The Wnt signalling pathway regulates cell-fate decisions in development through a complex of β-catenin and the TCF/LEF family of transcription factors. In most experimental systems, Wnt signalling stabilizes cytosolic β-catenin, which then binds to TCF and acts as a transcriptional co-activator. Thus, the loss of β-catenin and TCF results in similar phenotypes. However, in Caenorhabditis elegans, the loss of WRM-1 (a β-catenin homologue) has the opposite effect to the loss of POP-1 (a TCF-related protein). These papers reveal that a novel mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-like pathway converges with the Wnt signalling pathway to regulate TCF-mediated gene transcription1xMAP kinase and Wnt pathways converge to downregulate an HMG-domain repressor in Caenorhabditis elegans. Meneghini, M.D. et al. Nature. 1999; 399: 793–797Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (218)See all References, 2xWRM-1 activates the LIT-1 protein kinase to transduce anterior/posterior polarity signals in C. elegans. Rocheleau, C.E. et al. Cell. 1999; 97: 717–726Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (202)See all References, 3xThe TAK1–NLK–MAPK-related pathway antagonises signalling between β-catenin and transcription factor TCF. Ishitani, T. et al. Nature. 1999; 399: 798–802Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (423)See all References. This pathway might be the basis for the apparent discrepancy between the role of β-catenin in C. elegans and vertebrates.In C. elegans, Wnt signalling polarizes the embryo by downregulating POP-1 activity in posterior daughter cells. The proteins MOM-1 and LIT-1 are also required to downregulate POP-11xMAP kinase and Wnt pathways converge to downregulate an HMG-domain repressor in Caenorhabditis elegans. Meneghini, M.D. et al. Nature. 1999; 399: 793–797Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (218)See all References, 2xWRM-1 activates the LIT-1 protein kinase to transduce anterior/posterior polarity signals in C. elegans. Rocheleau, C.E. et al. Cell. 1999; 97: 717–726Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (202)See all References and are homologous to TAK1 (transforming-growth-factor-β-activated kinase 1) and NLK (nemo-like kinase) respectively, which are components of the MAP kinase pathway. Ishitani and colleagues3xThe TAK1–NLK–MAPK-related pathway antagonises signalling between β-catenin and transcription factor TCF. Ishitani, T. et al. Nature. 1999; 399: 798–802Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (423)See all References3 found that TAK1 and NLK negatively regulate β-catenin/TCF-mediated transcription in mammalian cells. TAK1 stimulates the kinase activity of NLK, and this in turn phosphorylates hTCF4. Phosphorylated hTCF4 can still bind to β-catenin, but NLK phosphorylation interferes with the binding of the β-catenin–TCF complex to DNA, thereby negatively regulating β-catenin–TCF-mediated transcription. NLK immunoprecipitates contain hTCF4, but the interaction does not appear to be direct and might require β-catenin3xThe TAK1–NLK–MAPK-related pathway antagonises signalling between β-catenin and transcription factor TCF. Ishitani, T. et al. Nature. 1999; 399: 798–802Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (423)See all References3. Consistent with this, in C. elegans, WRM-1 (β-catenin) was found in a stable complex with LIT-1 (NLK), where it activated LIT-1-dependent kinase activity to hyperphosphorylate POP-1 (TCF). However, unlike the situation in vertebrates, WRM-1 did not form a stable complex with POP-12xWRM-1 activates the LIT-1 protein kinase to transduce anterior/posterior polarity signals in C. elegans. Rocheleau, C.E. et al. Cell. 1999; 97: 717–726Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (202)See all References2. Interestingly, POP-1 was normally found in the nucleus of vertebrate cells (as it is in C. elegans embryos), but coexpression of POP-1 with LIT-1 and WRM-1 resulted in a redistribution of POP-1 to the cytoplasm2xWRM-1 activates the LIT-1 protein kinase to transduce anterior/posterior polarity signals in C. elegans. Rocheleau, C.E. et al. Cell. 1999; 97: 717–726Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (202)See all References2. Thus, in C. elegans, the accumulation of WRM-1 due to Wnt signalling might promote the inactivation of POP-1 through LIT-1 rather than promoting the coactivation of POP-1-mediated transcription.
Read full abstract