Postwar Years Research Articles

Vampiric Masculinity. Rachilde's Le grand saigneur (1922) and the Writing of Gender Violence in Post-War France

Rachilde’s novel Le grand saigneur (1922) stands out from her other works in the 1920s and 1930s for its provocative portrayal of the French war veteran as a sadist who inflicts violence on those who do not conform to the codes of militarized, hegemonic masculinity. This article argues that the novel reflects the post-war years as a violent era for women and non-conforming men, shaped by the hateful discourses that emerged during the First World War. Rachilde writes about psychological and physical threats to women and non-conforming masculinity by delving into the violent fantasies nurtured by a larger-than-life, though well-recognizable, supporter of hegemonic masculinity against them. Drawing on an eclectic mix of literary genres, Rachilde depicts a society in which the impunity of men protected by their wealth and military status and the guilt bestowed upon (sometimes internalized by) women trivialize diverse forms of gender violence. Le grand saigneur belongs to the few ‘romans anti-sentimentaux’ Rachilde wrote during the interwar period. It is also an arresting attempt to write about gender violence through multiple subjectivities in order to explore the gendered, cultural, traumatic, and socio-economic factors that enabled it at this troubled historical juncture.

The War on the North American Left-Wing Labor Movement From World War I Through the Post-World War II Period

Repression of the North American trade union movement dates to the late nineteenth century. Much of this repression has occurred in response to union militancy during strikes, some of which were directed against political radicals of various orientations. Peaks of repression against radical trade unionism occurred during World War I and in the immediate postwar years as well as in the early Cold War period, after World War II’s conclusion into the early 1950s. Through the analysis of three recently published volumes, I argue that the repression of North American left-wing unions was intentionally severe because of the strength of these labor organizations and the threat they were perceived to pose to employers and the government. Given that these left-wing unions were much more militant than the American Federation of Labor unions, this governmental repression (as well as that of other forces) can be viewed as a conscious set of tactics invoked that were meant to break, or at a minimum tame, these radical unions in the service of capital. Such behavior also acted as a warning to nonradical unions that repression could be directed against them as well.

The Study of Jadidism in Soviet and Russian Historiography

The article provides an overview of the history of the study of Muslim reformism, known in the scientific literature as Jadidism, in the works of Soviet and Russian researchers. At first, it included only the reform of Islamic education, and later it began to be understood as a broader movement of “Muslim enlightenment” aimed at reforming the entire Muslim society. The study of the history of Jadidism in Russia began in the 1920s. Soviet scientists through the prism of the Marxist theory of the development of socio- economic formations. In the post-war years, Soviet historians and social scientists wrote critically about Jadidism. During the years of Khrushchev’s “thaw”, scholars tried to reconsider the essence of Jadidism in the socialist context of historical research through the reinterpretation of Islam as a specific Tatar national cultural heritage, called “mirasism”. A new stage of Russian historiography in matters of Jadidism began in the post- Soviet period, when Jadidism began to be seen as a social movement of Russian Muslims aimed at forming a nation of the European type. In general, it can be said that studies in Russian and Soviet historiography on the history of Jadidism in the Crimea, the Volga-Ural region, Central Asia and the Caucasus are distinguished by different methodologies and conceptual approaches, while works on the history of the Jadid movement in the Volga-Ural region are more complete. Despite the fact that there is no common understanding of the phenomenon of Jadidism in the Volga-Ural region, nevertheless, scientists of different directions (historians, philologists, Islamic scholars) have done a lot of work in studying this issue. In this regard, the history of Muslim reformism in the North Caucasus, in particular in Dagestan, is practically not studied. As well as there is no special work on this region.

Ira G. Owen: US Civil War Era Photographer of Newton, New Jersey

Like other studio photographers, Ira G. Owen, primarily active in Newton, New Jersey, in the 1860s, sought to profit from the strong demand for photographs so that he could have a comfortable middle-class life. Owen exemplifies the “you can make it if you try” kind of success story that came true for some able and motivated entrepreneurial Americans in a market economy in which small businesses could flourish under effective management. This article by Gary Saretzky traces the trajectory of Owen’s career, closely looking at his marketing and production methods, including posing styles employed to satisfy his many customers during the Civil War and postwar years in Newton, Hackettstown, and Scranton. For additional illustrations to this article, see the Ira G. Owen Digital Portfolio. A special addendum to this article, by Joseph G. Bilby, outlines the military career of one of Owen’s subjects, Nathaniel K. Bray.

Reforming Children’s Health Care in the Soviet Union after the World War II

The article presents the results of historical and medical research reflecting the issues of reforming children’s health care after the World War II. The aim of the study is to present the problems of reforming children’s health care in the USSR in the post-war decade (1946–1956). The study relevance is defined by necessity to examine the historical experience of reforming children’s health care during the most difficult for our country post-war period so we can learn crucial lessons from the past and use them further for the successful implementation of the federal project “Development of children’s health care, including the creation of modern infrastructure for medical care provision for children”. Published and unpublished documents of the USSR Ministry of Health and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, as well as publications from medical journals, scientific collections, monographs were studied to cover this issue. The analysis of this study has shown that the most significant part in the state health reform started in the first post-war years was the merger of hospitals and clinics for adults, maternity hospitals with women’s consultations, children’s hospitals with children’s consultations and outpatients’ clinics. The post-war reform has contributed to the improvement of the quality of inpatient and outpatient medical care, to the increasing role of the hospital as the organizing and leading center of all united facilities. The integration of children’s hospitals with consultations and outpatients’ clinic, as well as the organization of the primary pediatric care according to the system of medical and preventive care provision for children aged from birth to 16 years by single pediatrician, have shown succession in the work of primary care doctors and hospitals. The increase in the health workers qualifications, the development of specialized types of medical care, the improvement in the quality of medical and preventive care were observed. The reform of children’s health care contributed to the diseases’ timely diagnosis and early patients’ hospitalization, strengthening the connection of the primary care doctor and nurse with the child’s family, and decreasing of child morbidity and mortality.

The Daily Life of the Armenian Clergy (Priests) in the Post-War Years (1946–1954)

Հայրենական Մեծ պատերազմի տարիներին հայության ազգային միասնությունը իրագործվեց նաև Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցու ջանքերով։ Եկեղեցու գործադրած ջանքերը տվեցին իրենց պտուղները։ Պետությունեկեղեցի փոխհարաբերություններում տեղի ունեցավ կտրուկ տեղաշարժ, ինչը հնարավորություն տվեց նոր շունչ հաղորդել Սուրբ Էջմիածնին և առավելագույնս վերականգնել նրա հեղինակությունն ու դիրքը։ Սակայն հետպատերազմյան շրջանին բնորոշ համընդհանուր ճգնաժամի պայմաններում Մայր Աթոռը ստիպված էր ինքնակազմակերպվել ու սատարել հալածված ու վարկաբեկված եկեղեցուն, սթափեցնել քահանաներին։ В годы Великой Отечественной войны национальное единство армян было реализовано также усилиями Армянской Апостольской церкви. Усилия церкви дали свои плоды. В государственноцерковных отношениях произошли положительные изменения, что позволило восстановить авторитет церкви и ее положение. Однако структура Первопрестольного св. Эчмиадзина, сформированная в условиях общего кризиса, характерного для послевоенного периода, должна была быть реорганизована, чтобы реабилитировать гонимую и дискредитированную церковь и священников.

Письма А. В. Соловьёва А. В. Флоровскому (из собрания славянской библиотеки в Праге)

The publication continues the introduction into scientific circulation of letters from the legal historian A.V. Soloviev to the historian-slavist A.V. Florovsky. The proposed letters date back to the late 1940s - early 1960s and are stored in the A.V. Florovsky collection in the Slavic Library in Prague. The letters provide numerous details of Soloviev's biography of the post-war years and reveal his views on a number of subjects in ancient Russian history. It also shows Soloviev's attitude to various scientific and pseudoscientific publications by authors of the Russian Abroad. The letters are accompanied by the necessary comments and introduction.

Между дегерманизацией и славянизацией: концепции интеграции Возвращенных польских земель после Второй мировой войны

The article examines the integration concepts of “recovered territories” (former German lands) as part of the post-war Poland, proposed by various political forces represented in the Polish Resistance Movement during World War II, in order to determine their influence on the subsequent development of the state, whose borders in 1945 changed radically. This study is based on acts and memoranda of the Polish government in exile, documents of new authorities created by the Communists and their allies in the liberated territory, programs of political and public organizations, press materials, and memoirs. The author pays special attention to the terms “de-Germanisation” and “Slavianisation”, which the program settings of the government in exile in London and its supporters, as well as the plans of the Polish communists, contain. The article traces the gradual transition to a common understanding of the mechanism of future integration processes as “re-Polonisation”. First of all, it was a radical change of population in the newly annexed territories and at the same time the forced deportation of German citizens to Germany and the settlement of the vacated spaces by Poles from the central voivodships of the country and repatriates from the USSR. On the other hand, the local Poles (former German citizens) were not deported. According to the Polish authorities, this autochthonous Polish population was subjected to forced Germanisation for many centuries, they needed to return their native language and Polish appearance in full. As a result, various groups of inhabitants of Polish origin with diverse cultural backgrounds had to transform into a homogeneous ethnocultural community, which was to become part of a single Polish nation. Re-Polonisation also implied a whole range of measures aimed at changing the cultural landscape and national symbols, restoring the former Slavic toponyms, and identifying and consolidating historical and cultural evidence of the Polish past of the new territories in the public consciousness. However, the analysis of the integration concepts of the opposing Polish political movements shows serious differences in the understanding of the term “re-Polonisation”, in the development and application of specific mechanisms for its implementation in the new Polish territories. Polish emigrant circles in London gave priority to the national-cultural aspects of integration, while the left-wing forces finally came to the conclusion that socialist-type transformations would become a universal means of integration for all groups of Polish society. With the victory of the Communists, the latter approach prevailed, which led to the underestimation of many factors and errors in the sphere of the national-cultural policy in the newly annexed lands in the first post-war years.

SOCIAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW

Introduction. Features of the financing of social protection and social security in conditions of large-scale war include increased spending on military needs, assistance to IDPs, reconstruction of damaged infrastructure facilities, and provision of medical assistance to the injured. On the other hand, martial law can lead to a reduction in spending on social programs due to the redistribution of budget funds to the country’s defense needs. The study of this topic will make it possible to understand how the military conflict affects the financial possibilities of providing social protection and social security for the population of Ukraine, to identify problematic aspects and to look for effective financing strategies in such conditions. The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical and practical foundations of the financing mechanism of social protection and social security in Ukraine, to identify possible strategies and prospects for optimizing this system in the face of new challenges. Results. The theoretical foundations of financing social protection and social security in Ukraine are highlighted. The dynamics of budgetary financing of social protection and social security and the structure and composition of expenditures of the State and local budgets for social security and social security are analyzed. The peculiarities of expenditures on social protection and social welfare in the conditions of a large-scale war are highlighted. The main problems were revealed and ways of improving the system of financing social protection and social security were formed. Conclusions. The beginning of a large-scale war on the territory of Ukraine significantly affected the social protection of the population. The hostilities caused an increase in expenses for social assistance, and in the future only an increase in this item of expenses is predicted. In the post-war years, spending on social protection and social security will only increase due to a significant increase in war veterans, persons with disabilities, IDPs affected by the military conflict, as well as citizens who will suffer from economic difficulties and social challenges caused by the war. Therefore, today, an important task for the state is to ensure social protection and social security during such a crisis situation as war, and in the future - comprehensive regulation of the social protection system of Ukraine.

АНАЛІЗ СТАНУ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ МІСЬКОГО ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ

The production, distribution and consumption of goods is impossible without the participation of transport, in particular urban public transport, which is in a deep economic crisis, which only deepens with the passage of time. In addition, the city's public transport and its infrastructure suffered huge losses during the period of full-scale military aggression, but are gradually being restored thanks to the efforts of the city councils and the help of partner countries. Therefore, we consider it important to analyze the current state and prospects for the development of urban public transport in our country. The article identified, researched and analyzed the main performance indicators of enterprises that are part of the Corporation of Urban Electric Transport Enterprises of Ukraine "Ukrelektrotrans", namely: volumes of transport work, volumes of passenger transportation, own expenses and revenues for 2022-2023. The analysis of the dynamics of all technical and economic indicators without exception showed that in the country as a whole in 2022 they significantly decreased compared to the indicators of 2021, but in 2023 the opposite trend was observed - an increase in the volume of transport work, passenger transportation, income and expenses at almost all enterprises of the country. Regarding the analysis and comparison of the indicator of cost coverage of enterprises at the expense of their own income from the main type of activity (income from the sale of travel tickets) and the indicator of cost coverage at the expense of all available items of income, the first indicator remains at an extremely low level, like all previous ones years of existence of city public transport. But the financing of enterprises at the expense of external sources made record figures for the industry, which determined the sufficient level of the indicator of cost coverage at the expense of all available income items. So, the lack of financing, which is so often talked about by the managers of transport companies, has been overcome. Therefore, the results of 2023 inspire hope for the revival of the industry. It is necessary to maintain this trend in 2024 and in all the post-war years, when the industry will be in high demand.

ПОМОЩЬ БАШКИРИИ В ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИИ СТАЛИНГРАДА

The article is devoted to the consequences of the Great Patriotic War for the city of Stalingrad, which was almost completely destroyed. The restoration of the city began while fighting was still going on there. All regions of the USSR, including Bashkiria, took part in the unfolding nationwide movement to provide assistance to the city. Despite the existing difficulties in the context of the ongoing war, the autonomous republic took all necessary assistance measures to restore the city and its economy. The author examines the participation of Bashkiria in the implementation of the important task of restoring Stalingrad; the study is based on documentary materials and published sources, using methods and approaches generally accepted in historical science. The author reveals various forms and methods of assistance to the city and its residents not only during the war, but also in the post-war years, analyzes the organizational and practical activities of local authorities. Particular attention is paid to the participation of Komsomol members and youth, as well as the difficulties they had to face during the restoration of the city. The study allowed us to conclude that Bashkiria, together with other regions of the country, completed a responsible task and made a significant contribution to the restoration of the hero city of Stalingrad.

The Effect of Ukraine-Russia War on the Economies of Ukraine’s Top Trading Partners

This research paper studies the impact of the Ukraine-Russia war on the economies of Ukraine’s top trading partners. Several earlier studies have examined the implications of the war for global trade and development, and how countries highly dependent on exports from the conflict region have responded. In our paper, we focused only on Ukraine, analyzed both import and export partners of Ukraine, and developed a framework to assess the impact of the war on various macroeconomic indicators for these partner countries. In particular, we established Difference-in-Difference based statistical models for Gross Domestic Product (GDP), food inflation, manufacturing production, gasoline prices and changes in inventories the for partner and non-partner countries over the pre-war and post-war years from 2021 through 2023. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the devastating and far-reaching economic effects of the Ukraine-Russia war that serve as a cautionary tale for world citizens and leaders alike.

The Policy of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council on the Restoration of Social Services for Re-evacuated Leningrad Children in the Period of the Great Patriotic War and the First Post-war Years

The Policy of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council on the Restoration of Social Services for Re-evacuated Leningrad Children in the Period of the Great Patriotic War and the First Post-war Years

Cracow’s Glinik – World War II Executions Place, Forgotten over the Years and Restored to the Collective Memory. Preliminary Results of Archaeological-and-Exhumation Research

The article is the first English-language publication presenting the topic of one of the places of executions during World War II in Cracow, bearing the local name of Glinik. It was located in a clay mining site for a brick factory operating nearby before the War. Executions were carried out in Glinik from mid-November 1939, basically until the end of 1943. The victims were mainly brought from the Cracow prisons. In the post-War years, it was decided not to carry out exhumations in Glinik. Only several stone obelisks were erected there, and in 1967 a larger memorial was built to commemorate the victims shot in Glinik. The area was only granted the status of a war cemetery in 2012. In the years 2013–2015, exploration works were conducted in the area of Glinik using archaeological research methods. This work was focused on finding the exact location of the place of executions, carrying out exhumations and reburying of the human remains. As a result, 25 graves were located, and the remains of 125 people were excavated from these graves. In many cases, small artefacts were found with them. In only one case, was it possible to identify the remains by name, based on a found identity document. And she is the only certain identified victim of Glinik. The anthropological analysis showed that the vast majority of victims were men (114 persons), while there were 11 women. The cause of death in most cases was a gunshot to the head. All the skeletons were subjected to DNA tests, with the aim of possible future identification of the victims. Their remains were reburied in an interreligious ceremony in Glinik, in two mass graves in the foundation part of the existing monument there. An important stage in restoring the memory of those shot in Glinik were such undertakings as the renovation of the memorial in 2016–2017, which is the dominant feature of the war cemetery. One of these commemorative activities was also an exhibition devoted to the events in Glinik, organized at the Museum of the Home Army in Cracow in 2020, together with accompanying publications. In preparation, there is also a historical-and-archaeological monograph devoted to the war and post-war history of Glinik.

The Lviv Archaeological Milieu During World War

The article deals with the scientific and museological activities of Lviv archaeologists during World War I. The focus is on the fate of archaeologists who were forced to serve in the army (Y. Pasternak, V. Hrebeniak); the state of scientific institutions of Lviv, and the living and working conditions of professors and teaching staff of the University of Lviv, as well as museum workers of the city, were analyzed. In addition, it is about stocking and inventorying the museum collections with archaeological finds, and attempts to restore the activities of museum institutions regardless of conditions (National Museum of Jan III Sobieski, Dzieduszycki Museum). The issue of the loss of human lives is not the least. During these years, Lviv archaeology lost a Polish professor of archaeology Karol Hadaczek and his student, the talented Ukrainian archaeologist Volodymyr Hrebeniak. It was found that the War stopped the development of archaeological science in Lviv and pushed it back for some time. Only in the post-War years, was it possible to restore field research, and publishing activities, replenish museum collections, and educate new personnel.

The culture of Kazakhstan of the Soviet period in the English historiography of the second half of the XX -early XXI centuries

The article provides an analysis of the work of English scientists who tell about the history of Kazakhstan in the Soviet period of the second half of the XX-early XXI centuries, the history of the local population, econ-omy, culture, traditions, religious beliefs. We consider historiography as a special historical discipline that studies the history of the accumulation of historical knowledge, the development of historical thought and re-search methodology, the history of the creation of historical works and biographies of scientists, the history of scientific institutions, the organization of historical education and the spread of historical knowledge. The main purpose of writing the article was to introduce researchers to the scientific environment, the modern community of readers. The article conducted a scientific analysis of the works of European and English re-searchers who wrote about the culture, traditions, and religious beliefs of Kazakhs in the period from the XXcentury to the beginning of the XXI century. According to the theory and methodology of scientific research, the methods of historicism, objectivity, historical comparative analysis and historical regularity were mainly used. In the post-war years, Anglo-American Sovietology proved its right to take a worthy place in World historiography, and was in demand not only in Western countries, but also in the countries of the for-mer Soviet Union. The most accurate and deep analysis was distinguished by the works of Jeffrey Wheeler, Walter Kolartz, Shirin Akiner, Sevket Akıldız, Richard Carlson, Violet Connolli, Sarah Cameron, Harun Yilmaz, Rico Isaacs. At the beginning of writing the article, the books and articles of these researchers of the Soviet history, including Kazakhstan, were taken as a basis

THE CONCEPT OF THE NATIONAL HERO «QUONAKH» IN PAINTING AND GRAPHICS DURING THE CHECHEN CRISIS (90S OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY)

The paper is devoted to the research and study of the artistic interpretation of the concept of “Quonakh” (national hero) in Chechen painting and graphics in the 1990s.
 The novelty of the paper is the appeal to the origins of the concept of “Quonakh” in the works of Chechen artists, which found manifestation in certain historical conditions, respectively. The chronological scope of the study covers the period of the so-called “the First Chechen War” or the operation to restore constitutional order in Chechnya (1994-1996) and the post-war years (1996-1999). In the visual culture of this time, images of national leaders appear, carrying at this stage not so much an aesthetic, but an ideological load. Beybulat Taimiev, Zelimkhan Kharachoevsky, Baysangur Benoevsky and other heroes become, in a certain sense, symbols of Chechen culture and are still present in it to nowadays.
 Heroic images (in their close connection with the most important national concept), embodied in the interpretation of Chechen artists of the late 90s (XX century), are analyzed. The most professionally executed and deep in content works of Sultan Abaev, Kharon Isaev, Said Bitziraev, Khasan Sediev, which are characterized not only by a patriotic orientation, but also by a veiled form of perception of the atmosphere of modernity, were selected for the research.
 The purpose of this article is to identify and describe the structural and semantic features of the image-concept “Quonakh” and its reflection in professional national fine arts, which is very important in the context of not only Chechen, but also Russian culture. The methodology is based on art criticism, comparative and system-constructive analysis. The use of the historical-biographical method allows us to trace the influence of specific historical personalities on the process of creating a pictorial image.
 The conclusions of the study include the recapitulation about the possibilities of “artistic and figurative interpretation of philosophical concepts” that contribute to the creation of new artistic realities by transmitting feelings of heroism, patriotism, honor, using educational techniques based on the traditions of the Chechens/Nokhchiis. The image-concept “Quonakh” is one of the axiological dominants on which the existence of a distinctive ethnic culture is based. In fact, real “Chechenness”, as a property of the national character, is manifested by the presence in it of connections with the “Quonakhalla” code.

Естественное движение населения Коми АССР в 1946–1959 годах

The paper deals with the natural movement of the population of the Komi ASSR in 1946-1959. The post-war period was the most pronounced stage of the demographic transition in the republic. The problems of statistical accounting of the population movement in the post-war years are considered. The dynamics of absolute and relative indicators of fertility, mortality, marriage and divorce are analyzed. The influence of gender, age, nationality and type of settlement on the intensity of natural population movement is estimated. The transformation of the structure of causes of mortality, including infant mortality, is considered. Territorial differences in indicators of natural population movement at the level of urban settlements and Village Soviets are revealed.

Деятельность Читинского государственного педагогического института в конце 1940-х – начале 1950-х годов в контексте образовательной политики СССР в сфере высшего образования

The study aims to present the specifics of the development of higher pedagogical education in Transbaikalia during the late 1940s and the early 1950s in the context of the Soviet higher education policy. The paper analyzes the main areas of work of the Chita State Pedagogical Institute against the background of the regulatory framework in force in the country at that time and specifies the difficulties that the university had to face in the post-war years. The scientific novelty lies in determining the main directions of the Soviet educational policy in the late 1940s and the early 1950s and the ways of its implementation in the higher education system as exemplified by the Chita State Pedagogical Institute by using the sources from the collections of the State Archive of the Trans-Baikal Territory introduced into scientific use and comparing them with the regulatory framework in the field of higher education existing at that time. As a result of the study, the main aspects of the development of higher pedagogical education in the Chita region during the post-war years have been highlighted, its specifics have been determined.

Combating economic crime in Ukraine in 1946–1949

The author examines the topical and insufficiently researched in historical and legal science issue of the causes and manifestations of economic crime in Ukraine in the first post-war years (1946–1949) and the main aspects of police activity in combating these types of crimes. The departments for combating theft of socialist property and speculation were responsible for combating economic crime. In 1947, the Department for combating the theft of socialist property of the Main Police Department was reorganised into the Administration. Taking advantage of the consumer goods shortage, which reached its peak in the first post-war years (1946–1949), and the circumstances created by the famine of 1946–1947, criminals stole grain, robbed food and industrial warehouses, and resold goods at inflated prices (speculation). The situation with economic crime was particularly difficult in early 1947, when the sowing campaign was underway. The most common crimes were the following: 1) maliciously delaying the repair of agricultural machinery, allegedly due to the lack of spare parts and specialists; 2) theft of grain during its transportation and sowing by persons responsible for this (weighers, field crew leaders, guards); 3) theft of seeds and fuel by security guards; 4) theft and embezzlement of seeds by officials of collective and state farms and subsidiary farms; 5) theft of seed by reducing the seeding rate and theft of fuel due to lack of control over its consumption; 6) theft of seeds by employees of storage facilities with their subsequent resale at markets at speculative prices; 7) creation of surplus seeds by weighing, moistening, writing off for drying, and increasing waste during sorting. The monetary reform in December 1947 and the abolition of the ration card system reduced the overall number of crimes related to the theft of socialist property to a certain extent, as these measures eliminated such crimes as speculation in food and commodity cards and the production of counterfeit cards and food coupons. In order to improve the situation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs demanded that work on the theft of socialist property be intensified on the ground, and that more active agent work be carried out in this area.