Post-training Test Research Articles

Targeted Lipidomics and Inflammation Response to Six Weeks of Sprint Interval Training in Male Adolescents.

Lipids play an important role in coordinating and regulating metabolic and inflammatory processes. Sprint interval training (SIT) is widely used to improve sports performance and health outcomes, but the current understanding of SIT-induced lipid metabolism and the corresponding systemic inflammatory status modification remains controversial and limited, especially in male adolescents. To answer these questions, twelve untrained male adolescents were recruited and underwent 6 weeks of SIT. The pre- and post-training testing included analyses of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), biometric data (weight and body composition), serum biochemical parameters (fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, testosterone, and cortisol), inflammatory markers, and targeted lipidomics. After the 6-week SIT, the serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas IL-6 and IL-10/TNF-α significantly increased (p < 0.05). In addition, the targeted lipidomics revealed changes in 296 lipids, of which 33 changed significantly (p < 0.05, fold change > 1.2 or <1/1.2). The correlation analysis revealed that the changes in the inflammatory markers were closely correlated with the changes in some of the lipids, such as LPC, HexCer, and FFA. In conclusion, the 6-week SIT induced significant changes in the inflammatory markers and circulating lipid composition, offering health benefits to the population.

An individualized approach to teaching adults with autism to successfully navigate job interviews via remote instruction.

Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience challenges securing employment, which may partially explain overall underemployment or unemployment in this population. One of the first steps to obtaining employment is participating in a job interview. However, social communication deficits may interfere with an individual with ASD's participation in a job interview. The current study evaluated the use of behavioral skills training delivered via remote instruction to teach interview skills to seven adults with ASD. Results showed overall improvement during interviews as well as posttraining tests with a career development expert. These data suggest that an individualized approach to teaching may be an effective strategy to help adults with ASD successfully navigate job interviews.

The effects of core stabilization exercises on the neuromuscular function of athletes with ACL reconstruction

Athletes who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) often exhibit persistently impaired kinematics and strength. Core stability training appears to be effective for reducing high-risk landing mechanics and preventing primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries; however, there have been few attempts to examine their effects in athletes who have undergone ACLR. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of simple core stability training on core endurance, hip strength, and knee kinematics in ACLR athletes. Twenty-six male athletes (20–30 years old) with a history of ACL surgery with hamstring tendon autograft were randomly divided into training (n = 13) and control groups (n = 13). The training group performed core stability exercises for eight weeks before starting their team training; the control group did not receive any intervention. Both groups continued their regular team schedule. The core endurance, hip muscle strength, and knee kinematics were assessed by the McGill test, a hand-held dynamometer, and video-taping, respectively. Analysis of covariance test was used for data analysis. The training group showed a significant increase in core endurance, hip abductor and external rotator strength, knee flexion angle, and a significant decrease in the knee valgus angle during single-leg landing in post-training tests compared to their baseline tests (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that core stability exercise alters neuromuscular function to a level that is clinically acceptable and statistically significant. Because of the high incidence rate of secondary ACL injury after ACLR, it is recommended that athletes with a history of ACLR benefit from adding core stability exercises to warm-up routines or tertiary prevention programs even after completing post-operative rehabilitation. It is fast and not time-consuming to perform for athletes to reduce the risk factors of re-injury.Trial registration: This study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with the number IRCT20190224042827N2, registered on 19 December 2019.

Retention of Knowledge and Efficacy of a Hands-on Training Session in Oxygen Therapy for COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers.

We conducted basic hands-on training in oxygen therapy and ventilatory management of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients to health care workers (HCWs) at our tertiary care hospital. We designed this study aiming to find out the impact of hands-on training in oxygen therapy for COVID-19 patients on the knowledge and degree of retention of this gained knowledge 6 weeks after the training session among HCWs. The study was conducted after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. A structured questionnaire consisting of 15 multiple-choice questions was given to the individual HCW. This was followed by a structured 1-hour training session on "Oxygen therapy in COVID-19", following which the same questionnaire was given to the HCWs with the questions in a different order. After 6 weeks, the same questionnaire with questions in a different format was sent to the participants as a Google form. A total of 256 responses were obtained for the pre-training test and post-training test. The median [IQR] pre-training test scores and post-training test scores were 8 [7-10] and 12 [10-13], respectively. The median retention score was 11 [9-12]. The retention scores were significantly higher than the pre-test scores. About 89% of the HCWs had a significant gain of knowledge. About 76% of the HCWs were able to retain knowledge, which also means the training program was successful. A definitive improvement in baseline knowledge was observed after 6 weeks of training. We propose conducting reinforcement training after 6 weeks of primary training to further augment retention. Singh A, Salhotra R, Bajaj M, Saxena AK, Sharma SK, Singh D, et al. Retention of Knowledge and Efficacy of a Hands-on Training Session in Oxygen Therapy for COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(2):127-131.

Mining and Utilizing Knowledge Correlation and Learners’ Similarity Can Greatly Improve Learning Efficiency and Effect: A Case Study on Chinese Writing Stroke Correction

Using AI technology to improve teaching and learning is an important goal of educational sustainability. By mining the correlation between knowledge points, the discrete knowledge points can be integrated to improve the knowledge density and reduce the learning task. In addition, the successful experiences of similar learners can be shared, thus shortening the learning path of new learners. To change the common situation of irregular writing stroke order, to teach and correct stroke order effectively, this study uses association rules to explore the potential correlation between error-prone Chinese characters based on a large number of learners’ writing records, and then summarizes and sorts out a set of error-prone Chinese characters based on this. Every Chinese character contained in an error-prone category has a common error-prone feature. By correcting this error, it can be extended to every Chinese character of this category, and the learning efficiency of Chinese character strokes can be improved tens of times. In the training and testing system with a Chinese character error-prone character set, combined with the improved collaborative filtering algorithm, a learner-based personalized error-prone Chinese character recommendation model was proposed. Experimental results showed that the Apriori algorithm with lift measure can excavate effective strong association rules and provide an important reference for the character set table. The improved collaborative filtering algorithm can make use of the similarity between learners, share successful learning experiences, provide a personalized recommendation service for error-prone Chinese characters, and the recommendation performance is higher than that of the traditional collaborative filtering model. In the test of different types of learning groups, there are obvious differences between the independent pre-test and the post-training test, which effectively corrects the irregular writing habits, and further indicates that the excavation of knowledge correlation and the combination of learners’ similarity can effectively improve the efficiency and effect of teaching and learning.

Efficacy of distance training program for cardiopulmonary resuscitation utilizing smartphone application and home delivery system

Aim of the studyCommunity cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education is important for laypersons. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, with social distancing, conventional face-to-face CPR training was unavailable. We developed a distance learning CPR training course (HEROS-Remote) using a smartphone application that monitors real-time chest compression quality and a home delivery collection system for mannikins. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the HEROS-Remote course by comparing chest compression quality with that of conventional CPR training. MethodsWe applied layperson CPR education with HEROS-Remote and conventional education in Seoul during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both groups underwent a 2-min post-training chest compression test, and we tested non-inferiority. Chest compression depth, rate, complete recoil, and composite chest compression score was measured. Trainees completed a satisfaction survey on CPR education and delivery. The primary outcome was the mean chest compression depth. ResultsA total of 180 trainees were enrolled, with 90 assigned to each training group. Chest compression depth of HEROS-Remote training showed non-inferiority to that of conventional training (67.4 vs. 67.8, p = 0.78), as well as composite chest compression score (92.7 vs. 95.5, p = 0.16). The proportions of adequate chest compression depth, chest compression rate, and chest compressions with complete chest recoil were similar in both training sessions. In the HEROS-Remote training, 90% of the trainees were satisfied with CPR training, and 96% were satisfied with the delivery and found it convenient. ConclusionHEROS-Remote training was non-inferior to conventional CPR training in terms of chest compression quality. Distance learning CPR training using a smartphone application and mannikin delivery had high user satisfaction and was logistically feasible.

Effects of Neurofeedback Training on Frontal Midline Theta Power, Shooting Performance, and Attentional Focus With Experienced Biathletes

Frontal midline theta power (FMT) has been associated with superior rifle shooting performance. Our experiment examined whether electroencephalographic-based training could increase FMT, shooting performance, and attentional focus in highly trained/elite biathletes. Participants (n = 28; age, M = 21.7, SD = 2.3) were assigned to a control group or an intervention group (with 3 hr of neurofeedback training). FMT increased from baseline during the neurofeedback training sessions (p ≤ .05). However, there were no Group × Pre–post training (test) interactions for FMT or shooting performance (p &gt; .05). There was a small Group × Test effect for attentional focus (p = .07, ), indicating a potential benefit of neurofeedback training. Superior shooters were more proficient at increasing FMT during neurofeedback training, but this did not translate to greater improvements in shooting performance. Our findings suggest that the effects of neurofeedback training are transient and do not necessarily benefit performance.

Food safety training for home industries in Sumber Sari Village, Kutai Kartanegara Regency

This community service's goal is to inform and enlighten the moms of the Family Welfare Empowerment Group (PKK) so they can uphold the quality of processed foods and assist applications for submitting Household Industry Production Numbers (PIRT). The implementation method is carried out with food safety training for home industry products. The program's outcome is an improvement in the partner's skill, which is demonstrated by their acquisition of post-training test points above 60.

Implementation of a Web-Based Educational Intervention for Promoting Flipped Classroom Pedagogy: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Flipped classroom pedagogy (FCP) is recognised as an effective and efficient teaching-learning method. However, nursing students and teachers may be hesitant to adopt FCP due to technophobia and time constraints linked to academic and clinical responsibilities. This necessitates the provision of promotional training for adopting FCP. However, there is a dearth of research regarding how the practice of FCP could be promoted and in demonstrating its efficacy in developing countries. Thus, this study aimed to examine the educational impact of a web-based education intervention, branded as the Flipped Classroom Navigator (FCN), for promoting FCP in nursing education in Sri Lanka. This mixed-methods study employed pre- and post-training knowledge tests, the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS), the Perceived Transfer of Learning Questionnaire survey, and collected students' and teachers' open-ended responses to evaluate the impact of the FCN. Fifty-five undergraduate nursing students and 15 university teachers participated in the study from two state universities in Sri Lanka. Repeated-measures ANOVA, t-tests, Levene's test of homogeneity, Cohen's d, and an inductive thematic approach were employed in the data analysis. Post-training knowledge test scores were significantly higher than the pre-training knowledge test scores indicating improved understanding of FCP. Participants were also highly motivated to learn in the FCN instructional materials. Participants exhibited positive attitudes towards FCN training with transfer of learning to their teaching-learning practice. The inductive thematic analysis identified the following themes: user experiences, FCN learning content, behaviour changes, and suggested improvements. Overall, the FCN enhanced both students' and teachers' knowledge and understanding of FCP in undergraduate nursing education. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-022-01706-7.

A Comparison of High School Students' Knowledge and Satisfactions Regarding Basic Science and Halal Science Literacy Training Course

In the modern era, training in technology and science that integrates content with the learner's way of life is essential for promoting the development of learning skills in the twenty-first century. Therefore, the researchers conducted a research study with the objective of examining the outcomes of Basic Science and Halal Science Literacy (BHL) training program and evaluating the students’ satisfaction with learning management among high school students studying in private religious schools in the southern border provinces of Thailand. The sample group in the study consisted of 97 students with pretest and posttest training assessment (the one-group pretest-posttest design). Analysis of the data was conducted using mean, standard deviation, and paired T-test with a confidence interval of 95%. The findings indicated that after training, participants' understanding of Basic Science and Halal Science Literacy (BHL) improved statistically significant. In addition, it was revealed that the participants had a high degree of satisfaction with the training's holistic overview, with an average satisfaction level of 4.36 and a standard deviation of 0.7.

A Novel Scenario-Based, Mixed-Reality Platform for Training Nontechnical Skills of Battlefield First Aid: Prospective Interventional Study.

Although battlefield first aid (BFA) training shares many common features with civilian training, such as the need to address technical skills and nontechnical skills (NTSs), it is more highly scenario-dependent. Studies into extended reality show clear benefits in medical training; however, the training effects of extended reality on NTSs, including teamwork and decision-making in BFA, have not been fully proven. The current study aimed to create and test a scenario-based, mixed-reality platform suitable for training NTSs in BFA. First, using next-generation modeling technology and an animation synchronization system, a 10-person offensive battle drill was established. Decision-making training software addressing basic principles of tactical combat casualty care was constructed and integrated into the scenarios with Unreal Engine 4 (Epic Games). Large-space teamwork and virtual interaction systems that made sense in the proposed platform were developed. Unreal Engine 4 and software engineering technology were used to combine modules to establish a mixed-reality BFA training platform. A total of 20 Grade 4 medical students were recruited to accept BFA training with the platform. Pretraining and posttraining tests were carried out in 2 forms to evaluate the training effectiveness: one was knowledge acquisition regarding the NTS and the other was a real-world, scenario-based test. In addition, the students were asked to rate their agreement with a series of survey items on a 5-point Likert scale. A battlefield geographic environment, tactical scenarios, scenario-based decision software, large-space teamwork, and virtual interaction system modules were successfully developed and combined to establish the mixed-reality training platform for BFA. The posttraining score of the students' knowledge acquisition was significantly higher than that of pretraining (t=-12.114; P≤.001). Furthermore, the NTS score and the total score that the students obtained in the real-world test were significantly higher than those before training (t=-17.756 and t=-21.354, respectively; P≤.001). However, there was no significant difference between the scores of technical skills that the students obtained before and after training. A posttraining survey revealed that the students found the platform helpful in improving NTSs for BFA, and they were confident in applying BFA skills after training. However, most trainees thought that the platform was not helpful for improving the technical skills of BFA, and 45% (9/20) of the trainees were not satisfied with the simulation effect. A scenario-based, mixed-reality platform was constructed in this study. In this platform, interaction of the movement of multiple players in a large space and the interaction of decision-making by the trainees between the real world and the virtual world were accomplished. The platform could improve the NTSs of BFA. Future works, including improvement of the simulation effects and development of a training platform that could effectively improve both the technical skills and NTSs of BFA, will be carried out.

A mixed-methods evaluation of the Tobacco Retailer Advanced Compliance (TRAC) online training (e-learning) program.

Tobacco vendor training is recognized as an essential element to reduce youth access to tobacco. The TRAC training program was developed utilizing best-practices in tobacco retailer training, adult instruction, and e-learning. The objective of this mixed-methods study is to evaluate the acceptability, usability and knowledge impact of an online tobacco retailer program. An interview guide and evaluation questionnaire were used to collect data on usability and acceptability. To test learner knowledge, each module included a final set of 15 questions randomly chosen and posed to participants before and after the training. Content analysis, chi-squared tests, Student's t-tests, and paired tests were utilized for data analysis. The evaluation was conducted in Alberta, Canada in 2020. A total of 128 participants enrolled in the study. The main themes revealed in the qualitative aspect of the evaluation were: the training was easy to navigate, engaging, informative, and beneficial to the staff's daily work. Compared with the pre-training test, a significantly higher post-training test score, mean and (SD), was recorded for clerks who completed the clerk training module [59.1 (12.8) vs 75.5 (11.1), t=8.6378, p<0.001], and managers who completed the managers training module [51.5 (11.1) vs 73.1 (12.3), t=7.6446, p<0.001]. Similarly, a higher number of participants achieved the passing score of 80% in the post-training test in all three groups. The online training was found to be acceptable and effective in increasing the mean individual score in the knowledge test and in increasing the percentage of participants achieving the passing score. The TRAC training is the first known tobacco retailer training course to employ best practices in tobacco retailer training, adult instruction, and e-learning. Further evaluation of long-term outcomes on employee behavior and on overall compliance with tobacco legislation is recommended.

The Influence of Active and Passive Motion Experience on Infants' Visual Prediction Ability.

In the present study we examined whether infants' visual prediction abilities were related to different types of motion experiences. We tested 30 6-month-old infants on a visual-spatial prediction task in which they had to visually anticipate the locational reappearance of temporarily occluded moving objects. We assigned infants to one of three experience groups: active locomotion training, passive motion experience, and a no-training control group. We tested the infants' visual prediction abilities before and after these trainings. We found improved infant predictions at a post-training test only for passively trained infants (p = .015, d = -1.033; Bonferroni corrected). Thus, we conclude that infants' visual-spatial predictions of temporally occluded moving objects was facilitated by mere movement experience, even if passive. Visual information gathered during even passive movement seemed sufficient for visual prediction.

A Deliberate Practice-Based Ultrasound Training Program for Fetal Palate Screening Using a Sequential Sector Scan Through the Oral Fissure.

To introduce an ultrasound training program for fetal palate screening by using a sequential sector scan through the oral fissure to train less experienced doctors and to investigate its effectiveness. Twenty doctors and several women at approximately 20-28 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancies who provided informed consent were enrolled. The training program consisted of theory and practice training, several tests, and two surveys. Trainees were tested before training and immediately after training; for the latter, each item with a score that was less than 60% of the full score was again used for training with a reconstructed plan. Finally, a post-training test was completed. The median theory scores, median practice scores, median language competence scores, and median self-assessment scores all increased significantly from the pre-training to post-training tests (P < .01). The median completion time for fetal palate scans decreased significantly from the pre-training to post-training tests (P < .01). The median questionnaire scores were 5.00 for pragmatism, 4.00 for content, 4.00 for scientific nature, and 5.00 for effectiveness. The training program for fetal palate screening can effectively standardize and improve doctors' scans for fetal palates. In addition, the program feasibly allows for the incorporation of the scan sequence into fetal palate screening.

Abstract 308: Efficacy Of Distance Learning For Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training Utilizing Smartphone App And Mannikin Delivery-collection System

Aim of the study: Effective CPR training is important for provision of high-quality bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, the COVID-19 pandemic has hindered conventional face-to-face CPR training. To overcome the limitation, we developed a distance learning CPR training course (HEROS-Remote) that utilized a smartphone app and a delivery-collection system for CPR training manikins. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the HEROS-Remote course by comparing chest compression quality between trainees who participated in the conventional CPR training (C-training) and HEROS-Remote course (R-training). Methods: The non-inferiority trial included adult nonhealthcare providers who applied for CPR training. Both groups underwent 2-minute post-training chest compression test followed by course survey on trainees’ course and delivery system satisfaction. The primary outcome of the study was mean chest compression depth during the 2-minute post-training test. Results: A total of 180 trainees were enrolled with 90 trainees for each training group. There was no statistically significant difference in chest compression depth between R-training and C-training groups (67.4 vs. 67.8, p=0.78) as well as proportion of adequate chest compression depth, chest compression rate, proportion of chest compressions with complete chest recoil and chest compression score (90.8 vs. 92.1, p=0.69; 110.8 vs. 110.4, p=0.60; 89.8 vs. 94.7, p=0.05; 92.7 vs. 95.5, p=0.16, respectively). In the R-training group, 90.0% of the trainees were satisfied with the course, 96% responded that the delivery system was satisfactory and convenient. Conclusion: The R-training course was noninferior to the C-training course. The distance learning CPR training method utilizing smartphone app and mannikin delivery-collection system had high user satisfaction and was logistically feasible.

The effectiveness of artificial intelligence-based automated grading and training system in education of manual detection of diabetic retinopathy.

The purpose of this study is to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based automated diabetic retinopathy (DR) grading and training system from a real-world diabetic dataset of China, and in particular, to investigate its effectiveness as a learning tool of DR manual grading for medical students. We developed an automated DR grading and training system equipped with an AI-driven diagnosis algorithm to highlight highly prognostic related regions in the input image. Less experienced prospective physicians received pre- and post-training tests by the AI diagnosis platform. Then, changes in the diagnostic accuracy of the participants were evaluated. We randomly selected 8,063 cases diagnosed with DR and 7,925 with non-DR fundus images from type 2 diabetes patients. The automated DR grading system we developed achieved accuracy, sensitivity/specificity, and AUC values of 0.965, 0.965/0.966, and 0.980 for moderate or worse DR (95 percent CI: 0.976-0.984). When the graders received assistance from the output of the AI system, the metrics were enhanced in varying degrees. The automated DR grading system helped to improve the accuracy of human graders, i.e., junior residents and medical students, from 0.947 and 0.915 to 0.978 and 0.954, respectively. The AI-based systemdemonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of DR on fundus images from real-world diabetics, and could be utilized as a training aid system for trainees lacking formal instruction on DR management.

Self-Directed Neurofeedback Treatment for Subjective Tinnitus Patients Evaluated by Multimodal Functional Imaging.

Neurofeedback (NFB) is a relatively novel approach to the treatment of tinnitus, and prior studies have demonstrated that the increases in alpha activity rather than reduced delta power seem to drive these NFB-related improvements in tinnitus symptoms. The present study was therefore designed to explore whether the implementation of an alpha training protocol with a portable neurofeedback apparatus would achieve improvements in tinnitus patient symptoms. In this study, 38 tinnitus patients underwent NFB training while 18 were enrolled in a control group. The study was single-blinded such that only participants were not aware of their group assignments. Those in the NFB group underwent 15 NFB training sessions over 5 weeks, in addition to pre- and posttraining tests including the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ), visual analog scales (VAS), electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Our result find that when the THI, THQ, and VAS scores of patients in the two groups were assessed after a 5-week training period, these scores were unchanged in control patients whereas they had significantly improved in the NFB group patients. EEG analyses revealed that the alpha band was increased in the occipital lobe following NFB treatment, while fMRI indicated an increase in regional homogeneity (ReHo) in the right frontal lobe of patients in the NFB group after treatment that was negatively correlated with THI and VAS scores. The results of this analysis indicate that alpha NFB training can be effectively used to reduce tinnitus-related distress and sound perception in patients.

Medical student medium-term skill retention following cardiac point-of-care ultrasound training based on the American Society of Echocardiography curriculum framework

BackgroundNo studies have demonstrated medium- or long-term skill retention of cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) curriculum for medical student. Based on the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) curriculum framework, we developed a blended-learning cardiac POCUS curriculum with competency evaluation. The objective of this study was to investigate the curriculum impact on image acquisition skill retention 8 weeks after initial training.MethodsThis study was a prospective, pre-post education intervention study for first- and second-year medical students, with blinded outcome assessment. The curriculum included a pre-training ASE online module and healthy volunteer hands-on training to obtain 5 views: parasternal long-axis (PLAX), parasternal short-axis (PSAX), apical 4-chamber (A4C), subcostal 4-chamber (S4C), and subcostal inferior vena cava (SIVC) views. Students took 5-view image acquisition skill tests at pre-, immediate post-, and 8-week post-training, using a healthy volunteer. Three blinded assessors rated the image quality using a validated 10-point maximum scoring system. Students used a hand-held ultrasound probe (Butterfly iQ).ResultsFifty-four students completed hands-on training, and pre- and immediate post-training skill tests. Twenty-seven students completed 8-week post-training skill tests. Skill test score improvement between pre- and 8-week post-training was 2.11 points (95% CI, 1.22–3.00; effect size, 1.13).ConclusionThe cardiac POCUS curriculum demonstrated medium-term skill retention. The curriculum was sufficient for S4C and SIVC skill retention, but inadequate for PLAX, PSAX, and A4C. Therefore, instructional design modifications or re-training for PLAX, PSAX, and A4C are needed to make the curriculum more effective for clinically relevant skill retention.

The Neural Mechanism Underlying Visual Working Memory Training and Its Limited Transfer Effect.

Visual working memory (VWM) training has been shown to improve performance in trained tasks with limited transfer to untrained tasks. The neural mechanism underlying this limited transfer remains unknown. In the present study, this issue was addressed by combining model-fitting methods with EEG recordings. Participants were trained on a color delay estimation task for 12 consecutive 1-hr sessions, and the transfer effect was evaluated with an orientation change detection task. The EEG responses during both tasks were collected in a pretraining test, a posttraining test conducted 1 day after training, and a follow-up test conducted 3 months after training. According to our model-fitting results, training significantly improved the capacity but not the precision of color working memory (WM), and this capacity improvement did not transfer to the orientation change detection task, spatial 2-back task, symmetry span task, or Raven reasoning test. The EEG results revealed that training resulted in a specific and sustained increase in parietal theta power suppression in the color WM task, which reflected individual color WM capacity. In contrast, the increase in parietal-temporal alpha power, which reflected individual orientation WM capacity, did not change with training. Together, these findings suggest that the simultaneous change of stimulus type and task structure would modulate the cognitive and neural substrates of WM tasks and introduce additional constraints for the transfer of WM training.

The Influence of Auditory, Intellectually, Repetition (AIR) Learning Models on Learning Motivation of 5th Class Students in IPS Courses

The purpose of this study was to determine how the influence of the Auditory, Intellectually, Repetition learning model can increase the learning motivation of grade 5 students in social studies subjects at MI Muhammadiyah Salafiyah Bandongan. The method used in this study is a pre-experiment using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population and sample of this study used a sample of 15 students of class 5 MI Muhammadiyah Salafiyah Bandongan. The analysis used was an independent t-test analysis using the SPSS 25.00 program for windows. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that there is an effect of using the AIR learning model on the motivation to learn social studies subjects in class V MI Muhammadiyah Salafiyah Bandongan. This is evidenced by the average score on the pre-test training questions is 60.27 with the highest score of 72 and the lowest score of 48. While the average value of the post-test training questions is 81.07 with the highest score of 92 and the lowest score of 68. This result is strengthened by the calculation of the "t" test where the value of sig (2-tailed) is 0.000 &lt; 0.05, so as the basis for decision making in the Independent-Sample T Test, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the average results of the treatment study. using AIR learning in 5th grade students of MI Muhammadiyah Salafiyah Bandongan.