Postwar Industry Research Articles

Refugee and Migrant Integration in Urban Spatial Structures and City Development: Case Study of Busan, South Korea

With the increasing protracted displacements and overall worldwide migration in recent decades, local integration has been considered a durable solution. Accordingly, global agendas have recommended the inclusion of migrant populations, especially within urban frameworks, as cities have always been deemed as migrant hubs. This study examines the influence of migrant spatial integration in city development and municipal policy against the historic backdrop of Busan. From liberation (1945) to post-war industrialization (1960s–1980s), Busan experienced population surges with the inflow of refugees and migrants that historically changed government policies and urban development plans. Based on archival research, secondary data, and GIS mapping, this study explores the influence of migrant populations on the city demographics, physical development, and housing initiatives during different periods. The findings of this study highlight the “local turn” in migrant spatial integration and the production of new urban geographies that portray “humanitarian” and “migrant” urbanism, thereby offering insights into sustainable urban futures for migrant and displaced populations.

Research to reduce polarisation in the swedish energy policy debate

Research to reduce polarisation in the swedish energy policy debate Filip Johnsson, Professor at Chalmers University of Technology, argues that research can help to reduce polarisation in the Swedish energy policy debate. Sweden is an industrial country rich in natural resources such as iron ore, timber, and rivers for hydropower generation. These favourable conditions and the fact that Sweden remained neutral in WW2, resulted in strong post-war industrialisation, with many large companies expanding and becoming global players, including iron ore mining, steel companies, automotive industries, telecommunications, and the pulp and paper, shipbuilding and textile industries.

Fifty-year change in air pollution in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

The change in air quality in cities can be the product of regulation and emissions. Regulations require enforcement of emission reduction, but it is often shifting economic and societal structures that influence pollutant emissions. This study examines the long-term record of air pollutants in Kaohsiung, where post-war industrialisation increased pollution substantially, although improvements are observed in recent decades as the city moved to a more mixed economy. The study tracks both gases and particles across a period of significant change in pollution sources in the city. Concentrations of SO2 and aerosol SO42− were especially high ~1970, but these gradually declined, although SO42− to a lesser extent than its precursor, SO2. While twenty-first century emissions of SO2 and NOx have declined, this has been less so for NH3, because it arises from predominantly agricultural sources. The atmosphere in Kaohsiung continues to have high concentrations of O3, and these have risen in the city, likely a product of less titration by NO. The changes have meant that ozone has become an increasing threat to health and agriculture. Despite a potential for producing (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 aerosols, a product of a relatively constant supply of NH3, visibility has improved in recent years. Emissions of SO2 and NOx should continue to be reduced, as these strongly affect the amount of fine secondary aerosol. However, the key problem may be ozone, which is difficult to control as it requires careful consideration of the balance of NOx and hydrocarbons so important to its production.

The Lumberman and the lumber industry in the 1950s Philippines

In 1954, a new Philippine trade periodical published its first issue, one of many to follow. The Lumberman, as well as providing a wealth of detail about the early postwar logging and lumber industry in the Philippines, also records a sustained attempt to imbue readers with a progressive forestry ethos capable of combating entrenched notions of the forests as wastelands and trees as a hindrance to civilisation. It would be easy to dismiss this project as naive, and the magazine itself provides a foreshadowing of the wholesale destruction of forests during the 1960s and 1970s, but for those caught up in the events of the 1950s the future was not so certain. The possibility of a capital-intensive industry using the forests of the country in a sustainable manner was not to be ruled out. Although in the end the social forces interested in this project were not strong enough to prevail, this should not stop our recognition that attempts were made to advocate a different path. This study of The Lumberman acknowledges this point.

Fetal Protection Policies and Corporate Liability of the US Vinyl Chloride Industry, 1974-1991.

In the late 20th century, fetal protection policies barred women from hundreds of thousands of industrial jobs on the pretext that if women became pregnant, their fetuses might be harmed by workplace exposure to toxic chemicals. Beginning in the 1970s, these policies set off a decades-long contest between the chemical industry, government agencies, and the judicial system over how to balance the uncertain reproductive health risks against sex discrimination. This article revives the subject of reproductive health and workplace protections through a historical case study of fetal protection policies at Firestone Plastics, a leader in the postwar vinyl chloride industry. I use formerly secret industry documents to argue that Firestone used scientific uncertainty and gender essentialism to skirt new regulatory pressures and minimize corporate liability. Ultimately, fetal protection policies stymied innovative regulatory efforts to protect all workers-not just women-from reproductive hazards in the workplace. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(2):271-276. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306539).

STRATEGIC INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS OF UKRAINE AND THEIR FEASIBILITY UNDER UNCERTAINTY

STRATEGIC INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS OF UKRAINE AND THEIR FEASIBILITY UNDER UNCERTAINTY

Made in Yugoslavia: Goods from the «Sunny Side» of communism

economic system» were soon followed by the quest for improvement of living standard and then finally, by the rise of a consumer society. Namely, since mid-1950s two general directives became increasingly evident in federal year plans, especially in the five-year social development plan (1957–1961) – the living standard improvement and the increase in spending power of working population. At the same time development of heavy, basic industry was not more in the focus of economic policy and the economic planning, but a development of light industry and consequently an increase of production of consumer goods. The paper focuses on the consumer goods (and their afterlife) produced in kombinat Borovo and kombinat Jugoplastika, the Yugoslav largest producers of rubber (Borovo) and polymere (Jugoplastika) consumer goods. Borovo (previously Bata) situated in Vukovar, Croatia, was founded in 1931 and is still operating in smaller scale. In the interwar as well in the socialist era it was a synonym for footwear, especially work, leisure and free time footwear. Today, Borovo’s brand Startas is one of the favorites particularly among young people. Jugoplastika, on the other hand was one of the crests of Yugoslav postwar industrialization. It was founded in 1952 in Split, Croatia, at a time when industrial production in Yugoslavia was starting to conform to a sort of hybrid consumerism. The Jugoplastika’s products were the indispensable part of happy childhood, summer vacations, wardrobe and even the famous Yugo automobile. In the process of transition and reform in 1990s kombinat Jugoplastika was first fragmented, filed for bankruptcy and finally removed from Registry. The products became dispensable and almost forgotten if they have not, just for a few days, resurfaced at the exhibition «Groundwork Jugoplastika» in 2011 in Split and during the action «Jugoplastika + supporting the memory» held in the eve of Jugoplastika’s would be 60th anniversary in 2012 in Split.

Economic development of Montenegro from 1918 to 1990: the impact of political status and economic development model

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore the impact of the different political statuses of Montenegro within Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1990 and the state-led development strategies in the process of intensive postwar industrialization on its economic development. This study investigates the possible causes of the lower level of development of Montenegro in relation to other parts of Yugoslavia. The research shows that, after gaining the status of an equal federal member in Yugoslavia after World War II, in combination with the state-led model of accelerated industrialization, it achieved the best economic results in its history. This emphasizes the positive effects of state-led development in regions with a weak capitalist tradition and underdeveloped political and market institutions. By applying the growth accounting method, we estimated the annual growth rates of TFP in Montenegro and Yugoslavia from 1952 to 1988. The results show lower TFP growth in Montenegro than in Yugoslavia because of the lower development of its determinants (education, infrastructure, market efficiency, innovation, and institutions).

French military masculinities and the birth of cinéma colonial: triangulating queer desire in Jacques Feyder’s L’Atlantide (1921)

ABSTRACT Jacques Feyder’s L’Atlantide (1921) is widely considered not only cinéma colonial’s first major representative example but also one of the genre’s most emblematic narratives. However, ambiguities in the film’s portrayal of the mission civilisatrice have received comparatively little analysis. This article aims to expand on our understanding of L’Atlantide and the mirror it held up to interwar France in three main stages. First, it situates the film’s discourses of gender and colonialism within present post-colonial scholarship. Second, it analyses the aesthetic and political contexts of L’Atlantide, paying particular attention to how the film offered a remedy to France’s ailing postwar film industry and, albeit superficially, discovered a way to address a country undergoing a crisis of masculinity. Third, through a discussion of the sexually ambiguous relationships that structure the narrative’s central erotic triangle, this analysis posits that Feyder’s film registered France’s postwar trauma and the fallibility of French colonial rule. This article ultimately argues that although L’Atlantide played a foundational role in perpetuating certain monolithic stereotypes, it also established a subversive tradition in cinéma colonial which would flourish during the interwar period in films such as Julien Duvivier’s Pépé le Moko (1937) and Jean Grémillon’s Gueule d’amour (1937).

Discovering the Depth of the Walls: Prefabricated Timber Houses in Interwar Japan

Architects’ perennial discussions on the walls of the Japanese house started in the early twentieth century, when calls for the rationalization and modernization of people’s everyday lives became the impetus for their engagement in housing design. One of their solutions to this sociocultural issue was the introduction of western prefabricated wall construction, structurally contrasting with the conventional post-and-beam construction. This architectonic approach to modernizing Japanese life and dwelling was further activated by modernism, and oriented toward the standardization and industrialization of housing. This essay focuses particularly on the interwar years, when some modernist architects, including Tsuchiura Kameki, designed prefabricated houses using timber rather than steel. We explore their experimental attempts to discover the heretofore unexperienced features and meanings of panelized walls and materials, as well as the relationship between construction and architectural production. Their progressionist vision, predicting the future shift of building materials and methods, cognitively affected postwar home industrialization.

Wood Firm De Coene and the Modern Office

In the course of the twentieth century the Belgian wood firm De Coene, established in the late-nineteenth century, underwent a thorough modernisation. The company started off as a family business that specialised in art deco interiors and the importation of wood from the Belgian colony of the Congo, but quickly developed into an industrialised producer of cutting-edge modern furniture and building materials. This article explores the context for the Flemish company’s various innovations and products in the decades after the Second World War, in particular De Coene’s new headquarters, built on the factory grounds in Kortrijk in 1964. It approaches the building and its furnishings as valuable objects of study to increase our understanding of the changing perceptions of wood in the context of the post-war industrialisation in Belgium, the gradually liberalising European market, and the country’s changing relationship to the Congo.

Editorial: Biographical Memoirs , Volume 68

Editorial: <i>Biographical Memoirs</i> , Volume 68

Howard Harry Rosenbrock. 16 December 1920—21 October 2010

Howard H. Rosenbrock was a major figure in automatic control. His career started in R&amp;D in post-war industry, working on diverse challenging applications. He then moved to research in universities, where he made fundamental contributions to algebraic systems theory and to control design methods assisted by interactive computing. He established the Control Systems Centre at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, which became a centre of excellence under his leadership.

К вопросу о транспортном комплексе КНР

The paper regards tendencies in PRC transport complex from the moment the state was founded until present day. To general processes of economic development at certain key periods the authors relate development of spatial parameters of motor roads and railways, port infrastructure facilities and the operation scale of certain kinds of transport (freight turnover, volume of cargo transported, average length of transportation). The economic justification for post-war recovery, industrialization and transfer to the policy of openness and reform are also observed. There are changes shown as to indicators for freight and passenger transportation. The terms for a boost in the PRC sea and port infrastructure under the policy of openness and reform are outlined. This policy shapes the model of export-oriented economy. Rising living standards and orientation at promoting domestic demand were incentivized by high-speed railways and air traffic. The shift in the role of the PRC transport complex has been demonstrated: from the tertiary (service) sector of economy to the self-sustained entity of economic processes generating technologies, carrying out a transfer of innovations and participating in launching new export niches on the national and global markets. The importance of the transport complex as a tool of the PRC stabilization policy in the period of economic crises of 2008 and 2015 is presented. Investments into the transportation infrastructure in the periods of recession had a meaningful multiplicative effect and generated new jobs, secured a demand for the related industries (metallurgy, construction materials, transport engineering), brought down the cost of shipment, improved the environment of transportation and promoted domestic demand

ETHNIC HOMOGENIZATION OF THE URBAN POPULATION OF TRANSCARPATHIA IN THE YEARS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE SOVIET PERIOD

The Rusins of Subcarpathian Rus made up the majority of the population of this rural region of the Czechoslovak Republic on the eve of World War II. Also, in the region there were many representatives of other nationalities: Jews, Germans, Hungarians, Czechs and Slovaks, etc. The results of the war, as well as the inclusion of the region into the Soviet Union, determined the homogeneity of the ethnic space of this region. It must be admitted, that the events of the mid-twentieth century were used by many state regimes to solve their own "national problems", which resulted in ethnic homogenization in significant territories of Central and Eastern Europe. As a result of the war, the Holocaust, physical extermination, deportations and migrations the national structure of the many Central and Eastern European cities has particularly changed. Similar processes in the Transcarpathian region have led to the fact, that Ukrainians, who previously made up no more, than a quarter of towns inhabitants, are now the dominant part of the urban population. It should be noted that in the period before the Second World War, these cities were of a multicultural nature, which is still confirmed by architectural monuments of Jewish, Hungarian, Czech origin. As a consequence of post-war industrialization, the urban population continued to grow at the expense of migrants from Transcarpathian villages. Also, in the towns of Transcarpathia, the number of Russians continued to grow. Another feature of the changes in the cities of the region was the active Sovietization and Russification of their symbolic space, which stopped only with the end of Soviet power.

Resurrecting ‘Lucifer’: The Transmedia Mythology of Harry Lime

AbstractThis essay examines the transmedia mythology of the popular but also ‘evil’ character, Harry Lime, who, in The Third Man (1949) written by Graham Greene and directed by Carol Reed, is shot dead in the sewers of postwar Vienna. The romance of Lime begins with a famous ‘Wellesian’ performance, with Orson Welles drawing on a tradition of Shakespearean ‘heroic-acting’, and Reed’s alteration of Greene’s ‘happy’ closure that effectively underscores Hannah Schmidt’s hero-worshipping of a cult criminal figure. Both creative interventions established the platform for Lime’s ‘resurrection’ in the radio series, The Lives of Harry Lime (1951–52), the television series, The Third Man (1959–65), and Orson Welles’ film, Mr. Arkadin (1955). I argue that the moral rehabilitation of Greene’s fallen figure is indicative of postwar conformist entertainment industry and folk nostalgia for the wartime black marketeer as well as the differing ‘moral codes’ operating across transmedia platforms. But, whereas the radio and TV serializations conscript Lime into the detective-agent genre by burying the evil results of his penicillin racket, Mr. Arkadin de-romanticizes Lime and in turn exposes the cultural amnesia of the 1950s by returning to the 1949 film’s morality and Faustian image of a sadistic racketeer. Written in the spirit of Hans Blumenberg’s theory of myth-adaptation as ongoing ‘points of departure’, this essay debates the ethical issues at stake in this character-oriented misappropriation whereby the protagonist’s moral status is transformed across media platforms.

From Crisis to Crisis

The article explores the elements that led Slovenia to face another major crisis within the Eurozone turmoil less than twenty years after its political separation from Yugoslavia. The analysis builds on a combined theoretical framework of the insights from dependency school and regulation theory. The outbreak of the 1980s Yugoslav crisis and the IMF’s involvement into the domestic policy-making revealed that Slovenian post-war industrialization was dependent on imports and foreign credits. The Washington Consensus structural adjustments eased a shift in the post-war development pattern and deepened dependent integration in the European structures. During the 1990s, a labour-inclusive accumulation regime stabilized the pattern of export-led industrialization, a smaller reliance on FDI and a state-managerial control of domestic production. After 2000, however, the availability of cheap credits on the European markets, an accelerated transfer of state polices on the European level and the weakening of labour bargaining power created conditions for a dependent financialization of the Slovenian economy.

World War II and the Industrialization of the American South

When private incentives are insufficient, a big push by government may lead to industrialization. This article uses mobilization for WWII to test the big push hypothesis in the context of postwar industrialization in the American South. Specifically, I investigate the role of capital deepening at the county level using newly assembled data on the location and value of wartime investment. Despite a boom in manufacturing activity during the war, the evidence is not consistent with differential postwar growth in counties that received more investment. This does not rule out positive effects of mobilization on firms or sectors, but a decisive role for wartime capital deepening in the South's postwar industrial development should be viewed more skeptically.

Wedded to Welfare? Working Mothers and the Welfare State in Communist Poland

Using Poland as example, the article explores the operation of east European communist welfare states, with particular attention paid to benefits offered to working mothers. By exploring a number of diverse sources, I analyze the evolution and the meaning of institutional care and maternity leave in the life of professionally-active women. Studying a variety of factors that shaped the welfare policies of the time, including post-war industrialization, consumption, the demographic panic, and the struggling economy of the twilight years of communism, I attach particular importance to the early 1970s, when Poland saw a particular shift in gender-equality discourse. Welfare benefits played a key role in communists states, serving as a guarantee of equal opportunities or, in the case of mothers, as a tool for potentially facilitating employment. In time, however, they became chiefly tools designed to control the population and female fertility.

Conservatives in the Everglades: Sun Belt Environmentalism and the Creation of Everglades National Park

AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II, SEVERAL SOUTHERN STATES SOUGHT to sustain the economic growth they had experienced during the war. Many focused on building up their manufacturing, high-tech, and resource extraction industries. At the same time, tourism was poised to become an industry in the postwar South, especially in coastal states that could take advantage of the South's climate, natural beauty, and undeveloped natural areas. These two economic forces seemed destined to clash: many of the South's heavy and extractive industries defiled the environment, while tourism was often dependent on pristine environments. (1) The South's postwar economic development also entailed changes in the identity, or at least the public image, of the South. The region's racist past, its backward reputation, its past hostility to the values of middle-class capitalism, and its legacy of secession were not generally compatible with the desires of business investors. This conflict was even more pronounced in the case of tourism, an economic activity that relied on the public's perceptions of place. (2) Although the region's wartime economic growth was subsidized by the federal government, the rise of the Sun Belt South was inextricably and perhaps ironically linked to the emergence of modern conservatism. (3) This political movement, devoted to tradition, the free market, and individual rights, was particularly attractive to many white southerners who confronted diverse economic, social, and cultural changes during and after World War II. In Florida, a third emergent force shaped the state's economic growth and political climate after the war: modern environmentalism. (4) Environmentalism and ecological ideas about nature, along with conservative ideas about individual property rights and the role of the state, proved to be central to the state's development. (5) The creation of Everglades National Park (ENP) in 1947 was deeply influenced by both environmentalism and conservatism and illustrates the diversity of conservative attitudes in the South toward nature. (6) Florida politicians saw the park as a centerpiece of the postwar tourism industry. This industry was predicated on the state's natural values: its climate, its beauty, its beaches, and its diverse and exotic flora and fauna. The key political figure in the fight for the park was Spessard L. Holland, a titan of Florida politics who parlayed his successful gubernatorial term during World War II into a twenty-five-year career in the U.S. Senate. In many ways, Holland was a typical mid-twentieth-century southern politician: he was pro-business and pro-segregation, and he supported states' rights. Holland typically sought to limit the power of the federal government, yet he vigorously supported the creation of an enormous national park in his state. Holland's enlightened utilitarianism toward the preservation of the Everglades was composed of three ideas. The first was that economic benefits could be extracted from the Everglades. Second, Holland understood that environmental ideas, specifically an appreciation of diverse and exotic flora and fauna, were becoming increasingly important to Americans. Holland thought that the creation of the ENP would reorient the state's economy around tourism and advertise Florida tourism more broadly. Finally, and perhaps most important, the park would aid in the transformation of Florida's identity. The creation of a wilderness park dedicated to protecting biology would signal that Florida was at the forefront of environmental and scientific thinking. The park would demonstrate that Florida was no longer a backwater state from a backward region tainted by the legacy of slavery and secession. Rather, Florida was a modern, scientific state, eager to cater to the desires of American tourists. The belief that the ENP could facilitate the construction of a new identity for Florida was a crucial facet of Holland's Sun Belt environmentalism and illustrates the dynamic and forward-thinking aspects of southern identity after World War II. …