Postwar Period Research Articles

PHYSICAL FACTORS OF THE INFLUENCE THE EXPLOSION ON ENCLOSURE GLASS STRUCTURES. OVERVIEW OF TESTING METHODS

The article examines the main physical parameters of an explosive wave, the properties of explosive loads, as well as the peculiarities of the propagation of waves in space and their dynamic influence on enclosing structures, including translucent The considered temporal and spatial conditions under which the formation of the quasi-flat front of the blast wave takes place and the blast loads can be considered as uniformly distributed along the vertical plane. If the distance to the explosive charge exceeds half of the value of the width and height of the structure or its element (provided that the charge is located in the center of the structure or element), then the load on them can be considered approximately averaged by area. The thermophysical factors of influence, which the building structure must withstand, are analyzed. The main differences of explosive and shock effects from static loads, which are taken into account during construction design, are described. The main real-time methods of determining the parameters of the blast wave in real time and the factors of its destructive effect on the elements of the enclosing structures of buildings are considered. The determination of the critical pressure for a specific structure is tied to the determination of the critical distance at which the structure will not withstand the destructive impact of the shock wave. The main real-time methods of determining the blast wave parameters in real time are considered. It was determined that the use of the shock tube method is rational for conducting research in laboratory conditions. The work was carried out with the assistance of the National Research Fund of Ukraine. The materials of the article contain scientific results obtained as part of the implementation of the project No. 208/0172 "Aerodynamics, heat exchange and innovations to increase the energy efficiency of window structures and their use for the reconstruction of war-damaged buildings of Ukraine" of the competition "Science for the reconstruction of Ukraine in the war and post-war periods".

Challenges and prospects of innovation and investment development of enterprises in the post-war period

Challenges and prospects of innovation and investment development of enterprises in the post-war period

Study of the influence of commercial activities on waste formation in Ukraine in the context of sustainable developmentment

Study of the influence of commercial activities on waste formation in Ukraine in the context of sustainable developmentment

Proletarian Internationalism in the Contemporary Women’s Movement: A Perspective from India

This article discusses the influence of internationalist perspectives on the women’s movement in India. It provides a history of anti-imperialist feminism in general but focuses on some of the major women’s organizations in India. The aim is to trace the legacy of anti-imperialist feminist politics as a response to the strategies of Western imperialist powers to counter the influence of radical and socialist politics, particularly after the Russian Revolution. The article also documents women’s participation in radical and socialist struggles for independence and social transformation, which received strong political support from the Soviet Union in the postwar period and extends the analysis to the period of neoliberalism and the structural adjustment policies imposed on the South.

Peculiarities of the activities of local self-government bodies in united territorial communities under martial law

Peculiarities of the activities of local self-government bodies in united territorial communities under martial law

An essential characteristic of the economic security of the state

An essential characteristic of the economic security of the state

Influence of wildfires on the conflict (2006–2022) in eastern Ukraine using remote sensing techniques (MODIS and Sentinel-2 images)

Humans primarily alter fire regimes in three ways: changing the distribution and density of ignitions, shifting the seasonality of burning, or altering available fuels. Remote sensing techniques are a highly feasible and effective tool for monitoring wildfires, delineating burn perimeters, describing patterns of fire occurrence, characterizing the degree of intensity, or fire risk mapping. In this study MODIS and Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to analyze the burned areas in the Luhansk and Donetsk Regions of Ukraine (2006–2022), and specifically how the political and military hostilities in 2014 impacted fire activity. The burned areas detected by the MODIS sensor were selected using a size (32 ha) and temporal (May–October) filter. The Relativized Burn Ratio (RBR) index was used to identify burned areas, while the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) was employed to discriminate the water bodies in Sentinel-2 images. We analyzed the burned area data over the 17-year period, eight of them during the years before the conflict and the other nine after the conflict. The results show that burned area has increased from the pre-conflict period (2008–2013) by 689,898 ha to the post-conflict period (2014–2022) around the contact line. In addition, the frequency of fires has increased in the post-war period, especially towards the south of Donetsk. Finally, Sentinel-2 imagery was used to map Large Wildfires (LAWF), which means fires with a burned area >500 ha. Our study concluded that MODIS MCD64A1 underestimates the burned area with a recorded difference of up to 40% of the area in one of the analyzed fires. In addition, an analysis of the burned areas classified according to the main land use has been performed for both sensors. The results obtained show a regression for the total area of R2 = 0,97 and both sensors show high correlation between them for each land use analyzed. Grasslands and agricultural land covers were most affected by LAWFs during the conflict period (2014–2022), noting that fires near urban entities were also more frequent in the war period.

Рецензия на монографию: Животич А. «Балканский фронт» холодной войны: СССР и югославско-албанские отношения. 1945-1968 гг. / отв. ред. А. Б. Едемский. М. – СПб.: Институт славяноведения РАН; Нестор-История, 2022. 288 с.

The reviewed publication sheds light on the history of interstate relations between the USSR, Yugoslavia, and Albania in the postwar period. The author presents these relations in the context of the broad geopolitical changes that the world underwent after the end of World War II. This monograph will be useful for specialists in the modern history of the 20th century, Slavic studies, Balkan studies, as well as all those interested in these areas of historical research.

Нормообразующие факторы и тенденции развития законодательства СССР в послевоенный период

работа посвящена анализу основных изменений в законодательстве СССР, происходивших в период после окончания Великой Отечественной войны. Автор анализирует ключевые законодательные изменения в публично-правовой (преимущественно, в уголовно-правовой) сфере, оценивает существовавшие в тот период времени тенденции по либерализации и ужесточению законодательства, выявляя их причины социального, политического и экономического характера. Также автор приводит примеры и анализирует причины законодательных изменений в частно-правовых сферах правового регулирования – семейной, жилищной и трудовой отраслях. В заключение работы автор определяет основные социально-экономические и политические обстоятельства, послужившие нормообразующими факторами для проанализированных изменений в законодательстве СССР послевоенного времени. the article is devoted to the analysis of the main changes in the legislation of the USSR that took place in the period after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The author analyzes the key legislative changes in the public law (primarily in the criminal law) sphere, evaluates the trends in liberalization and tightening of legislation that existed at that time, identifying their causes of a social, political and economic nature. The author also gives examples and analyzes the reasons for legislative changes in the private law branches of legal regulation - family, housing, and labor. In conclusion, the author identifies the main socio-economic and political circumstances that served as the norm-forming factors for the analyzed changes in the legislation of the USSR after the war.

National retailing after the Second World War: structural changes, differences and the impact of the socialist model on the Czech and Slovak Republics (1953–1989)

ABSTRACT Changes in retail structures, processes, and culture in post-war Europe were strongly affected by the post-war economic boom, the origin of a mass consumer society, and the adaptation of innovations from the United States. Retail structures and the culture of consumption remained different in the Czech and Slovak parts of the former Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, which influenced the development of retail trade in both countries. After the rise to power of the communists, retail was nationalised, leading to centralising trends in the Czech Republic and decentralisation trends in Slovakia. As a result, the retail structure differed in the two countries. While the Czech Republic showed a preference for larger stores, Slovakia focused more on smaller stores, particularly in rural areas. Although the post-war period brought positive changes, such as the growth of retail trade and the restoration of the population’s purchasing power, the socialist economic model, which was controlled by state-owned enterprises, led to insufficient development and investment in retail and a lack of innovation and efficiency. The post-war period represented a key era for the transformation of European retail; the development trends in post-socialist countries, however, differed from other, capitalist countries.

Normalizing Relations from the Cold War to the Present: Continuing War, Pursuing Peace, and Building Empire

Abstract “Normalization of relations” is a phrase of recent origin, widely used by scholars, politicians, and journalists. Defining normalization, however, is remarkably difficult. While we know a great deal about specific instances of normalization, we lack a sustained study of normalization itself, a gap this article begins to address. Using case studies of U.S. relations with China, Vietnam, and Cuba, this article examines the idea of normalization, its history, and its consequences. Focusing on pivotal moments in which “normalization” was at stake, we argue that in the American rendering, normalization was a process that unfolded in three phases. In turn, normalizing relations became a key nonmilitary means through which U.S. officials escalated and then deescalated the Cold War. Like other facets of U.S. diplomacy of the postwar period, normalization policies were premised on many of the assumptions and institutions of the “liberal international order” and have endured into the twenty-first century.

Catalogue of Asplenium septentrionale (L.) (Tracheophyta, Polypodiopsida, Aspleniaseae) specimens deposited in the State Museum of Natural History NASU, Lviv, Ukraine

The detailed analysis of origin of the Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. specimens, deposited in the main collection of vascular plants’ herbarium in the SMNH NASU, has been carried out. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. – northern spleenwort – is a perennial fern of the genus Asplenium, the family Aspleniaceae, a Holarctic petrophilous species with a disjunctive Eurasian-North American natural range (Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Western Siberia, Mongolia, Himalayas, Far East, North America). Its localities are confined to petrophilic communities, mainly on granite outcrops devoid of calcium (rock crevices, rocky slopes, landslides, boulders, shady spruce forests, etc.), and the species rises to the upper mountain belt. In Ukraine, this species occurs within the Carpathians, the Crimea, Steppe (Prydniprovska and Azov uplands, Donetsk Ridge) and Forest-Steppe (Volynska and Prydniprovska uplands) zones, Polissya (occasionally in Volynske and Zhytomyrske Polissya). Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. has been included into the official lists of regionally rare plants in many regions of Ukraine (Dnipropetrovska, Donetska, Zhytomyrska, Zaporizka, Ivano-Frankivska, Kyivska, Kirovohradska, Luhanska, Rivnenska, Chernivetska provinces and the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea). The main collection of the Herbarium of Vascular Plants in the SMNH NASU contains 26 herbarium specimens of A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm., all being included into the electronic database "Biodiversity of Ukraine" (http://dc.smnh.org/) and digitized. The geography of the herbarium collections of A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm., besides the modern territory of Ukraine (Dnipropetrovska (1901), Donetska (1939, 1947, 1965, 1966), Zhytomyrska (1949), Zakarpatska (1948, 1957, 1961, 1969), Ivano-Frankivska (1967), Kirovohradska (1900), Rivnenska (1948) provinces and the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea (1900)), has been represented also by the territories of Poland (1905), Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Romania (1905), Finland (1898) and the Russian Federation (North Ossetia, 1898). In descending order of the number of collected herbarium specimens with the participation of 16 collectors, the following series has been formed: Slobodian M. (3 herbarium specimens), Vainagii I. (2), Voloshchak E. (2), Hanieshyn S. (2), Lazebna A. (2), Malynovskyi K. (2), Zinger M. (2), Berko J. (1), Golde K. (1), Kotov M, Karnaukh E. (1), Markovych V. (1), Melnychuk V. (1), Rheman A. (1), Stoyko S. (1), Finn V. (1), Khrzhyzhanovskyi V., Lazebna A. (1), Shokhin V. (1). The chronology of the herbarium collections covers the period from 1898 to 1969. The earliest specimens (second half of the 19th century) were collected in Finland (V. Shokhin collection) and North Ossetia (V. Markovych collection). This article was written with the support of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine, call 2022.01 «Science for the Recovery of Ukraine in the War and Post-War Periods» the project 2022.01/0013 «Digitization of natural history collections damaged as a result of hostilities and related factors: development of protocols and implementation on the basis of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine». The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine and are the sole responsibility of the State Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine.

Prospects for systematization of lignite deposits to provide Ukraine with raw materials in the postwar period

The contribution of the mining industry to the economy of Ukraine and the current state of coal mining are analyzed on the basis of statistical data on balance sheet reserves of black coal by grade. The indicators of balance reserves and quality characteristics of lignite and associated minerals (coal clays) of the Dnipro Basin are specified. Prospects for the resumption of production are presented and a preliminary economic assessment of the attractiveness of the lignite application is made. The lignite reserves are partially recalculated taking into account the extraction of coal clays to increase the capacity of the country’s fuel and energy sector. The prospects for compiling a catalog of lignite raw materials are determined, taking into account the mining and geological conditions of occurrence and the quality characteristics of the mineral. The scientific novelty of the research is to catalog the deposits of the Dnipro Basin and rank them with a preliminary technical and economic assessment of lignite production. The practical significance is to create a ready catalog of lignite raw materials that will allow a potential investor to implement his or her economically viable project for the development of the deposit.

The construction of ‘Jacques Becker’: realism, popular film and the auteur in 1950s film criticism

ABSTRACT Jacques Becker is well known as an auteur, one of the few French directors working in the post-war period who has been hailed as an ‘uncle’ of the New Wave (alongside Robert Bresson, Max Ophuls, Jean-Pierre Melville and Jacques Tati). This article positions him in relation to the ‘quality’ and popular cinema of the period through an exploration of the critical discourses that coalesce around his films. Becker embraced an auteurist conception of cinema but operated in an industry that was dominated by a commercial, quality cinema of international co-productions, stars and films destined for export. Drawing on articles from both the specialist and general press, this article explores the construction of Becker as an auteur at the very moment when the politique des auteurs was setting out its stall in opposition to the Tradition of Quality and popular cinema more generally. By tracing how Becker came to occupy a unique position in post-war French film, it sheds light on the framing of popular, quality and auteur film in relation to key social, political and aesthetic discourses in play at this time.

LINGUOCREATIVE CONVERSION POTENTIAL IN THE ENGLISH MEDICAL, SPORTS AND HOUSEHOLD SECTOR

As the language of the analytic system, English has great creative potential for the development of conversion as a highly productive form of word formation. We interpret conversion as a morphological transposition with a word-forming character within the framework of transposition theory. Our study deals with new conversives in the English fields of medicine, sport and household. We selected 329 examples of neologisms from the dictionaries. The study emphasises the 1950s and 1970s as a reflection of human life in the middle of the 20th century. This period was characterised by enormous social changes as a result of the Second World War and the rapid economic development of the post-war period. While we describe the 20th century as a period characterised by a further leap in the development of society, we describe the 2000s-2020s as the era of advanced computer technologies and global catastrophes faced by modern man. It has been established that the emergence of conversives depends on the field under study: A greater number of new words were recorded in the field of medicine and sport (212 conversions) than in the field of everyday life (117 conversions). The results of the study show that conversion serves not only to replenish the vocabulary of the language, but also to recreate the conceptual picture of the world of the English-speaking society at a certain stage of history. A comparative analysis of the conversion-novelties in two time periods shows that the conversion-neologisms reflect the development of man in society, reflect the achievements in science, technology and art, and reproduce the global problems of mankind in the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century.

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT ON UKRAINE'S COMPETITIVENESS AFTER THE WAR

The purpose of the paper is to critically analyse and understand how foreign investment can affect and potentially improve Ukraine's competitiveness in the global market after the war. Methodology. This study aims to analyse the various aspects and dimensions of foreign investment, in particular direct investment flows, and their impact on key sectors of the economy in Ukraine in the post-war period. In addition, it attempts to assess the challenges and opportunities that foreign investment creates in the context of rebuilding and modernising Ukraine's infrastructure, enhancing its technological and innovation potential, and strengthening its labour force and industrial base. The survey results showed that foreign investment has had a significant positive impact on Ukraine's economic growth in the post-war period, especially in the restoration of key industries and infrastructure. FDI plays an important role in attracting advanced technologies and expertise to Ukraine, thereby increasing its competitiveness. The document emphasises the need for policy reforms to create a more favourable investment climate, including improved legal protection for investors, anti-corruption measures and increased efficiency of the bureaucracy. The results of the study point to the existing challenges in attracting foreign investment, such as political instability, infrastructure deficit and unclear investment legislation. Finally, the publication forecasts the long-term impact of foreign investment on economic stability and growth trajectory in Ukraine, which leads to cautiously optimistic conclusions. Practical implications. The research aims to provide insights and recommendations on how Ukraine can effectively use foreign investment to rebuild its economy, increase its global competitiveness and ensure long-term sustainable development in the post-war period. The SWOT analysis in this article helps to identify strategic areas for improvement and capitalisation. It can help them formulate policies to improve the investment climate by focusing on strengthening strengths, mitigating weaknesses, seizing opportunities and protecting against threats. Value/Originality. The value and originality of the paper lies in its comprehensive and detailed study of how foreign investment can be a key factor in reforming and reviving Ukraine's economy after the war. The paper specifically examines the post-war economic landscape of Ukraine, a topic that has not been widely studied. It provides a fresh perspective on the challenges and opportunities for a country recovering from war.

UKRAINIAN FORCED MIGRANTS’ INTEGRATION IN EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKET: GERMAN VS POLISH CASE

The tsunami of forced migration caused by Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 poses a significant challenge to the socio-economic systems of host European countries, in particular Germany and Poland, which are the two main destination countries for displaced Ukrainians. Despite relatively similar statistics on the number and demographic structure of Ukrainian forced immigrants, the two countries differ significantly in terms of the level of labour market integration of refugees, which is a key factor determining their social integration and economic outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to study the peculiarities and common features of the integration of Ukrainian forced migrants in the labour markets of Germany and Poland, taking into account the pre-war experience of these countries in attracting Ukrainian economic migrants. Methodology. The study is a comparative analysis of the pre-war and forced migration trajectories of the two countries based on data from the German and Polish statistical services and Eurostat in 2010-2022. Results. The article discusses the redistribution of the main demographic characteristics in the profile of Ukrainian migrants in the post-war period, which led to an increase in the share of women with higher education in the demographic structure of migrants. These demographic differences, coupled with the peculiarities of European labour markets, have affected the employment prospects of Ukrainian refugees in European countries of destination. The pre-war experience of temporary labour migration from Ukraine and social ties between refugees and members of the diaspora were recognised as factors that facilitated the integration of Ukrainian refugees. The analysis showed that in addition to the geographical and cultural proximity between Ukraine and Poland, the circular labour migration model that dominated relations between Ukraine and Poland contributed to the rapid integration of Ukrainian refugees into the labour market after the outbreak of full-scale war. The lack of German language skills is the most common reason for the lower participation of Ukrainians in the German labour market compared to the Polish one. In Germany, favourable labour market conditions combined with integration policies facilitate access to the labour market for Ukrainian refugees in the long term. Practical implications. By examining the previous circular seasonal migration of Ukrainians over the past decade and their labour market integration in specific destination countries after the outbreak of war, this paper provides a broader perspective for the study of the transition from forced to permanent migration. Value/Originality. Given the global growth of both seasonal labour migrants and forms of movement, the key findings of the study provide a better understanding of these changing categories of mobility and their implications.

ECO-INNOVATIVE TRANSFORMATION OF THE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE OF UKRAINE ON THE WAY TO POST-WAR RECOVERY

The study is aimed at summarizing the processes of eco-innovative (green) transformation of urban infrastructure and researching possible prospects for the development of Ukraine in this context. In the course of the research, the possibilities of "green" transformation of urban infrastructure were considered and it was noted that the use of the principles of eco-innovative transformation in the post-war period can only take place under the condition of proper planning, state support and the creation of favourable market conditions. The authors noted that the success of such a transformation requires the establishment of green goals in all aspects of the development of Ukrainian cities. Auto-frame considered the financial possibilities of the development of urban infrastructure and proposed the location of support offices for the eco-innovative transformation of urban infrastructure at the regional level. The principles of achieving eco-innovative transformation of urban infrastructure are revealed, namely maximum energy efficiency, energy transition, "zero waste", environmental sustainability of buildings, adaptation to climate change, popularization of a green lifestyle, resource conservation, citizen involvement and circular economy. It is proposed to create a platform that would unite architects, builders, urban planners, citizens, artists and other interested persons. This platform should contribute to the search for answers to the question of how to ensure a quick, ecological, attractive and safe "green" transformation of urban infrastructure. Ukraine should cooperate with the European Union within various green platforms and networks that help cities in green transformation. All the above-mentioned tools and solutions should contribute to the creation of green, sustainable and people-oriented cities in Ukraine. The authors have considered the possibilities of financing the restoration of Ukrainian cities after the destruction in terms of the necessary financial resources, donor countries, and reconstruction expenditures.

CREATION OF TOOLS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE - SUBJECT OF ZED

The purpose of the article is to consider tools for the development of enterprises that are subjects of foreign economic activity (FEA). The consequences of the war against Ukraine create a compelling need for the development of the national Ukrainian economy. Analyzing the foreign experience of different countries in the post-war period indicates that export activities are one of the most reasonable vectors for such development, both at the level of individual enterprises and at the level of the national economy as a whole. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats have been identified for Ukrainian enterprises operating in the field of foreign economic activity. It is shown that the number of threats has increased compared to the pre-war period. Despite the significant number of threats and weaknesses, the analysis shows that Ukrainian enterprises have a "window of opportunities" that can be effectively used. Using dichotomous criteria for the possibility of entering foreign markets and the potential of the domestic market, a matrix of strategic choice has been developed. This matrix is intended for use at the level of individual enterprises. A reasonable strategic choice for the enterprise is determined for each quadrant of this matrix in the general version, and industry-specific recommendations are considered. Based on formulated key questions, necessary development tasks are identified for enterprises as subjects of foreign economic activity. These tasks include strategic goal setting, determination of the competitive advantage used, and development of the enterprise strategy. Necessary management tools are proposed and described for the implementation of each of these tasks. A set of key questions has been developed for the chosen model of enterprise development strategy to determine the content of the elements of such a strategy. The usage of proposed development tools for subjects of foreign economic activity is briefly presented using the example of automotive industry enterprises.

The Evolution of Cinemas in Prague from the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: A Contemporary Perspective

The article approaches the situation of Prague cinemas in the second half of the 20th century from the end of the Second World War to the Velvet Revolution within the socio-historical background from the point of view of an architect and a cinephile. The entire text is arranged chronologically in four paragraphs reflecting the contemporary political and social situation. It approximates the post-war period full of ideological ideals, when the construction of a dense network of cinemas became a key element of national renewal, not only in large cities but also in the regions. The following decade brought a paradigmatic shift, when local single-screen cinemas gave way to large cultural houses with multifunctional use (film, theatre, gallery, restaurant, sports facilities, etc.). It deals with the socially relaxed sixties, reflecting the synergy of various artistic disciplines, thanks to which Czechoslovakia presented to the world new artistic disciplines based precisely on film projection – “polyekran” (polyscreen) and “laterna magika” (a combination of projection and performance with live actors). The imaginary culmination of the new wave period was the opening of the luxury cinema 64 U Hradeb, which is given more attention in the text below. Furthermore, the text outlines the situation of cinemas in large Prague housing estates and deals with Czech brutalism in the context of foreign architecture and with the only brutalist cinema still operating today – the Dlabačov cinema. The final part of this article gives a brief overview of the total number of cinemas established in this period in the territory of Prague and a comparison with other European metropolises with a similar socio-cultural background. The research has the ambition to understand and approach how to integrate valuable cinema buildings on the territory of Prague into the daily life of contemporary Prague residents through the investigation of the cinema phenomenon, and the development of cinematography and cinema architecture as such, from its inception to the present day. The general logical processing methods are historical and socio-cultural analysis, architectural and urban research including architectural drawings, photographic documentation and a study of the urban development of the appearance of individual cinemas, comparison and deduction.