Post-war Development Research Articles

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ МОДЕЛИ ЯПОНИИ В ОККУПАЦИОННЫЙ ПЕРИОД 1945–1951 гг.

The author chose as an object of research the post-war Japan, the economy of which had undergone significant changes over six years. In the process of the research, based on methods of analysis, synthesis, statistical and historical, the author considered the post-war reform of the Japanese economy during the occupation period of 1945-1951, the features of the relationship between business and the state; he analyzed the changes that occurred in the Japanese economy over the period under review. As a result, it was concluded that the active postwar economic development was not an exclusive Japanese phenomenon, it was observed in many states, including the countries of the socialist camp. Post-war world economy of the 1950 grew at a fairly rapid pace, while during the period of the American occupation, the Japanese economy was not among the world leaders in most of its positions, and in some positions was lower than other states, including those that suffered from World War II. However, thanks to the actions of the occupation administration, Japan received a certain platform for further growth of its economy, which began in the 1950; and the country’s government got the opportunity to carry out new reforms. The scientific novelty of the research is a comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of forming the economic model in Japan during the occupation period of 1945-1951. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that the reforms laid foundations for the effective functioning of market mechanisms in the country. Determining the practical significance of the article, it should be noted that it may interest specialists studying the history of the Japanese economy, as well as students and teachers at higher educational institutions of economic profile.

Poet-Critics and the Administration of CultureAmerican Guides: The Federal Writers’ Project and the Casting of American Culture

Poet-Critics and the Administration of CultureAmerican Guides: The Federal Writers’ Project and the Casting of American Culture

German and European Ordo-liberalism and Constitutionalism in the Post-war Development of International Economic Law

This contribution discusses the regulatory approaches of German-speaking countries to the design of European and international economic law since World War II. The US initiatives for the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreements and the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade were driven by neo-liberal, multilateral approaches prioritizing rules-based liberalization of market access barriers, deregulation, privatization and ‘financialization’ of markets as spontaneous information, coordination and sanctioning mechanisms enabling private economic actors to pursue their economic self-interests. By contrast, the post-war German and European ordo-liberalism and the ‘Virginia School’ of ‘law and economics’ perceived markets as legal constructs, which cannot maximize general consumer welfare without legal limitations of ‘market failures’, ‘governance failures’ and ‘constitutional failures’. The federalism and constitutional protection of common market freedoms inside Austria, Germany and Switzerland contributed to their promotion of ordo-liberal, constitutional approaches also in their external economic policies aimed at creating and progressively developing Europe’s micro-economic ‘common market constitution’ not only inside the European Union, but also in the broader ‘European Economic Area’, the European Free Trade Area and the EU’s common commercial policies. The worldwide WTO legal and dispute settlement system was influenced both by neo-liberal US initiatives as well as by ordoliberal European proposals (e.g. for the design of the WTO dispute settlement system). The current US assault on the WTO Appellate Body system is driven by neo-liberal interest group politics and hegemonic mercantilism by the US Trump administration.

A land full of opportunities? Agrarian frontiers, policy narratives and the political economy of peace in Colombia

In many post-war countries, the relative security brought to rural areas is construed by government officials and business actors as an opportunity for development. This is particularly true for marginal areas, where opportunities for economic development had previously been hindered by the threat of violence. This provides a favourable context for the construction of commodity frontiers. Through the case of Colombia, I show that one of the main challenges faced by frontier policy narratives amounts to differentiating wartime dispossession from peacetime legitimate accumulation. This poses intractable challenges to policymakers and business actors, as it fuels the contradictions between peace consolidation and post-war development.

Agribiopolitics: The health of plants and humans in the age of monocrops

The well-known story of biopolitics tells us that as Europe urbanized, security was increasingly linked to human well-being. What the story tends to leave out is the way that biopolitics also depended on the expansion of monocrop agriculture: the thriving of human populations was enabled by the thriving of non-human food crops, especially grains. As a result, new human diseases were also shadowed by new plant diseases, and a whole other, parallel governmental apparatus built to manage the crop health in rural Europe. During the great postwar development initiative known as the Green Revolution, plant health techniques would be expanded to the Global South in a massive realignment of biopolitical relations. Though the core tradition of biopolitical thought rarely made it explicit, biopolitics was always, in other words, agribiopolitics, a political technique that made certain populations of humans thrive alongside companion crops. Using Paraguay as a site of genealogical engagement, this paper explores agribiopolitical relations through three phases of the Green Revolution, culminating in the current age of monocrops.

Insecurity, Dispossession, Depletion: Women\u2019s Experiences of Post-War Development in Myanmar

This article explores the gendered dynamics of Myanmar’s post-war economic reforms through an analysis of women’s experiences of development in Kayah (Karenni) state. In Myanmar, ceasefires and a reduction of armed violence combined with state-driven economic liberalization reforms are conditioned by, but also contribute to remake, gendered relations of power, privilege and marginalization. While new land legislation and development projects have contributed to loss of land and livelihoods among rural populations in general, our study demonstrates that women living in conflict-affected border areas are disproportionally affected. Drawing on interviews and participant observation, we show how this is directly related to an overarching gendered political economy defined by legacies of conflict, discrimination and uneven processes of development, which positions women as particularly vulnerable to new forms of insecurity, dispossession and depletion generated by post-war economic transformations. We argue that the political and economic legacies of war in the state has produced a gendered division of labor that positions women as responsible for unpaid and underpaid informal and social reproductive labor, weakens women’s access to land, and results in physical, material, and emotional depletion. Through this focus, our study adds to research on development and economic restructuring in post-war contexts in general, and to emergent scholarship on Myanmar’s economic reforms in particular.

Voluminous, Repetitive, and Intractable: Samuelson on Early Development Economics

In the late 1970s Paul Samuelson drafted the outline of a paper, never published, with a critical assessment of the theoretical innovations of postwar development economics. He found the subject essentially intractable. The present paper discusses how that assessment fits in Samuelson’s published writings on economic development, throughout several editions of his textbook Economics and in some papers he wrote after that assessment. Increasing returns posed a main analytical hurdle, together with the elusive attempt to provide “laws of motion” of economic development. Samuelson’s notion of “tractability” may be traced back to Peter Medawar’s well-known definition of science as the “art of the soluble.”

The Fabianisation of the British Empire: Post-War Colonial Summer Conferences and Community Development in Kenya, 1948–1956

This article examines the influence of the Fabian Society on post-war colonial development from 1948 to 1956. This study demonstrates that a primary vehicle for the ‘Fabianisation’ of the British Empire was the Cambridge Summer Conference series, particularly the conference convened in 1948. Held on the encouragement of initiative in African society, the conference devised a policy framework of community development based on a model of mass education long favoured by Arthur Creech Jones, secretary of state for the colonies and former chair of the Fabian Colonial Bureau (FCB). This article also looks at the practical outcomes of that influence through a case study of community development in Kenya. It demonstrates that, despite Creech Jones' appointment as secretary of state for the colonies, severe challenges remained for the realisation of Fabian-favoured designs, including those posed by inertia and resistance in the territories, which emanated from both colonial officialdom and indigenous populations. Moreover, the findings indicate that the fulfilment of British development goals was critically dependent on the translation of those goals through the medium of indigenous cultural institutions. While the findings attest that ‘Fabianisation’ during this period produced tangible development projects that concretely impacted social welfare in the colonies, the results suggest an ambiguity surrounding the relative success of ‘Fabianised’ development. The findings indicate that ‘Fabianisation’, dependent upon the processes of negotiation that transpired between the African communities being ‘developed’ and the agents responsible for change, and the ability of those agents to inspire and motivate the indigenous populations, was at best partial.

"Making Patients" in Postwar and Resource-scarce Settings. Diagnosing and Treating Mental Illness in Postwar Kosovo.

Postwar development contexts are increasingly sites of mental health and psychosocial interventions in which local health providers are trained by foreign experts in evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies. Underlying this course of action is a well-accepted biomedical logic that assumes symptoms can be identified and translated into mental disorders, and disorders into forms of treatment. I question this logic by investigating how patients are actually "made" in postwar and resource-scarce settings. Specifically, I focus on the tensions and ethical dilemmas with which practitioners in Kosovo grapple as they navigate requirements of international standards, their own perception of good care, and the limited resources at their disposal. The resultant practice of "making patients" to fit diagnostic repertoires is a product of health practitioners' structural power, but also an ethical response to the materially untenable conditions that practitioners and their patients are confronting.

Dennie Oude Nijhuis, Religion, Class, and the Postwar Development of the Dutch Welfare State

Dennie Oude Nijhuis, Religion, Class, and the Postwar Development of the Dutch Welfare State

Natural Risks and Economic Vulnerability

Nature is not only a source of necessary conditions and resources for economic development, but also a source of dangers for the sustainability of the system of social reproduction. A characteristic feature of post-war development in almost all countries of the world is a significant increase in economic damage from natural hazards and disasters, further aggravated by the effects of climate change over the past two or three decades. This reinforces the concern of the world community, including Russia, about the problem of the dependence of the economy and society as a whole on natural assets. At the same time, the growing role of human economic activity in the genesis of natural hazards (for example, erosion, landslides, etc.), which are increasingly of a natural-anthropogenic nature (natural-man-made), attracts attention. Moreover, according to the majority of climate scientists, this role can be called decisive in enhancing climate change in recent decades. If there are certain disagreements about the last thesis, then the priority of socio-economic factors in increasing the vulnerability of economic complexes and the population to climate change and natural hazards is beyond doubt.

From war to wealth? Land policies and the peace economy in Côte d’Ivoire

ABSTRACT This article studies the production of economic domination after the end of the Ivorian armed conflict. It investigates the interaction between post-conflict development policies, people's expectations and fears unleashed by the end of war, and the capacity of local actors to establish external alliances. The inquiry focuses on a region located at the margins of the conflict, but at the core of post-war development schemes. In this warless land, policies implemented in the name of peace provide resources for dominant actors seeking to consolidate their position, thus reinforcing the social structures of agrarian capitalism that had been challenged during the war.

Alegal: Biopolitics and the Unintelligibility of Okinawan Life by Annmaria M. Shimabuku

Reviewed by: Alegal: Biopolitics and the Unintelligibility of Okinawan Life by Annmaria M. Shimabuku Masamichi Inoue (bio) Alegal: Biopolitics and the Unintelligibility of Okinawan Life. By Annmaria M. Shimabuku. Fordham University Press, New York, 2019. xx, 219 pages. $95.00, cloth; $28.00, paper; $27.99, E-book. Annmaria M. Shimabuku's Alegal: Biopolitics and the Unintelligibility of Okinawan Life explores forms of agency in postwar Okinawa constituted at the margin of "a network of racialized territorial sovereignties [i.e., the United States and Japan] across the Asia-Pacific" (p. 6) by examining, among other issues, conditions in entertainment districts around U.S. bases. In the process, the book perceptively problematizes Japan as a "biopolitical state"—a state that controls life through "[t]he reproduction, management, and commodification of labor power" (p. 9)—where patriarchal norms of monoethnicity have been promoted, according to Shimabuku's analysis, through the formation of the Japanese middle class from the prewar through postwar periods. The author's explorations are theoretically informed by a number of critical concepts. Central among these is the "alegal," defined as "a form of life that exists in a condition of unintelligibility to the biopolitical state" (p. 12). In the introduction, the ideas of alegal and biopolitical state are laid out against the background of "triangulation" (p. 4)—a historical process originating in the U.S. policy to confront and contain the power of the Soviet Union after World War II, which was actualized in the Asia-Pacific region through the economic use of mainland Japan as the factory of Asia, on the one hand, and the military use of Okinawa as the keystone of the Pacific, on the other. The chapters that follow elaborate on these concepts—alegal, biopolitical states, and triangulation—and others through close readings of poetry, reportage, film, and memoir. Chapter 1, titled "Japan in the 1950s: Symbolic Victims," explores, with Kyoto School materialist philosopher Tosaka Jun's work in the 1930s, the origin of the biopolitical state in prewar Japan and examines its postwar development. At the heart of the biopolitical state lies "the logic of substitution, whereupon the family came to symbolically stand in for the larger society or state through quasi-religious feelings of 'primitivism' or 'mysticism'" (p. 5). Shimabuku substantiates this insight by examining a number of antibase reportages produced in mainland Japan in the 1950s. As Shimabuku explains, they characterized the presence of U.S. troops as the cause of the crisis of Japan as the family state; the troops permeated the war-defeated nation [End Page 439] through varied forms of sexual contact with Japanese women, and the births of mixed-race children, particularly around U.S. bases, represented large-scale "miscegenation." The Japanese solution to this crisis, as Shimabuku shows, was the transfer of U.S. bases from mainland Japan to Okinawa. She astutely notes that antibase reportages—or movements, more generally—in mainland Japan, in their very desire to eliminate the violence of the Other, ironically contributed to disseminating patriarchal norms of monoethnicity in mainland Japan, on the one hand, and "securing Okinawa for miscegenation" (p. 32), on the other. Chapter 2, entitled "Okinawa, 1945–1952: Allegories of Becoming," focuses on social conditions in Okinawa in the aftermath of the war, tracing the process whereby the sexual violence of the U.S. military resulted in the establishment of entertainment districts around the bases. Invoking Yunshin Hong's analysis of the agency of Korean comfort women in prewar Okinawa, Shimabuku perceptively explains the fragmented subjectivity of Okinawan women immediately after the war, constituted by multilayered fears—a fear of being violated by Black servicemen and Filipino scouts, a fear of being made into "comfort women" for U.S. troops, and a fear of being misrecognized as spies of the U.S. military by Japanese soldiers. In so doing, Shimabuku also shows the birth of the "petitioning" (masculine) subject, a term invented by Tomiyama Ichiro—a subject who requests, based on free will, his "'right' to conduct [sex] business with the U.S. military" (p. 39)—as an effect of the complex "sex-scape" created by the presence of the U.S. military after the war. Chapter 3, titled "Okinawa...

Armies of Deliverance: A New History of the Civil War by Elizabeth R. Varon

Reviewed by: Armies of Deliverance: A New History of the Civil War by Elizabeth R. Varon Richard Reid Armies of Deliverance: A New History of the Civil War. Elizabeth R. Varon. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1908-6060-8. 513 pp., cloth, $34.95. In this provocative and engaging history of the Civil War, Elizabeth Varon reassesses one of the conflict’s central questions. How did the North define its war aims in a fashion that unified and sustained a prowar coalition of Republicans and Democrats capable of crushing secession? On entering office, Abraham Lincoln faced a contentious political landscape: Radical Republicans wanting to end slavery and promote black citizenship to War Democrats striving to maintain both the Union and the racial status quo. Between these political extremes were a majority of Northerners who, like the president, were determined to preserve the Union and end slavery primarily because of its negative impact on free labour. In addition, [End Page 204] Lincoln needed to appeal to Southern unionists. What linked these groups during the war was their belief that secession had been caused by a slaveholding elite that captivated slaves and common Southerners alike. Lincoln was able to forge an effective prowar alliance, Varon argues, by using the political theme of deliverance. Varon is a skillful writer with a deft touch and a commanding knowledge of the broad Civil War era. An award-winning author, she has published two previous books that bracket the actual Civil War: Disunion! The Coming of the American Civil War (2008) and Appomattox: Victory, Defeat, and Freedom at the End of the Civil War (2013). Her works reflect the influence of Raymond Williams’s ideas on “keywords” as socially prominent words capable of carrying interlocking and sometimes contradictory and contested contemporary meanings. In Armies of Deliverance, Varon gives short shrift to prewar events and deals with postwar developments only in her conclusion. Given her previous two books, this decision is understandable. However, it truncates any discussion of a perceived Northern belief in the necessity of Southern deliverance before 1861. Similarly, while “deliverance” was useful wartime rhetoric, it fed disagreement and disillusionment after Appomattox, especially over the issue of black civil rights and citizenship, which is passed over quickly. Varon begins her book with a July 1864 article in Harper’s Weekly: “Fighting for Our Foes,” which claimed Southern leaders, not the “ignorant and debased” Southern masses, were the real instigators of the war. This belief, she argues, allowed Northerners to depict “the Civil War as a war of deliverance, waged to deliver the South from the clutches of a conspiracy and to deliver to it the blessings of free society” (2). The strength of the term deliverance, replete with religious and moral overtones, was its ambiguousness, which muted Northern differences across time and place and created the illusion of common cause. The concept allows Varon to depict the full range and alterations of Northern attitudes and motivations. It could link “soft war” incentives and “hard war” punishments. Advocates used the term to reconcile the liberation of the white Southern masses from thralldom with the emancipation of the slaves. Depicting the agents of secession as a narrow class of Southerners helped keep the war from descending into a war of atrocities and lay the basis for a reunited nation. Any historian writing a concise single-volume history of the Civil War faces an onerous and daunting task. The fields to be incorporated are large and complex, while the historiography of the conflict is, like the universe, constantly expanding. Besides mastering current literature, the writer must make critical decisions about what to foreground and what to leave out. Whatever the choices made, not all readers will be satisfied. Given the book’s focus, there is little space here to include the naval war, the conflict’s international implications, or the way the two sides mobilized and replenished their fiscal and industrial resources. The latter is [End Page 205] perhaps most surprising, as Varon argues that it was the four years of attrition that ground down the Confederate army and made Appomattox inevitable. That small quibble aside, Varon covers the war’s various military campaigns in...

Історичний вимір документаційного забезпечення управлінської діяльності в УРСР як основа сучасного вітчизняного діловодства

The article presents the result of the analysis of publications on the problem of documentation of management activities in the USSR for the period 1946–1991 in modern domestic professional publications, taking into account the time interval from the beginning to the 20th year of the XXI century. The development of Soviet documentation in 1946–1991 laid the foundation for the further formation of modern documentation in independent Ukraine. A number of normative and methodological documents created during this period are still in force today. This stage of the history of documentation is characterized primarily by the desire to unify and standardize management documentation, the development of common national rules of documentation. The documents of the Ukrainian SSR are the foundation for the study of domestic documentary history from the beginning of the postwar development of the republic to the formation of independent Ukraine. Research of documentary sources of information allows to clearly record the levels and directions of interests of the national scientific community to the specified period and its documentary base. In turn, the study presents the results of the analysis on the topic of documentation of management activities on the pages of professional research studios. The results of the contribution of researchers to the scientific life of the country are processed. It is emphasized that professional periodicals on document science should be perceived as a center for the formation of fundamentally new, unique knowledge given the historical component or prospects for development by covering a particular problem of documentation. Periodicals are an important historical source that can enrich the historiographical and historical reproduction of the evolution of documentation, to identify various differences of the chosen era. The prospects of further scientific research of publications of other historical periods concerning the issue of documentation of management in the USSR, as well as monitoring of future works of the domestic scientific community and their scientometric factors for increasing interest in this historical period among students, teachers, scientists and all interested citizens. The importance and relevance of the study is noted given that the vast majority of normative and methodological documents in the field of documentation, created in this historical period, are still valid today, which automatically makes them the basis of modern documentary science in independent Ukraine.

Metropolis on the water: Varieties of development logics along the Seine

Scholars writing about the influence of the “neoliberal turn” suggest that, in response to global competition and a declining welfare state, cities have committed to using urban development projects for the purpose of investment attraction through spatially isolated interventions, particularly on key sites such as riverfronts. But is that really the case, or do project programming and design offer opportunities to combat inequality and increase links to the surrounding city? I explore this question through a study of postwar waterside development in Paris, examining planning documents and statements by government representatives. While officials have promoted their city’s global status, I show that they have also increasingly emphasized the provision of affordable housing; meanwhile, they have encouraged new approaches to urban design that prioritize local needs over those of tourists and create new links between existing neighborhoods. This suggests that Paris’ projects reflect a diversity of development logics—that is, goals with respect to certain planning policies—including some conducive to promoting social equity and community cohesion. This finding challenges expectations about project creation as commonly understood through the lens of the neoliberal turn. It suggests that contemporary urbanism is not converging to a uniform, regressive outcome. I identify institutional and political changes—respectively, the devolution of power to the local government in 1977 and the election of left-wing councils beginning in 2001—as the primary explanations for Paris’ history.

Social Resilience in Disaster Recovery Planning for Fishing Port Cities: A Comparative Study of Prewar and Twenty-First-Century Tsunami Recovery Planning in the Northern Part of Japan

This study examines early disaster recovery and prevention planning projects in fishing port cities in the northern part of Japan after the 1933 Sanriku tsunami, the later modernization of those cities, and their current recovery from the 2011 Great Northern Japan earthquake. This work reframes the goal of disaster recovery and of disaster prevention planning in our society as social resilience—the ability of a community to cope with and adapt to stresses such as social, political, environmental, or economic change. Drawing on the author’s field research in Kesennuma, this study also describes postwar economic and industrial development in fishing ports that changed social and spatial structures. It shows that postwar administration and planners ignored the prewar disaster recovery and prevention planning based on local social systems, which caused fundamental problems in redevelopment and disaster prevention planning after 2011.

Historical study on the development of gated communities and its correlation with the barangay in the Philippines formed with European and American influences: Focused accounts of these community concepts from 16th century early settlements to 20th century postwar development

AbstractThis paper presents an introduction to gated communities in the Philippines and its correlation with another community concept: the barangay. In particular, we examine the historical context of the concept, with an overview of the physical, economic, political, and cultural characteristics of the Republic, to further understand the existing urban landscape. This paper begins with the definitions of the term “gated community,” and then presents notions of its origins, offering an explanation of the foundations on which the system was instituted in the country. This paper focuses on an aspect of architecture and cities that is foreign to some parts of the world but well‐established in others. Each nation in the world has its own deep history, with many societies having parallel beginnings. Existing in different continents and separated by vast seas, and then living through analogous occurrences and reaching identical philosophies, much can be deduced and discovered to assist in the progress of our own cultures.

Trajectories of Global Solidarity. Fair Trade Activism Since the 1960s: Introduction

AbstractActivists throughout Western Europe joined Southern actors in demanding a reform of global trade during the 1960s. This forum focuses on the subsequent trajectories of fair trade activism: the initiatives which aimed to achieve equitable economic relations between the South and the North. The evolution of this movement is situated within larger debates about social movements since the 1960s. The forum demonstrates the importance of a transnational perspective, particularly the impact of the global South and European integration. It highlights fair trade's broad constituency and the contested development of its goals and repertoire. The movement's trajectories challenge us to reassess how activists attempted to shape a post-colonial world in which consumption had become a predominant fact of life. Regarding this strand of activism as part of crucial post-war developments provides a fresh perspective on the history of transnational civic activism.

Co-operatives and Political Development in PNG: Colonial Failure or Unrecognized Success?

ABSTRACT Co-operative societies were an important part of Australia’s post-war development plans for the Territory of Papua New Guinea, providing an opportunity to align perceived notions of traditional village social systems with new socio-economic ideas. This article examines the introduction of co-operatives on New Hanover and Buka islands and their subsequent failure. In the aftermath of these disappointments, new local organizations arose and adopted many of the positive practices learnt during the co-operative period. These new groups provided both material and cultural independence, and, further, proved to be micro-nationalist movements with a power base capable of challenging the Australian administration. This article argues that co-operatives have been undervalued and overlooked as a platform for Indigenous notions of socio-economic development and micro-nationalist movements. Co-operatives broke down clan affiliations and inspired Indigenous Papua New Guineans to operate beyond their normal alliances, to act with coordination, agency and a clear agenda.