Postconcussive Symptoms In Children Research Articles

Sleep Disturbance and Postconcussive Symptoms in Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Orthopedic Injury.

Sleep disturbance (SD) is common after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and may predict increased postconcussive symptoms (PCS) and prolonged recovery. Our objective was to investigate the relation of SD with PCS in children with mTBI and those with orthopedic injury (OI). Emergency departments (EDs) at 2 children's hospitals in the Midwestern United States. Children and adolescents aged 8 to 16years old diagnosed with either a mTBI (n =143) or OI (n =74) and recruited within 24hours postinjury. Observational, prospective, concurrent cohort study with longitudinal follow-up. Parents rated children's preinjury sleep retrospectively shortly after injury, and postinjury sleep at 3 and 6months postinjury, using the Sleep Disorders Inventory for Students. Parents rated children's preinjury symptoms retrospectively in the emergency department, and parents and children rated PCS at 3 and 6months, using the Health and Behavior Inventory and the Postconcussive Symptom Interview. Weekly ratings on the Health and Behavior Inventory were also obtained remotely. Postinjury SD was modestly but not significantly higher in the mTBI group compared to the OI group (P =.060, d =0.32). Children with mTBI who were symptomatic postacutely based on parent ratings had worse parent-rated sleep outcomes at 3 and 6months postinjury compared to children who were not symptomatic. Greater preinjury SD also predicted more postinjury SD and more severe PCS regardless of injury type. The results suggest potential bidirectional associations between SD and PCS after mTBI. Studies of treatments for SD following pediatric mTBI are needed.

Association of Psychological Resilience, Cognitive Reserve, and Brain Reserve with Post-Concussive Symptoms in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Orthopedic Injury: An A-CAP Study.

Protective factors, including psychological resilience, cognitive reserve, and brain reserve, may be positively associated with recovery after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) but have yet to be studied concurrently. We sought to examine these factors as moderators of post-concussive symptoms (PCS) in pediatric mTBI compared to mild orthopedic injury (OI). Participants included 967 children (633 mTBI, 334 OI) aged 8-16.99 years, recruited from 5 Canadian pediatric emergency departments as part of a prospective longitudinal cohort study. At 10 days post-injury, psychological resilience was measured using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and brain reserve was measured using total brain volume (TBV) derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging . Cognitive reserve was measured at 3 months post-injury using IQ scores from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition. Cognitive and somatic PCS were measured using child and parent ratings on the Health and Behavior Inventory, completed weekly for 3 months and bi-weekly to 6 months. Analyses involved generalized least squares regression models using restricted cubic splines. Covariates included age at injury, sex, racialized identity, material and social deprivation, pre-injury migraine and concussion history, and retrospective pre-injury PCS. Psychological resilience moderated group differences in parent-reported PCS. At 30 days post-injury, estimated group differences in parent-reported cognitive and somatic PCS (mTBI > OI) were larger at higher (75th percentile) resilience scores (Est = 2.25 [0.87, 3.64] and Est = 2.38 [1.76, 3.00], respectively) than at lower (25th percentile) resilience scores (Est = 1.44 [0.01, 2.86] and Est = 2.08 [1.45, 2.71], respectively). Resilience did not moderate group differences in child-reported PCS but was negatively associated with child-reported PCS in both groups (ps < .001). Brain reserve (i.e., TBV) also moderated group differences, but only for parent-reported somatic PCS (p = .018). Group difference (mTBI > OI) at 30 days were larger at smaller (25th percentile) TBV (Est = 2.78 [2.17, 3.38]) than at larger (75th percentile) TBV (Est = 1.95 [1.31, 2.59]). TBV was not associated with parent-reported cognitive PCS or child-reported PCS. IQ did not moderate PCS in either group but had a significant non-linear association in both groups with child-reported somatic PCS (p = .018) and parent-reported PCS (p < .001), with higher PCS scores at both lower and higher IQs. These findings suggest that higher resilience predicts fewer PCS, but less strongly after mTBI than OI; greater brain reserve may reduce the effect of mTBI on somatic PCS; and cognitive reserve has an unexpected curvilinear association with PCS across injury types. The results highlight the importance of protective factors as predictors of recovery and potential targets for intervention following pediatric mTBI.

Applicability and clinical utility of the German rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire in proxies of children after traumatic brain injury: an instrument validation study.

The German Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) can be used to assess post-concussion symptoms (PCS) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults, adolescents, and children. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the German RPQ proxy version (N = 146) for children (8-12 years) after TBI at the item, total and scale score level. Construct validity was analyzed using rank correlations with the proxy-assessed Post-Concussion Symptoms Inventory (PCSI-P), the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7 (GAD-7). Furthermore, sensitivity testing was performed concerning subjects' sociodemographic and injury-related characteristics. Differential item functioning (DIF) was analyzed to assess the comparability of RPQ proxy ratings for children with those for adolescents. Good internal consistency was demonstrated regarding Cronbach's α (0.81-0.90) and McDonald's ω (0.84-0.92). The factorial validity of a three-factor model was superior to the original one-factor model. Proxy ratings of the RPQ total and scale scores were strongly correlated with the PCSI-P (ϱ = 0.50-0.69), as well as moderately to strongly correlated with the PHQ-9 (ϱ = 0.49-0.65) and the GAD-7 (ϱ = 0.44-0.64). The DIF analysis revealed no relevant differences between the child and adolescent proxy versions. The German RPQ proxy is a psychometrically reliable and valid instrument for assessing PCS in children after TBI. Therefore, RPQ self- and proxy-ratings can be used to assess PCS in childhood as well as along the lifespan of an individual after TBI.

Trajectories of Daily Postconcussion Symptoms in Children.

To identify trajectories of daily postconcussion symptoms (PCS) from the acute postinjury period to symptom resolution among concussed children and examine demographic factors and acute PCS associated with the identified symptom trajectories. Seventy-nine participants with a concussion were enrolled within 72 hours of injury and completed a daily survey that assessed PCS from enrollment until symptom resolution. This was a prospective cohort study among concussed children aged 11-17 years. Children rated their concussion symptoms daily using the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. Symptom duration was assessed using participants' date of symptom resolution and coded as a dichotomous variable: (1) PCS duration 14 days or less or (2) PCS duration longer than 14 days. Of the 79 participants, most were male ( n = 53, 67%), injured during a sporting activity ( n = 67, 85%), or had PCS that persisted for more than 14 days post-injury ( n = 41, 52%). Group-based trajectory modeling yielded 4 trajectory groups: (1) low acute/resolved PCS ( n = 39, 49%), (2) moderate/persistent PCS ( n = 19, 24%), (3) high acute/persistent PCS ( n = 13, 16%), and (4) high acute/resolved PCS ( n = 8, 10%). No significant associations were found between demographic factors and the trajectory group. A higher symptom burden at injury was associated with an increased odds of being in the high acute/resolved or high acute/persistent recovery groups than being in the low acute/resolved group (odds ratio [OR] 1.39, 95% CI = 1.11-1.74; OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.11-1.60, respectively), as was a higher symptom severity at injury (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.03-1.15; OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02-1.11, respectively). Our findings may help clinicians identify concussed children on slower recovery trajectories, and implement early, individualized treatment plans that foster optimal recovery for concussed children.

Dynamic Relations Between Psychological Resilience and Post-Concussion Symptoms in Children With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Versus Orthopedic Injury: An A-CAP Study.

Higher psychological resilience is correlated with less severe post-concussion symptoms (PCS) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children, but the directional nature of this relationship remains uncertain. Although traditionally regarded as a stable, trait-like construct, resilience may be malleable and potentially influenced by mTBI and post-concussive symptoms. The current study sought to examine the stability of resilience, elucidate the dynamic nature of the resilience-PCS relation, and determine whether resilience-symptom associations are specific to mTBI or applicable to traumatic injury in general. Participants were children aged 8-16.99 years with either mTBI (n = 633) or orthopedic injury (OI; n = 334) recruited to participate in a prospective cohort study after presenting acutely to five Canadian pediatric emergency departments (EDs). Symptoms and psychological resilience were assessed at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months post-injury. Group differences in resilience over time were examined using a mixed linear model, and associations between resilience and symptoms over time were examined using random intercepts cross-lagged panel modeling (RI-CLPM). The mTBI group reported significantly lower resilience than the OI group, but the difference was significantly larger 1 week post-injury (d = 0.50) than at 3 months (d = 0.08) and 6 months (d = 0.10). Cross-lagged panel models indicated that resilience had both stable and dynamic aspects, and both affected and was affected by PCS, although their association varied by time post-injury, symptom measure, and reporter (parent vs. child). Higher parent-reported cognitive symptom severity at 1 week was significantly associated with higher resilience at 3 months (β = 0.23, p = 0.001). Higher resilience at 3 months was associated with lower levels of parent-reported somatic symptom severity (β = -0.14, p = 0.004) and fewer total symptoms (β = -0.135, p = 0.029) at 6 months. Higher resilience at 3 months was associated with fewer child-reported symptoms at 6 months (β = -0.11, p = 0.030) and, reciprocally, fewer child-reported symptoms at 3 months were associated with higher resilience at 6 months (β = -0.22, p = 0.001). Notably, injury group was not a significant moderator in cross-lagged models, suggesting that resilience-symptom associations are not specific to mTBI. Psychological resilience and symptoms have bidirectional relationships after injury. Interventions designed to foster resilience have the potential to promote recovery after mTBI specifically and injury more generally.

Persistent post-concussion symptoms in children: pre-injury social difficulties and acute stress reaction as risk factors

ABSTRACT Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) children usually experience one or more somatic, cognitive, and/or emotional-behavioral post-concussion symptoms (PCS). PCS may be transient, however for some children, persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) might linger for months or years. Identifying risk factors for PPCS may allow earlier interventions for patients at greater risk. We examined pre-injury social difficulties and acute stress reaction as risk factors to PPCS in children. Participants were 83 children (aged 8–16) with mTBI. In a prospective follow-up, pre-injury social difficulties, 24-hours post-concussion symptoms, and acute stress reactions were tested as predictors of one-week and four-months PCS reports. Parents’ reports, self-reports, and neurocognitive tests were employed. One-week PCS level was associated with acute stress, and not with 24-hours post-concussion symptoms or pre-injury social difficulties. Four-months PCS level was predicted by pre-injury social difficulties and 24-hours post-concussion symptoms, with no contribution of acute stress. Interestingly, less symptoms at 24-hour from injury were associated with a higher level of PCS at four months. Cognitive functioning at four months was predicted by acute stress, with no contribution of 24-hours post-concussion symptoms or pre-injury social difficulties. Cognitive functioning did not differ between children with and without PPCS. In conclusion, non-injury, socio-emotional factors (pre-injury social difficulties, acute stress) should be considered, alongside injury-related factors, in predicting recovery from mTBI. Pre-injury social difficulties and stress reaction to the traumatic event might pose an emotional burden and limit one’s social support during recovery, thus require clinical attention in children following mTBI.

Classification Criteria and Rates of Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

To provide a systematic review of studies examining the proportion of children with persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS) and to examine potential moderators of prevalence. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials on April 16, 2020. Criteria for study inclusion were children aged <18years with concussion or mild traumatic brain injury, operational definition of PPCS, assessment of postconcussive symptoms at least 4weeks postinjury, sample sizes and proportion with PPCS available, and study published in English. Definition of PPCS, sample size, proportion of participants identified with PPCS, child sex and age at injury, time postinjury, premorbid symptoms, diagnosis (concussion or mild traumatic brain injury), and study publication year were extracted from each article. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Thirteen studies, with a total of 5307 participants, were included in our analysis. The proportion of children identified with PPCS was 35.1% (weighted average; 95% CI, 26.3%-45.0%). The prevalence of PPCS was higher in older and female children who presented for care at concussion clinics, and in more recent publications. Approximately one-third of children with concussion/mild traumatic brain injury will experience PPCS. Age, sex, and point of care could help identify children at high risk for PPCS.

Paediatric post-concussive symptoms: symptom clusters and clinical phenotypes

ObjectiveTo assess the co-occurrence and clustering of post-concussive symptoms in children, and to identify distinct patient phenotypes based on symptom type and severity.MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis of the prospective,...

Postconcussion Symptoms After an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: Frequency, Risk Factors, and Impact on Quality of Life.

Postconcussion symptoms (PCSs) are common complaints reported by patients after a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and these symptoms may lower quality of life. Previous investigations have primarily focused on PCSs in children, adults, and athletes. The frequency, and risk factors, and effects of PCSs for older adults with mild TBIs are unclear. To investigate the frequency and risk factors of PCSs, and investigate their effects on quality of life over time after mild TBI in older adults. A prospective longitudinal study was performed. All participants were enrolled from the emergency department or neurosurgical outpatient clinics of a medical center. The measurement tools were the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire and the Quality of Life after Traumatic Brain Injury. Measurements were performed on the seventh day, at the first month, and at the sixth month after the head injury. A generalized estimating equation model was used for data analyses. One hundred and one older adults (mean age of 76.0 years) with mild TBIs with negative neuroimaging findings were included. Overall, 32.7%, 4%, and 15.8% of the sample reported PCS after 7 days, 1 month, and 6 months of head injury, respectively, revealing a U-shaped trend. We observed that comorbidity measured using the modified Charlson Comorbidity Index was associated with differences in PCSs ( P < .05). PCSs were an independent predictor of changes in postinjury quality of life ( P < .001). The results indicate that PCS after a mild TBI in older adults is prevalent, even in the chronic phase after a TBI, and PCSs significantly affected the quality of life of our cohort. Therefore, to improve patient quality of life, healthcare providers should employ effective interventions to manage PCSs at different phases after a TBI.

Persistent postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents with mild traumatic brain injury receiving initial head computed tomography.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the prevalence of postconcussive symptoms and their relation to health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in pediatric and adolescent patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) who received head CT imaging during initial assessment. Patients aged between 5 and 21 years with mTBI (Glasgow Coma Scale scores 13-15) and available Rivermead Post Concussion Questionnaire (RPQ) at 6 months of follow-up in the multicenter, prospectively collected CENTER-TBI (Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI) study were included. The prevalence of postconcussive symptoms was assessed, and the occurrence of postconcussive syndrome (PSC) based on the ICD-10 criteria, was analyzed. HRQOL was compared in patients with and without PCS using the Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) questionnaire. A total of 196 adolescent or pediatric mTBI patients requiring head CT imaging were included. High-energy trauma was prevalent in more than half of cases (54%), abnormalities on head CT scans were detected in 41%, and admission to the regular ward or intensive care unit was necessary in 78%. Six months postinjury, 36% of included patients had experienced at least one moderate or severe symptom on the RPQ. PCS was present in 13% of adolescents and children when considering symptoms of at least moderate severity, and those patients had significantly lower QOLIBRI total scores, indicating lower HRQOL, compared with young patients without PCS (57 vs 83 points, p < 0.001). Adolescent and pediatric mTBI patients requiring head CT imaging show signs of increased trauma severity. Postconcussive symptoms are present in up to one-third of those patients, and PCS can be diagnosed in 13% 6 months after injury. Moreover, PCS is significantly associated with decreased HRQOL.

Examining Criteria for Defining Persistent Post-concussion Symptoms in Children and Adolescents.

Researchers operationalize persistent post-concussion symptoms in children and adolescents using varied definitions. Many pre-existing conditions, personal characteristics, and current health issues can affect symptom endorsement rates in the absence of, or in combination with, a recent concussion, and the use of varied definitions can lead to differences in conclusions about persistent symptoms and recovery across studies. This study examined how endorsement rates varied by 14 different operational definitions of persistent post-concussion symptoms for uninjured boys and girls with and without pre-existing or current health problems. This cross-sectional study included a large sample (age range: 11–18) of girls (n = 21,923) and boys (n = 26,556) without a recent concussion who completed the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale at preseason baseline. Endorsements rates varied substantially by definition, health history, and current health issues. The most lenient definition (i.e., a single mild symptom) was endorsed by most participants (54.5% of boys/65.3% of girls). A large portion of participants with pre-existing mental health problems (42.7% of boys/51.5% of girls), current moderate psychological distress (70.9% of boys/72.4% of girls), and insufficient sleep prior to testing (33.4% of boys/47.6% of girls) endorsed symptoms consistent with mild ICD-10 postconcussional syndrome; whereas participants with no current or prior health problems rarely met this definition (1.6% of boys/1.6% of girls). The results illustrate the tremendous variability in the case definitions of persistent symptoms and the importance of harmonizing definitions across future studies.

Early versus delayed emergency department presentation following mild Traumatic Brain Injury and the presence of symptom at 1, 4 and 12 weeks in children

ObjectivesWe evaluated the association between timing of presentation and postconcussive symptoms (PCS) at 1, 4 and 12 weeks after injury.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study conducted...

Examining Microstructural White Matter Differences between Children with Typical and Those with Delayed Recovery Two Weeks Post-Concussion

Delayed recovery from concussion can dramatically affect a child's social, emotional, and educational development, yet little is known about what causes some children to recover faster than others. The contribution of white matter disruption in children with delayed recovery has been hypothesized, but findings are limited by methodological issues such as: small heterogeneous samples, bias toward children with delayed recovery, and inconsistencies in timing of brain imaging, both within and between studies. The aim of the present study was to assess diffusion neuroimaging correlates of delayed recovery post-concussion in children. A prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study was conducted at a statewide tertiary pediatric hospital. Forty-three children who presented to the emergency department (ED) with concussion (defined according to the Zurich/Berlin Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a 2 weeks post-injury and were classified as either normally recovering (n = 26) or delayed recovering (n = 17). Diffusion imaging comparison using voxelwise tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis found no difference between the groups in fractional anisotropy, axial diffusion, radial diffusion, or mean diffusivity metrics (p > 0.05 threshold-free cluster enhancement [TFCE] corrected). Post-hoc tract-based Bayesian analysis found evidence for the null in 11 unique white matter tracts (Bayes factor >3). These findings indicate that delayed recovery from post-concussive symptoms in children is unlikely to be caused by white matter microstructural damage.

The Effects of Including Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment Protocol of Concussions: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis

Background of Study: More research studies are being completed advocating for the use of exercise as an intervention and form of treatment for concussions. However, exercise can include many forms of physical activity, intensities, and durations. This systemic review and meta-analysis focused on the use of aerobic exercise, such as cycling or walking, as an intervention and form of treatment for children and young adults suffering from a concussion. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine if the addition of aerobic exercise to an individual concussion treatment makes a significant difference when compared to treatments using flexibility as a form of physical activity or traditional methods of treatment following guidelines from the 2016 Berlin Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport. Method: The search conducted for articles generated 472 studies. Out of these, 5 studies were selected based from the inclusion criteria. Results: Aerobic exercise was shown to significantly decrease the absolute risk difference for the development of prolonged post-concussion symptoms in children and adolescents with concussions when compared to those who reported no physical activity. The mean risk difference for the independent variable (IV) was -0.12 with a 95% confidence interval was reported to be -0.17 to -0.07 and an effect size of Z = 4.94 (P &lt; 0.00001). Aerobic exercise was also shown to have an effect on the change in post-concussion symptom scale scores. The mean IV difference was 8.7 with a 95% confidence interval of 2.05 to 14.35 and an effect size of Z=3.02 (p=0.003). Conclusion: In conclusion, while there is evidence that aerobic exercise is beneficial for children and adolescents with a concussion, more studies need to be completed focusing on this age group and the effects of aerobic exercise on concussion recovery.

Psychological Resilience as a Predictor of Symptom Severity in Adolescents With Poor Recovery Following Concussion.

Examine the mediating effects of anxiety and depressive symptoms on the relationship between psychological resilience and post-concussive symptoms (PCS) in children with poor recovery following concussion. Adolescents (N=93), ages 13 to 18 years, were assessed at a neuropsychology screening clinic at a children's hospital. They sustained concussions more than 1 month before the clinic visit (median time since injury=5.1 months; range=42-473 days) and were seen on the basis of poor recovery (i.e., presence of persistent PCS and complaints of cognitive problems). Self-reported psychological resilience was measured using the 10-item version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; self- and parent-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured using the Behaviour Assessment System for Children - Second Edition; and self- and parent-reported PCS were measured using the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory. All variables were measured concurrently. Regression-based mediation analyses were conducted to examine anxiety and depressive symptoms as mediators of the relationship between psychological resilience and PCS. Psychological resilience significantly predicted self-reported PCS. Self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between resilience and self-reported PCS, and parent-reported child depressive symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between resilience and self- and parent-reported PCS. Psychological resilience plays an important role in recovery from concussion, and this relationship may be mediated by anxiety and depressive symptoms. These results help shed light on the mechanisms of the role of psychological resilience in predicting PCS in children with prolonged symptom recovery. (JINS, 2019, 25, 346-354).

The Role of Psychology in Pediatric Concussion

Postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents may include cognitive, psychological, and behavioral changes. When symptoms become chronic they are often not able to be identified with standard medical evaluations. Physicians may find that these chronic symptoms are also resistant to traditional medical treatments. Postconcussive symptoms may be associated with the injury itself and/or secondary to the resulting psychological issues or stressors/changes following a concussion. It is important to conduct an extensive evaluation of psychological and nonorganic factors that may be contributing to the presentation in order to determine appropriate referrals and interventions. Integrative care is an effective and essential care model for this population.

Effect of Sex on Recovery From Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Participating in an Active Rehabilitation Intervention.

To estimate the extent to which biologic sex contributes to the severity of postconcussion symptoms (PCSs) in concussed youth, who are slow to recover and who receive an active rehabilitation intervention (ARI) as part of their standard care. The concussion clinic of a pediatric trauma center in Canada. A total of 355 youth with persistent PCS (188 girls and 167 boys) as per the following criteria: (1) diagnosed with a concussion (or mild traumatic brain injury) as per the 2004 World Health Organization definition; (2) aged 8 to 17 years (mean = 14.34, standard deviation [SD] = 2.22 years); (3) presenting with at least 1 PCS interfering with daily activities (mean total PCS score at initial assessment = 24.50, SD = 18.88); and (4) on ARI 4 weeks postinjury (mean = 30.46, SD = 3.74 days). A retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort. PCS severity, measured by the PCS Scale (PCSS) included in the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool-3, was the dependent variable. PCSs were assessed 3 times over a 4-week period. Boys presented with significantly fewer symptoms than girls 4 weeks postinjury, at initiation of the ARI (PCSS total score mean: ♂ = 19.9, ♀ = 28.5, P < .001, confidence interval = -14.8 to -6.4), at 2 and 4 weeks of follow-up, but the rate of recovery was slightly faster for girls over the follow-up period. Despite differences between the PCSS score reduction after 4 weeks of intervention, our results favored to a slightly faster recovery for girls over the follow-up period. Although our findings are not strong enough to suggest distinct sex-specific intervention, both boys and girls benefit from participating in an ARI.

Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents.

Investigators from the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Boston Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Montreal, McGill University Health Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Calgary, and the University of Ottawa researched the association between early physical activity and persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS).

Physical activity following acute concussion and persistent postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents

ABSTRACTThe management of concussion in pediatric patients has always been guided by treatment guidelines that have been drawn from consensus statements rather than clinical research projects. Grool and colleagues conducted a clinical research project on an early return to physical activity and its effect on post-concussion symptoms. The study enrolled 3063 pediatric patients, age 5.0 to 17.99 years of age who presented to one of nine Pediatric Emergency Research Centers in Canada. 2413 patients completed the primary outcome for exposure. A total of 1677 patients (69.5%) instituted some level of early physical activity, including light aerobic exercise (n = 795 or 32.9%), sport-specific exercise (n = 214 or 8.9%), non-contact drills (n = 143 or 5.9%), full-contact practice (n = 106 or 4.4%), or full competition (n = 419 or 17.4%), while 736 (30.5%) instituted no physical activity. Patients were evaluated by a web-based survey or a telephone-based survey at days 7 and 28 after their initial visit, and their symptoms were evaluated by using the Post Concussive Symptom Inventory (PCSI). Early return to physical activity was associated with a lower risk of Persistent Post-Concussive Syndrome (PPCS) than in patients reporting no physical activity at 28 days (24.6% vs. 43.5%, Absolute risk difference, (ARD), 18.9% (95% CI 14.7–23.0%). Among the sub-group of patients who were symptomatic at day 28 (n = 803), PPCS was more present in the patients that reported no physical activity, (n = 584: PPCS 52.9%), than those with light aerobic activity (n = 494 [46.4%; ARD, 6.5%; 95% CI 5.7–12.5%], moderate activity [n = 176 (38.6%; ARD, 14.3%; 95% CI 5.9%-22.2%], or full contact activity [n = 133 (36.1%; ARD, 16.8%; 95% CI 7.5%- 25.5%]. Therefore, in patients aged 5 to 18 years with acute concussion, a return to physical activity within 7 days of acute injury was associated with less symptoms at 28 days than in patients who had a period of prolonged rest rather than an early return to physical activity.

Psychological Resilience as a Predictor of Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms in Children With Single and Multiple Concussion.

To evaluate the relationship of psychological resilience to persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS) in children with a history of single or multiple concussions, as well as orthopedic injury (OI). Participants (N=75) were children, ages 8-18 years, who sustained a single concussion (n=24), multiple concussions (n=25), or an OI (n=26), recruited from a tertiary care children's hospital. All participants sustained injuries at least 6 months before recruitment, with an average time since injury of 32.9 months. Self-reported psychological resilience was measured using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and both self- and parent-reported PCS were measured using the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory. Hierarchical regression analyses examined psychological resilience as a predictor of PCS, both as a main effect and as a moderator of group differences. Multiple concussions and low psychological resilience were both significant predictors of persistent PCS. Resilience was not a significant moderator of group differences in PCS. Sustaining multiple concussions may increase a child's risk of persistent PCS; however, high psychological resilience may serve as a protective factor, regardless of the number or type of injuries sustained. These findings provide support for developing and testing interventions aimed at increasing psychological resilience as a potential means of improving outcomes for children suffering from persistent PCS after concussion. (JINS, 2018, 24, 759-768).