row carpectomy (PRC) is a motion-sparing procedure with good patient-reported and clinical outcomes. Although some studies have investigated the risk of conversion to total wrist arthrodesis (TWA) after PRC, additional larger studies evaluating the specific risk factors that lead to failure are required. This study aimed to investigate the patient and procedure factors that are associated with increased risk for conversion to TWA in a large cohort of patients who underwent PRC. The current procedural technology codes identified patients in a National Veteran's Health database undergoing a PRC over a 26-year period. Risk factors of interest comprised age, posterior interosseous nerve neurectomy, wrist arthritis pattern, bilateral surgery, smoking, comorbidities, and preoperative opioid use. The primary outcome was the rate of conversion to TWA. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to create hazard ratios of selected factors for reoperation. There were 1,070 PRCs performed, with a mean follow-up of 79.8 ± 59.6 months. A total of 5.3% (57/1,070) wrists underwent conversion to TWA. Younger age at the time of PRC (<50 years) significantly increased the risk of TWA (hazard ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-6.6). With every 1-year increase in age, there was a reduction of 4% (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval: 0.94-0.98) in the hazard of conversion to TWA. No other factors, including concomitant posterior interosseous nerve neurectomy or bilateral PRC, increased the risk of conversion to TWA. Proximal row carpectomy is a motion-preserving salvage procedure with a low rate of conversion to wrist arthrodesis. Younger patient age increases the risk of conversion to arthrodesis, whereas posterior interosseous nerve neurectomy, bilateral PRCs, and comorbidity status do not appear to have an impact on the risk of arthrodesis. Prognostic II.

The Window Test: A Simple Bedside Method to Detect Radial Deviation of the Wrist Commonly Seen in Posterior Interosseous Nerve Palsy

Posterior interosseous nerve palsy (PINP) is a disorder caused by damage to the posterior interosseous nerve, resulting in weak extension of the wrist and fingers as well as radial deviation of the wrist. This study analyzed a new type of evaluation for PINP in hopes of increasing ease of diagnosis and earlier detection of the disorder. The window test is performed by the examiner laying hands on the ulnar aspect of the patient's pronated forearm while the patient tries to extend the wrist. A positive test is obtained when a gap (window) appears between the examiner's forearm and the patient's hand. Laypeople, medical students, residents, and practicing providers were assessed prospectively on their ability to correctly diagnose PINP by observing one hand, by observing both hands and by using the window test. The window test was consistently found to be the most effective method of evaluation, as it increased the accuracy of diagnosis in all groups surveyed. Additionally, case studies were performed using the window test on patients, further demonstrating the efficacy of the test by confirming wrist radial deviation. The window test introduces a reference frame making it easier to assess wrist radial deviation and offering a simple evaluation that can be administered by virtually anyone. These findings indicate that the implementation of the window test will increase the accuracy and effectiveness of PINP diagnosis, thus allowing early diagnosis and better management.

Arthroscopic Lunotriquetral Ligamentoplasty, from the Cadaver Lab to the Clinical Practice

Abstract Introduction There has been an increase in the diagnosis of injuries to the intrinsic ligaments of the wrist due to the more widespread use of arthroscopy in the treatment of patients with musculoskeletal wrist pain, and arthroscopy is particularly very helpful to determine the etiology of these lesions at the ulnar level. The treatment of lunotriquetral ligament injuries encompasses different techniques with results that are little reproducible. Ligament reconstruction through tendon grafting has shown favorable results, but it involves extensive open approaches that lead to a slower recovery a lower range of joint motion due to the excess of scar tissue. The objective of the present study is to describe the performance, in a cadaver, of a minimally-invasive lunotriquetral and secondary-stabilizer ligamentoplasty and its application in a representative clinical case. Material and Methods A preliminary study of six specimens in which a lunotriquetral and secondary-stabilizer ligamentoplasty was performed consecutively through a free tendon graft with arthroscopic assistance. We proceeded to recreate the complete ligament injury, and to perform an assessment of lunotriquetral instability according to the Geissler classification and an arthroscopic ballottement test. We describe the surgical technique, ligament stability after the ligamentoplasty, and the subsequent anatomical dissection, assessing the anatomical structures susceptible to iatrogenic injury. We also describe the application of the technique in one case, comparing the clinical parameters before and after the procedure: range of motion of the joint, strength, pain and the shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Hand, and Shoulder (QuickDASH) questionnaire. Results The ligamentoplasties performed showed recovery of the stability of the lunotriquetral interval assessed according to the Geissler classification and the arthroscopic ballottement test. In the dissection of the specimens, no iatrogenic lesions were found in the tendons or the surfaces of the mediocarpal and radiocarpal joints. The average distances between the nearest bone tunnels and nerves were of 7.3 mm for the sensory branch of the ulnar nerve, of 3.6 mm for the posterior interosseous nerve, and of 4.5 mm for the ulnar neurovascular bundle. No fractures were observed in the tunnelled bones. In the clinical case herein presented, six months after the intervention, there was an improvement in strength and preoperative pain, with a slight decrease in the joint range of motion (15% compared to the contralateral joint). Conclusions The lunotriquetral ligamentoplasty herein described could contribute to the biomechanical restoration of the carpus and be an option for recosntruction in selected cases. Its performance through minimally-invasive techniques, and the use of a free tendon graft together with specific rehabilitation should be considered to optimize the outcomes.

Pathological Locomotor Phenomena in the Wrist Joint Associated with Transposition of the Pronator Teres at Dysfunction of the Muscles of the Posterior Surface of the Forearm Caused by Denervation Process of Traumatic Genesis

Relevance. Dysfunction of the muscles of the posterior surface of the forearm leads to loss of extension in the wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal joints, and loss of abduction and extension of the first finger. The cause of dysfunction is damage to the radial nerve, supraclavicular or subclavian damage to the brachial plexus. The long regeneration process makes it impossible to effectively use the injured limb for a long period of time. Palliative use of movements (transposition) of muscles can significantly reduce the time for the patient to return to active use of the injured limb. Each of the muscle transpositions has certain disadvantages associated with the development of pathological locomotor phenomena (PLF) in the wrist joint. Ways to overcome them are based on a purely mechanistic approach, which is most often simplified to change the point of attachment of the primary non-functioning effector muscles.&#x0D; Objective: to define most adequate complex surgical approach in restoring effective extension function in the wrist joint and metacarpophalangeal joints.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of the surgical treatment of 30 consecutive cases of dysfunction of the muscles of the posterior surface of the forearm caused by traumatic damage to the structures of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of various localization was carried out. 23 patients with damage to the radial nerve. 7 patients with pathology of the brachial plexus. The mean age of patients was 41 years (from 18 to 64 years). Mean terms to primary surgical treatment were 4.6 months. 7 patients underwent only revision of the radial nerve within the segment (defect &gt;10 cm); 6 patients underwent neurotization of the posterior interosseous nerve using the Mackinnon technique; 5 patients underwent autologous plasty of the radial nerve (defect &lt;10 cm); 5 patients underwent its neurolysis. Neurolysis was performed in 6 patients with pathology of the brachial plexus, neurotization of the posterior interosseous nerve was performed in 1 case using the Mackinnon method. All patients underwent transposition of the forearm pronator teres (PT) according to the standard technique. Twelve patients underwent transposition of the flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR, 4 cases) or flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU, 8 cases) according to the standard technique. The results of transposition were analyzed after 1 month or later than 6 months, using a clinical neurological method. Regeneration of neural structures of PNS were analyzed within 9-12 months and additionally in terms later than 15 months both neurologically and electrophysiologically.&#x0D; Results. In 6 patients, there was no restoration of extension in the metacarpophalangeal joints (EMPJ), in 12 patients there was a complete recovery of EMPJ after interventions on the structures of the PNS (4 cases – autologous plasty, 7 cases – distal neurotization, 1 case – neurolysis of the radial nerve). In 8 patients, the formation of PLF was not observed during extension in the wrist joint after muscle transposition. In 15 patients, PLF “type B” was formed, and in 7 patients, PLF “type C” was formed within 1 month after muscle transposition. In none of the patients, PLF “type C” was observed to be preserved for &gt;6 months. In 8 patients, a permanent PLF “type B” was formed, which in 4 cases transformed into PLF “type D”. The formation of a steady-state PLF “type D” was recorded in all cases of neurolysis of the PNS structures without restoring extension in the metacarpophalangeal joints by the method of transposition. The formation of a steady-state PLF “type B” was recorded in all cases of FCU transposition to restore extension in the metacarpophalangeal joints. In 11 cases of reduction in the primary function of the FCR as a result of its denervation (neurotization according to the Mackinnon method) or transposition of the FCR muscles (change in the primary attachment point), PLF “type B” did not develop.&#x0D; Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the most adequate complex surgical approach to avoid the formation of a stable PLF caused by muscle transposition to restore extension in the wrist joint is Mackinnon neurotization or FCR transposition to restore EMPJ.

Risk of Posterior Interosseous Nerve Injury During Distal Biceps Tendon Repair Using a Cortical Button

PurposeTo evaluate the possibility of posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) injury during cortical button deployment and seating associated with bicortical drilling and passage of the cortical button across the distal cortex when repairing a distal biceps rupture in a cadaveric model.MethodsEach cadaver was placed in the supine position with the arm extended. A single 4 cm transverse incision was made in the region of the radial tuberosity, 3–4 cm distal to the antecubital fossa flexion crease, and dissected down to the radial tuberosity. A #2 looped nonabsorbable suture was used to baseball stitch the musculotendinous junction to the distal 2.5 cm end of the tendon. A 3.2 mm cannulated drill bit (Arthrex) was used to create a bicortical drill hole in the center of the radial tuberosity aiming 30° ulnar to maximize the distance from the PIN. Fluoroscopy was used to confirm drill placement in the radial tuberosity for all specimens. The posterior aspect of the elbow in all cadavers was subsequently dissected out to directly visualize how far the cannulated drill was from the PIN.ResultsTwelve cadavers, average age 57.4 years (range, 27–83 years), were dissected. During deployment, the cortical button contacted the PIN directly in 6 extremities. The cortical button came within 6 mm of the PIN in eleven extremities. In 8 specimens, the cortical button was within 2 mm of the PIN. The PIN was caught directly under the cortical button in one specimen.ConclusionsPlacement of a biceps cortical button bicortically when repairing a distal biceps tendon may increase the risk of injury to the PIN during cortical button deployment and seating.Type of study/level of evidenceTherapeutic IV.

The Anatomy of Nerve Transfers Used in Tetraplegic Hand Reconstruction

To evaluate the anatomy of nerve transfers used to reconstruct wrist extension, hand opening, and hand closing in tetraplegic patients. Nerve transfers were completed on 18 paired cadaveric upper limbs. The overlap of donor and recipient nerves was measured, as well as the distance to the target muscle. Axons were counted in each nerve and branch, with the axon percentage calculated by dividing the donor nerve count by that of the recipient. Transfers with overlap of the donor and recipient nerve were from the radial nerve branch to extensor carpi radialis brevis to anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) and from the branch(es) to supinator to posterior interosseous nerve. The extensor carpi radialis brevis to AIN had the shortest distance to the target, with the branch to brachialis to AIN being the longest. The nerve transfers for wrist extension had the highest axon percentage. Of the transfers for hand closing, the brachialis to AIN had the highest axon percentage, and the branch to brachioradialis to AIN had the lowest. The anatomical features of nerve transfers used in tetraplegic hand reconstruction are variable. Differences may help explain clinical outcomes. This study demonstrates which nerve transfers may be anatomically favorable for restoring hand function in tetraplegic patients.

Relationship between the Branching Patterns of the Radial Nerve and Supinator Muscle.

The posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) innervates the posterior compartment muscle of the forearm and is a continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve. The anatomic descriptions of PIN vary among different authors. This study investigated the distribution patterns of PIN and its relationships to the supinator muscle. This study investigated which nerves innervate the posterior compartment muscles of the forearm, the radial nerve, and the PIN, using 28 nonembalmed limbs. Also, the points where the muscle attaches to the bone were investigated. The measured variables in this study were measured from the most prominent point of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (LEH) to the most distal point of the radius styloid process. For each specimen, the distance between the above two points was assumed to be 100%. The measurement variables were the attachment area of the supinator and branching points from the radial nerve. The attachment points of the supinator to the radius and ulna were 47.9% ± 3.6% and 31.5% ± 5.2%, respectively, from the LEH. In 67.9% of the specimens, the brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) were innervated by the radial nerve before superficial nerve branching, and the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) innervated the deep branch of the radial nerve. In 21.4% of the limbs, the nerve innervating the ECRB branched at the same point as the superficial branch of the radial nerve, whereas it branched from the radial nerve in 7.1% of the limbs. In 3.6% of the limbs, the deep branch of the radial nerve branched to innervate the ECRL. PIN was identified as a large branch without divisions in 10.7% and as a deep branch innervating the extensor digitorum in 14.3% of the limbs. The anatomic findings of this study would aid in the diagnosis of PIN syndromes.

Supinator to Posterior Interosseous Nerve Transfer for Restoration of Finger Extension.

Cervical spinal cord injuries result in a severe loss of function and independence. The primary goal for these patients is the restoration of hand function. Nerve transfers have recently become a powerful intervention to restore the ability to grasp and release objects. The supinator muscle, although a suboptimal tendon transfer donor, serves as an ideal distal nerve donor for reconstructive strategies of the hand. This transfer is also applicable to lower brachial plexus injuries. To describe the supinator to posterior interosseous nerve transfer with the goal of restoring finger extension following spinal cord or lower brachial plexus injury. Nerve branches to the supinator muscle are transferred to the posterior interosseous nerve supplying the finger extensor muscles in the forearm. The supinator to posterior interosseous nerve transfer is effective in restoring finger extension following spinal cord or lower brachial plexus injury. This procedure represents an optimal nerve transfer as the donor nerve is adjacent to the target nerve and its associated muscles. The supinator muscle is innervated by the C5-6 nerve roots and is often available in cases of cervical SCI and injuries of the lower brachial plexus. Additionally, supination function is retained by supination action of the biceps muscle.

933 The Glass Half Full? A Case Of Cutaneous Neuroma Formation Post Laceration Of First Web-Space Of The Hand

Abstract Introduction neuromas are lesions resulting from abnormal nerve regeneration following a peripheral nerve injury and may cause severe pain. Method we present a case of a 54-year-old female who developed a painful cutaneous lesion over the first web-space of the hand following an untreated glass laceration 3 years previously. Results surgical resection revealed a 100% transection of ulnar digital nerve (UDN) of thumb with regeneration into the skin. A posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) nerve graft was required to bridge the resulting 15mm gap. Histopathology revealed a 12x12mm neuroma extending into dermis. Conclusions cutaneous neuroma is a rare consequence of penetrating trauma. This case highlights the need for prompt assessment of penetrating injuries to reduce risk of neuroma formation.

Acute complete and partial distal biceps tendon ruptures: what have we learned? A review.

Acute distal biceps tendon (DBT) pathology includes bicipitoradial bursitis, tendinosis, partial and complete tears.Diagnosis of complete DBT tears is mainly clinical, whereas in partial tears medical imaging is a valuable addition to the clinical diagnosis.New insights in clinical and medical imaging of partial tears may reduce time to diagnosis and may guide the treatment plan.Most complete tears are best treated with primary repair using either a single-incision or double-incision approach with good clinical outcome.The double-incision technique has a higher risk of heterotopic ossification, whereas a single-incision technique carries a higher risk of nerve-related complications.Intramedullary fixation may be a viable solution to negate the risk of posterior interosseus nerve lesions in single-incision repairs.DBT endoscopy can be used to treat low-grade partial tears and tendinosis. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:956-965. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200145

A strong reconstruction option for tissue loss on hand and wrist due to firearm injury in the Syrian war: Reverse posterior interosseous flap.

All of the injuries were the open injuries with bone or tendon structures in the hand and wrist region as a result of the firearm injury (FI) in the Syria. In the study, we assessed the outcomes of the posterior interosseous flap (PIF) on hand and wrist that we used for the Syrian injured people including civilians and soldiers in this War. PIF was applied to 77 patients who composed of 43 female and 34 male that all patients were evaluated for tissue loss resulting from gunshot wounds and injured in the War between 2014 and 2020 years with tissue loss in hand and wrist as a result of FI. The flap survival rate was 100% for all the patients. The dimensions of flaps ranged from 4.1 cm × 2.2 cm to 9cm × 5.4 cm with 0.51 ± 0.12 cm thickness. The mean pedicle length was 6.33 ± 1.08 cm. The surgery for PIF took 68.8 ± 22.1 minutes, while blood loss was 60 ± 24 mL. We observed no palsy conditions including the posterior interosseous nerve. The donor sites were treated by primary intention in the patients. We found the superiority of PIF with the postoperative follow-up comfort, ease of fracture healing, easy and fast, easy-to-apply method and no second additional session requirement in FI patients. We did not detect flap necrosis in any patient or observe a flap-related complication. As a result of the present study, it strongly supports the thesis that PIF is the best option in these cases.