Postwar Planning Research Articles

The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen

Acknowledgments Introduction: Visions and Visionaries 1. My Brother's and Sister's Keeper: Visions and the Origins of Human Rights Religious Visions Philosophical Visions Traditional Practices and Ideas of a Very Different Sort Visions-and Reality 2. To Protect Humanity and Defend Justice: Early International Efforts To Free the Enslaved To Assist the Exploited To Care for the Wounded To Protect the Persecuted 3. Entering the Twentieth Century: Visions, War, Revolutions, and Peacemaking Modernization, Internationalization, and Visions of Rights War, Revolutions, and Rights Peacemaking and Human Rights The Covenant: Rights Proclaimed and Rights Rejected 4. Opportunities and Challenges: Visions and Rights Between the Wars A Flourishing of Visions Opportunities for New Departures Persistent Problems and Challenges The Gathering Storm 5. A People's War: The Crusade of World War II War, Genocide, and Self-Reflections Crusaders, Visions, and Proposals Human Rights Versus National Sovereignty in Postwar Planning Opposition from the Great Powers 6. A People's Peace: Peace and a Charter with Human Rights Insisting on a Peace with Rights Politics and Diplomacy at the San Francisco Conference The Charter of the United Nations Differing Reactions and Assessments 7. Proclaiming a Vision: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Revolution Begins Challenging Questions of Philosophy Difficult Problems of Politics The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8. Transforming Visions into Reality: The First Fifty Years of the Universal Declaration Extending Rights and Setting Standards Protecting Rights Through Implementation Promoting Rights Expanding Activities and Enhancing Rights 9. The Continuing Evolution International Law, the Responsibility to Protect, and Challenges to Sovereignty Globalization, Development, Terrorism-and Torture New Human Rights Institutions and Organizations Technology and Political Will 10. Toward the Future The Nature and Power of Visions People of Vision and Action Forces and Events of Consequence Process, Politics, and Perspective The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Notes Selected Bibliography Index About the Author

The elusive polemics of theory and practice: Giovanni Astengo, Giorgio Rigotti and the post-war debate over the plan for Turin

In 1944 Turin's city officials announced a competition for a new General Plan that began a long debate between architects and planners. Prior to and following the competition, intense political and professional polemics emerged: among others, it involved Giorgio Rigotti, a locally renowned planner, and Giovanni Astengo, a key protagonist in Italian post-war town planning. Sharing a common cultural and professional background, Astengo and Rigotti (the author of the plan subsequently adopted by the city) seemed only to differ in their political affiliations and ideological beliefs. Specifically, the difference between the two positions was the degree to which each emphasized the question of implementation. In fact, the polemics that preceded the adoption of the plan (1956-59) may be considered emblematic of one of the most contentious issues in planning: the problematic relationship between theory and practice.

Sustainability: a new vision for the British planning system

This paper aims to explore the potential new directions in the British planning system by reviewing and linking together the current debates in three areas: the twin purposes of the post-war planning system, the twin discourses of sustainability and the implications for planning education. There is a general consensus that the sustainability agenda has provided the overdue and much needed ‘vision’ for planning. However, this paper argues that the different discourses of sustainability provide fundamentally distinctive development paths for the future of the planning system. Whilst the ‘ecological modernization’ approach to sustainability reinforces the technical and regulatory face of the system, the ‘risk society’ approach calls for a resurgence of its ideological and pro-active face. The former promotes a continuing role of planning as an apolitical, non-spatial, criteria-based corporatist activity. The latter provides the opportunity for a return to the planners‘ traditional concepts, emphasizing strategic thinking, a holistic approach, social responsiveness, political commitment, participative processes and reflexive institutions. As regards planning education, the paper argues that while the skills provided through a technically orientated professional training can fulfil the requirements of the ecological modernization path, research-orientated planning education based on critical social science can develop the students’ intellectual and reflective capacities and the skills required for pursuing the risk society approach.

Still Planning to Be Different? Toronto at the Turn of the Millennium

Toronto is the largest and most populous city in Canada. The metropolis on Lake Ontario has a land area of 622 square kilometers and a population of 2.4 million. After the city was consolidated from previously seven municipalities in 1998, City Council has endorsed the preparation of a new Official Plan. In this paper, we trace the traditions and current challenges of planning reform in Toronto in light of the current process of official plan review which, in the words of the City's planners “is required to deal with global economic competition, new municipal responsibilities, and the changing social fabric.” We will begin with a few conceptual and theoretical considerations on planning in Toronto at the millennium, provide a short historical overview of postwar planning in this city, and end with a section on current planning issues, based on analysis of planning documents, newspaper and other public accounts, as well as a small number of conversations with leading local planners and politicians.

Suspicious allies: Wartime aviation developments and the Anglo‐American international airline rivalry, 1939–45

Anglo‐American aviation rivalry began in the late 1930s, when the two powers clashed over landing rights in several small South Pacific islands which each hoped to develop as bases for a trans‐Pacific airline route. When war broke out in Europe, British aviation resources were suddenly and completely diverted to the military effort. Two years later, when the Americans entered the conflict the two sides reached a critical agreement on aircraft production. The British were to focus on producing warplanes while the US would provide them with transport aircraft. This gave the Americans an important technological lead in this domain, which they quickly used to develop services to Britian's African colonies, so gaining a toehold in the empire. These developments greatly affected postwar planning, as the British sought to protect their technologically weak airlines while the US promoted an “open skies” policy safe in the knowledge that the better range, speed, and comfort of their transport aircraft would enable them to dominate world traffic. When the United States hosted an international conference on aviation in 1944, the long‐simmering rivalry burst into public view. In the event technological superiority overwhelmed political agreement.

The Creation of the Highlands and Islands Development Board, 1935-65

The Scottish Secretary went on to say that the STUC and the Labour Party had proposed the setting up of a Development Authority, with executive powers to encourage manufacturing and other investment in the Highlands and Islands, a proposal that the Government had already rejected. Maclay's advice to the Cabinet was similar to his previous view, 'yet another piece of machinery' would not in itself produce the investment, but he suggested that the Board of Trade should relax some of its normal financial criteria in providing individuals with loans for the establishment of factories. 2 Banks and other financial agencies, he argued, had proved unwilling to take the added risk of investing in an area remote from centres of population and where they thought that the quality of entrepreneurs hip and business management was at a premium. Maclay concluded that without further assistance it was unlikely that the Highland economy could grow sufficiently to prevent an increase in unemployment. The Cabinet endorsed Maclay's view on the 'undesirability' of a Highland Development Authority, Labour's proposal resembled the kind of post-war economic planning that the Conservatives had steadily sought to abandon. However, it also rejected Maclay's attempt to 'liberalise' the Board of Trade's criteria for the advancement of loans, partly because it believed that other areas, like the Welsh uplands would demand similar treatment, but also because it was committed to a taxcutting budget ahead of the next General Election. The Cabinet minuted that the Highlands had enjoyed considerable public investment in the past, but there was a

Exhibiting Philadelphia's “Vital Center”: Negotiating Environmental and Civic Reform in a Popular Postwar Planning Vision

Exhibiting Philadelphia's “Vital Center”: Negotiating Environmental and Civic Reform in a Popular Postwar Planning Vision

Imperial Self‐Insufficiency Rediscovered: Britain and Australia 1945–51

This paper addresses the unresolved debate about the timing of economic disengagement between Australia and Great Britain. During Chifley’s administration international economic collaboration between Australia and Britain was close, Australia tending to identify its interests with those of the UK and the sterling area. Yet collaboration never stretched to acceptance by Australia of traditional forms of manufacturer–primary producer complementarity; this played no part in Canberra’s postwar planning and priority given to industrialization led to the relative neglect of rural industries, which, together with the rapidly growing demands of its own population, reduced export surpluses and contributed to Australia’s poor record as a food supplier. Buoyant export prices, especially for wool, combined with capital inflows from the UK to stimulate import demands. Because of dollar shortages most of these had to be sourced from Britain. From 1948 the UK not only expanded exports dramatically but was a major source of migrants and capital. Yet British industrial capacity in particular proved unequal to the task of meeting Australian needs. Imperial self‐insufficiency again stood revealed, encouraging Menzies to look beyond the sterling area to support Australia’s rapid development.

Reginald Victor Jones, C.H., C.B., C.B.E. 29 September 1911 — 17 December 1997

R.V. Jones came to Churchill's notice in 1940 when he identified navigational beams for German bombers, and thereafter developed scientific intelligence throughout World War II. Dissatisfied with postwar plans for military intelligence, he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at Aberdeen and from 1946 pursued very precise measurements in physics. He became unsympathetic to academic developments that followed the Robbins Report. The Royal Air Force (RAF), the US Air Force, and intelligence circles in the USA always held him in very high repute. Many thought he never received adequate recognition for his wartime work; his Companionship of Honour came almost too late.

Dangerous Politics and the Malay Nationalist Movement, 1945–47

This essay explores the relationship between nationalism and politics in Malay society in the aftermath of the Second World War. A new popular politics, ushered in by the Japanese occupation and legitimized by the collapse of the pre-war colonial government, quickly became linked to an egalitarian, anti-colonial nationalism. While this widespread politicization made possible the defeat of Britain's highly unpopular post-war constitutional plan for Malaya, it also threatened the entrenched social order in which access to political power was the prerogative of the royal families and aristocracies of the Malay states. The essay details how aristocratic politicians deflected the social critique of the radical nationalists, branded politics as dangerously divisive, and constructed a narrative of nationalist struggle that reinforced the existing social hierarchy. The result was the definition of a nationalist mainstream which was purged of the influence of egalitarian politics.

A Cautious Patriotism: The American Churches and the Second World War

World War II was a turning point in twentieth-century American history, and its effects on American society have been studied from virtually every conceivable historical angle. Until now, though, the role of religion--an important aspect of life on the home front--has essentially been overlooked. In A Cautious Patriotism, Gerald Sittser addresses this omission. He examines the issues raised by World War II in light of the reactions they provoked among Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Unitarians, and members of other Christian denominations. In the process, he enriches our understanding of the relationships between church and society, religion and democracy. In deliberate contrast to the zealous, even jingoistic support they displayed during World War I, American churches met the events of the Second World War with ambivalence. Though devoted to the nation, Sittser argues, they were cautious in their patriotic commitments and careful to maintain loyalty to ideals of peace, justice, and humanitarianism. Religious concerns played a role in the debate over American entry into the war and continued to resurface over issues of mobilization, military chaplaincy, civil rights, the internment of Japanese Americans, Jewish suffering, the dropping of the atomic bomb, and postwar planning. Originally published in 1997. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value. |Explores the cultural aspirations of Nazi leaders by examining both their formulation of a national aesthetic policy and the content of their private collections.

G. Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks. American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1995. xiii + 254 pp. £32.00)

G. Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks. American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1995. xiii + 254 pp. £32.00)

The significance of post-war London reconstruction plans for East End industry

Jeffrey Diefendorf has shown that during and after the Second World War there were potential conflicts in many European cities between the aim of physical reconstruction and the need to rebuild local and national economies. In London, as elsewhere, these conflicts came to be reflected in the reconstruction plans that were prepared. This paper examines the relationship between planning and industry in London between 1940 and 1955 and analyses the role of large-scale redevelopment areas in the physical and economic reconstruction of London. The issues are explored with special reference to London's industrial East End. The nature of the conflicts over reconstruction in London and the manner in which they were expressed and resolved can inform understanding not only of planning in a major metropolis but also of the broader processes at work in the political and institutional structures of local and national government. The emergence of national concern about London's growth in the interwar period, both in terms of population and employment is sketched, and national policy responses to accelerating metropolitan expansion are outlined. The impact of the Second World War on London's physical and economic structure and the role envisaged for large-scale redevelopment areas in plans for reconstruction are then discussed. The relative weight given to industrial and social objectives in reconstruction areas (termed Comprehensive Development Areas after 1947) [1] is assessed and the problems and opportunities posed by the particular character of London's East End are reviewed. Focus is on planning priorities within the Stepney/Poplar Reconstruction/Comprehensive Development Area, and the significance of political and fiscal considerations in determining policy, particularly from the viewpoint of the planning authority, the London County Council (LCC).

Contested Visions of a Modern City: Planning and Poetry in Postwar Glasgow

The author draws on the distinctions between representations of space and spaces of representation contained in Lefebvre's Production of Space, and examines the postwar modernisation of Glasgow. In the first part of the paper he considers the images of the city presented in the city's two postwar master plans; one drawn up by central government, the other by local government. These two very different representations of the space of Glasgow as a modern city sparked off a political struggle over the making of the built environment which has left its imprint on the city's contemporary urban landscape. In the second part of the paper he uses the work of several Glasgow poets to illuminate the consequences of the modernisation process for the lived spaces of the city—the spaces of representation. The poets' reading of the modern city vividly illustrates the effects of the colonisation of concrete space by the abstract spaces of the master plans. Weaving together these two different, but closely related, discourses about the city—planning and poetry—he provides a specific example of the significance of Lefebvre's conceptual framework for making sense of the urban landscape of the modern city.

Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944.

Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944.

An Economist among Mandarins: A Biography of Robert Hall (1901-1988).

1. Introduction 2. An idyllic Australian childhood 3. Growing up 4. The young Australian in Oxford and London 5. Oxford don 6. Wartime civil servant in London and Washington 7. Postwar plans for a new economic order 8. A new job 9. Working with Cripps 10. The Korean War and rearmament 11. A change of government in 1951 12. The revival of monetary policy under the Tories 13. The problem of inflation 14. International economic cooperation 15. London, Oxford and Cornwall 16. Economic statesman Appendices.

Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944

Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944

Genèse et fondements du plan Monnet : l’inspiration américaine

French postwar planning has been interpreted as an avatar of a French mercantilist tradition or as smart adhoc tinkering. Archival research shows the shortcomings of both interpretations. It is proposed here that Monnet 's plan had intellectual and structural roots in American New Deal Keynesianism. A genealogy of French planning shows economies to be politically constructed sets of institutions. The role of cross-national transfer mechanisms in such institutional building is also underscored.

Sustainability and the Rural Economy: An Evolutionary Perspective

The authors define the rural economy not as a functional entity but as a complex, open system, the analysis of which requires an interdisciplinary approach oriented to the study of processes and interactions. This evolutionary perspective is illustrated by two generic studies of rural issues: the role played by the postwar planning regime in the definition and management of rural space in Britain; and the connection between agricultural development and the reproduction of farm structures. The understanding of sustainable development which emerges calls for a holistic and responsive approach to rural policy formulation.

Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American economic and political postwar planning in the summer of 1944

America prepares for peace Franklin D. Roosevelt and American security policy allied wartime cooperation State Department post-war preparation, 1941-1944 Treasury Department post-war preparation, 1941-1944 the Bretton Woods conference the Dumbarton Oaks conference Bretton Woods, Dumbarton Oaks and the Cold War.