Post-test Phase Research Articles

Evaluation of Sudanese nurse’s competence in automated external defibrillator (AED) knowledge and performance: Aquasi-experimental hospital base study in Khartoum locality

BackgroundThe Automated External Defibrillator represents a cornerstone of life-saving interventions, essential for responding to cardiac emergencies both within hospital walls and in community settings. Nurses shoulder the responsibility of understanding the correct protocols for AED usage, as their proficiency can be pivotal in administering timely and effective interventions during instances of cardiac arrest, significantly increasing the chances of survival. PurposeThe aim of this study Assess of Sudanese nurses Competency in Automated External Defibrillator (AED) knowledge and performance: in Khartoum Sudan. MethodsA quasi-experimental study conducted in 2023 aimed to evaluate the competencies of 100 qualified nurses regarding their knowledge and performance related to Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs). Throughout the study, seminars and lectures were delivered to the nursing staff to enhance their understanding of AED usage. Nurse performance was measured by conducting an applied experiment involving a mannequin and an AED, and following the prescribed steps. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and observation checklists, with subsequent analysis conducted using the statistical software SPSS. ResultThe study findings indicate a predominant representation of female participants, comprising 65 % of the total sample, with a significant portion falling within the 18 to 30 years age bracket. Among the participants, the majority, at 56 %, held a B.Sc. degree, followed by diplomas (25 %), master's degrees (5 %), and Ph.D. qualifications (2 %). Surprisingly, 57 % of participants had not undergone prior training in AED usage. The study's pre-test mean for knowledge stood at 16 %, increasing substantially to 84 % in the post-test phase, with a statistically significant P-value of 0.000, reflecting a marked improvement in knowledge. Similarly, the pre-test mean for performance was 19.1 %, rising to 80.1 % in the post-test phase, with a corresponding P-value of 0.000, indicating a significant enhancement in performance. These findings collectively suggest a positive shift towards improved knowledge and performance in AED usage among the participants. ConclusionStudy concludes improves nurses’ knowledge and performance in Automated External Defibrillator.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Study Methods and Time Management Training on Academic Self-Regulation Among Male and Female Students

Objective: The current article aims to compare the effectiveness of study methods and time management training on the academic self-regulation of students. Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental, employing a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The population consisted of all twelfth-grade male and female students in Tabriz schools during the academic year 2021-2022. Fifty-two students were selected as the sample through single-stage cluster sampling and were assigned into two groups: experimental (26 students, including 13 females and 13 males) and control (26 students, including 13 females and 13 males). The Savari and Arabzadeh questionnaire was used to measure academic self-regulation. Before the intervention, a pre-test of academic self-regulation was conducted for both groups. The experimental group received training on study methods and time management through an educational package in eight sessions, while the control group did not receive any educational intervention. After the intervention, in the post-test phase, both groups again answered the pre-test instrument. Data were analyzed using one-way multivariate and two-way multivariate analysis of covariance tests. Findings: The results of the two-way multivariate analysis of covariance also indicated that the training on study methods and time management was effective on the academic self-regulation of both male and female students and its sub-scales. It showed a higher effectiveness in overall self-regulation and particularly in the help-seeking sub-scale among males (p < 0.05). For other sub-scales of academic self-regulation, the effectiveness of study methods and time management training was at the same level for both genders (p < 0.008). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that training in study methods and time management can be used as an effective intervention for high school students.

The Impact of Stress Inoculation Management Training on Negative Automatic Thoughts, Psychological Distress, and Cognitive Fusion among Students Preparing for University Entrance Exam

Objective: One of the approaches that can lead to changes in reducing psychological distress, negative automatic thoughts, and cognitive fusion among students preparing for university entrance exam is stress inoculation management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of stress inoculation management training on negative automatic thoughts, psychological distress, and cognitive fusion among students preparing for university entrance exam. Methods and Materials: This research is an applied study in nature and quasi-experimental in implementation, using a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The population consisted of all female students preparing for university entrance exam in Kermanshah in the year 2023. From this population, 60 participants were selected using a convenience sampling method into two experimental groups and one control group. The research tools included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (Kessler et al., 2003), the Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Kendall & Hollon, 1980), and the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (Rachman & Shafran, 1996). Data analysis was performed using multivariate covariance analysis. Findings: The results indicated that the stress inoculation management intervention had a significant effect on the psychological distress of the students preparing for university entrance exam in the post-test phase (p<0.01). The intervention also significantly impacted negative automatic thoughts (p<0.01) and cognitive fusion (p<0.01) in the post-test evaluations. Conclusion: Stress inoculation management training is effective in impacting negative automatic thoughts, psychological distress, and cognitive fusion among students preparing for university entrance exam.

Effectiveness of an Educational Package Based on the Theory of Five-Factor Positive Thinking Skills on Psychological Capital Components in Adults

Objective: This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of an educational package based on the theory of five-factor positive thinking skills on psychological capital in adults. Methods and Materials: The method was a quasi-experimental design with two groups and three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The sample consisted of 40 individuals (20 females and 20 males), selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental group (20 people, males and females) or the control group (20 people, males and females). The Psychological Capital Questionnaire by Luthans et al. (2007) was used for data collection. The training group received 8 sessions of 100 minutes each, while the control group received no training. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Findings: Results indicated that in the variable of psychological capital, the components of self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience showed significant differences between the pre-test and the post-test/follow-up stages (p < 0.01), meaning that the training in five-factor positive thinking skills was effective in the post-test phase and this effectiveness was sustained and enhanced up to the follow-up stage. Conclusion: Given the impact of the findings, the use of this training in psychological associations and counseling centers is recommended.

The Impact of EduKomEko on the Living Standards of Asnaf in Melaka, Malaysia

Asnaf refers to those who are in poverty, a serious issue for the country as it becomes a burden. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of the EduKomEko model implemented among the asnaf. This model encompasses aspects of education (Edu), community (Kom), and economy (Eko). The study’s background demonstrates that existing programmes still have many shortcomings as the asnaf continue to rely on continuous aid to survive. This problem significantly impacts the country because they are unable to become self-sufficient in improving their living standards. As a result, the current cost of living has become more challenging, causing them to remain trapped in poverty. A quantitative approach was employed to conduct descriptive and comparative analysis, allowing the researchers to assess changes in key indicators, including education, community involvement, economic well-being, and psychosocial support, before and after the model’s implementation. The study adopts a quasi-experimental design with 53 asnaf divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group participated in the EduKomEko model intervention, while the control group did not. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire in pre-test and post-test phases, and the results were analyzed using SPSS software. T-tests were conducted to determine significant differences between the two groups. The reliability of the questionnaire was validated with Cronbach’s alpha exceeding 0.7, indicating high reliability. The findings indicate that the model positively impacts financial management awareness, subsequently improving the living standards of the asnaf. This study can help eradicate poverty to a zero level and enhance the social and economic welfare of the asnaf. Future studies should focus on expanding the model to other states by incorporating technology to achieve a more effective and sustainable impact. Additionally, integrating digital platforms could facilitate broader access to educational resources and economic opportunities, further empowering the asnaf and ensuring long-term resilience against poverty.

The Effect of Exercise During Ketogenic Diet on Hepatokines and Blood Lipid Profile in Overweight or Obese Men

Background and Aims Liver heptokines are important factors in obesity-related diseases. Both exercise and diet are essential interventions for obesity control. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of six weeks of aerobic and resistance exercises and ketogenic diet on fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) selenoprotein P. levels and blood lipid profile in overweight or obese men. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. Participants were 36 overweight or obese male college students with a body mass index above 25 kg/m2 , who were selected using a convenience sampling method, and were randomly divided into three groups including aerobic exercise + ketogenic diet (n=12), resistance exercise + ketogenic diet (n=12), and ketogenic diet (n=12). Aerobic exercise consisted of moderate-intensity running for six weeks at three sessions per week. Resistance training consisted of circuit training for six weeks at three sessions per week. The ketogenic diet included the restriction of carbohydrate intake to ≤10% of total daily energy intake. Fasting blood samples were collected in pre-test and post-test phases. Serum levels of FGF21 and selenoprotein P. were measured by the ELISA method, and blood lipid profile including total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL were measured by enzyme assay method. Two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. Bonferroni post hoc test was used for between-group comparison and paired t-test was used for within-group comparison. Results The interaction effect of time and group was no significant for FGF21 (P˃0.05), but the main effect of time was significant (P=0.001). All three groups showed a significant increase in FGF21 in the posttest phase compared to the pretest phase (P≤0.05). The selenoprotein P. serum level was not significantly different between groups or between two evaluation times (P˃0.05). The interaction effect of time and group was not significant for lipid profile (P˃0.05). The within-group comparison indicated a significant decrease in LDL and total cholesterol and an increase in HDL in all groups (P≤0.05). Conclusion It seems that both aerobic and resistance exercises during a ketogenic diet can increase FGF21 and improve lipid profile in overweight or obese men. There is no significant difference between the two methods. They have no superiority over the ketogenic diet alone in affecting heptokines and lipid profile.

Boosting Preservice EFL Teachers' Reading Skills via Visual Media

This study investigates the efficacy of metacognitive reading strategies, supplemented with visual media, in improving English reading comprehension abilities among pre-service English as a Foreign Language (EFL) educators. The study intends to enhance reading comprehension test performance by employing a quasi-experimental design that includes pre-test, intervention, and post-test phases. The study included a total of 102 preservice EFL teachers who were currently engaged in a course focused on communicative language learning in an English pedagogy undergraduate program. The intervention consisted of utilizing metacognitive methods in conjunction with visual media. The effectiveness of this approach was assessed through the administration of a widely recognized Reading Comprehension Test (RCT), a Metacognitive Strategy Questionnaire (MSQ), and supplementary visual media. The results demonstrate a substantial improvement in average reading comprehension scores, increasing from 0.5 to 0.72 after the intervention. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, including questionnaires and interviews to collect qualitative data on students' assessments of the intervention's efficacy. The findings indicate that students consider the metacognitive strategies to be useful at all stages of reading, including pre, while, and post reading. The incorporation of visual media, such as videos and infographics, played a crucial role in promoting metacognitive knowledge, monitoring, and control strategies. This study emphasizes the potential of integrating metacognitive strategies with visual media to greatly improve reading comprehension skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness Therapy and Schema Therapy on Early Maladaptive Schemas in Students

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two therapeutic approaches, schema therapy and mindfulness, on early maladaptive schemas in students. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population consisted of second-grade high school students in Tehran, from which 45 students were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 students each) and a control group (15 students). The experimental groups participated in either schema therapy (8 sessions of 120 minutes each over 8 weeks) or mindfulness therapy (7 sessions of 90 minutes each over 7 weeks). The research instrument used was the Young Schema Questionnaire (1998), administered in both the pretest and posttest phases. Findings: Analysis of covariance revealed that both therapeutic approaches led to a significant reduction in early maladaptive schemas compared to the control group. However, schema therapy was found to be more effective than mindfulness in improving these schemas, particularly in components such as emotional deprivation, abandonment, mistrust, social isolation, and defectiveness/shame. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that schema therapy, with its deeper focus on the cognitive and emotional roots of schemas, is more effective than mindfulness in improving and modifying early maladaptive schemas. Schema therapy can be considered a valuable approach for treating psychological disorders associated with early maladaptive schemas.

Effect of Corrective Exercises on Posture, Upper Extremity Muscle Activity, and Shoulder Kinematics in Male Handball Players With Upper Cross Syndrome

Background and Aims Abnormal posture and alterations in movement and muscle activity patterns have been reported in people with upper cross syndrome (UCS). These changes can lead to imbalance in muscle activation, altered movement patterns, and biomechanical changes. The present study aims to investigate the effect of corrective exercises on posture, upper extremity muscle activity, and shoulder kinematics in male handball players with UCS. Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 male handball players with UCS who were randomly divided into exercise (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The variables including upper extremity muscle activation patterns, shoulder kinematics, forward head posture, forward shoulder posture, and kyphosis were evaluated before and after intervention. Should kinematics and activation patterns of upper extremity muscles (supraspinatus, lumbar erector spinae, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major) were recorded using electromyography and motion analyzer. The angles of forward head and forward shoulder were assessed using photographic method taken from lateral view, and Kyphosis angle was measured using a flexible ruler before and after exercises. The exercise group performed the comprehensive corrective exercises for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week), but the control group did not receive any intervention. To analyze the data, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test were used. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results Forward head posture (P=0.001), forward shoulder posture (P=0.003), and kyphosis (P=0.002) showed significant improvements in the exercise group compared to the control group from pretest to post-test phase. In the preparatory and throw phases (slow and fast throwing), higher activities of supraspinatus, lumbar erector spinae, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and pectoralis major were observed in the exercise group compared to the control group (P=0.05). Moreover, in the preparatory and throw phases, higher range of motion of shoulder flexion, forward flexion of shoulder, internal rotation of shoulder, external rotation of shoulder, and shoulder abduction were observed in the exercise group compared to the control group (P=0.05). Conclusion Corrective exercises can significantly alter shoulder kinematics and upper extremity muscle activity patterns in male handball players with UCS, which can be used in future studies to prevent UCS in handball players during throwing the ball.

Effect of the Knee Control Program on Knee Valgus Angle and Static and Dynamic Balances in Young Male Football Players With Dynamic Knee Valgus

Background and Aims Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) and impaired static and dynamic balances are the risk factors of the anterior cruciate ligament injuries in football players. This study aims to investigate the effect of the knee control program on knee valgus angle and static and dynamic balances in young male football players with DKV. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study. Of 156 young male football players, 48 with DKV were recruited and randomly assigned to intervention group (n=24, Mean age=12.70±0.62 years, height=1.52±0.07 m, weight=48.87±6.67 kg, BMI=21.10±2.18 kg/m2) and control group (n=24, mean age=12.58±0.65 years, height= 1.52±0.08 m, weight= 50.45±6.79 kg, BMI=21.88±2.92 kg/m2). The drop-jump test, Stork test, and Y balance test were used to measure dynamic knee valgus angle, static balance, and dynamic balance, respectively. The intervention group received the knee control program as a warm-up exercise for 8 weeks, while the control group performed their routine warm-up exercises during this time. Analysis of covariance and the paired t-test were used to evaluate differences in the study variables. Results In the intervention group, there was a significant reduction in knee valgus angle (P=0.001) and significant improvements in static balance (P=0.001) and dynamic balance (P=0.001) in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test phase, but there were no significant differences in the control group (P>0.05). Moreover, the results showed significant differences between the two groups in knee valgus angle (P=0.001), static balance (P=0.001) and dynamic balance (P=0.002). Conclusion The knee control program is effective in reducing dynamic knee valgus angle and improving static and dynamic balances in young football players with DKV. Thus, it seems that this program can reduce the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in young male football players.

Assistance using mobile learning applications to improve skills physical education teacher in the 4.0 era

The aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of support in the utilization of mobile learning applications among 38 Physical Education, Sports, and Health Teachers in Lahat Regency. Employing a quantitative descriptive methodology through a survey approach, the research encompasses pre-test and post-test assessments. During the pre-test phase, the results highlight a deficiency in teachers' knowledge regarding mobile learning applications, specifically in comprehending their purpose and operational functionalities. Nonetheless, the post-test outcomes signify a significant enhancement, revealing that the teachers developed awareness and proficiency in utilizing mobile learning applications. They demonstrated an improved understanding of the applications' objectives and acquired the necessary skills for their effective implementation. The transition from the pre-test to the post-test phase signifies the success of the provided assistance in bridging the knowledge gap among the teachers. This implies that the intervention, likely delivered in the form of training or guidance, positively influenced the participants' comprehension and utilization of mobile learning applications. The research findings underscore the critical role of targeted support in augmenting educators' familiarity with technology, ultimately contributing to the seamless integration of mobile learning tools in educational settings. Consequently, this study makes a noteworthy contribution to the ongoing discourse on the significance of mobile applications in pedagogy, particularly within the domain of Physical Education, Sports, and Health.Key words: mobile learning, physical education, era 4.0.

Penerapan metode berpasangan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan passing bawah pada permainan bola volli mini

This research aims to determine the improvement of underhand passing skills by implementing the partnered approach method in mini volleyball. The study employs a one-group pretest and posttest design, conducted solely on a single group without a control or comparative group. The sample consists of 30 students participating in extracurricular volleyball activities. The sampling technique used in this study is total sampling. The results of this research indicate that the partnered training method proves to be effective in enhancing the learning outcomes of Mini Volleyball's underhand passing technique among students of SMA Negeri 5 Palopo. This is evident through the increase in the average scores of students following a series of training and interventions. The significant improvement is observed in the comparison of the average scores between the pretest and post-test phases. In the pretest phase, the average score of students was 67, whereas in the post-test phase, the average score increased to 80. Furthermore, based on the findings and t-test analysis, the obtained P-value or Sig. (2-tailed) is smaller than α (0.000 < 0.05). This indicates the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis (H1) and the rejection of the null hypothesis (H0).

THE EFFECT OF STRIP STORY LEARNING MEDIA ON LEARNING OUTCOMES IN THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CULTURE SUBJECT

The purpose of this study was to see and test the extent of the influence of the use of strip story learning media on learning the history of Islamic culture in class V MI Al-Islamiyah Kotabumi. The method used in this research is a quantitative quasi-experimental method. The data were collected through the pre-test, post-test, and questionnaire. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results showed that The incorporation of strip story media has yielded a positive impact on the learning of Islamic cultural history at MI Al-Islamiyah Kotabumi. This is evident through the substantial improvement in students' average scores from the pre-test to the post-test phase. Specifically, the average score for the pre-test in the experimental class was 63.33, while in the post-test, it soared to 86.67, denoting a noteworthy average score increase of 23.34 points. Moreover, the results of hypothesis testing reinforce the effectiveness of employing strip story media in History of Islamic Culture learning, as indicated by the significance value (sig.) of 0.001, which is lower than the 0.05 threshold. Consequently, it can be confidently concluded that the utilization of strip story media significantly enhances students' learning outcomes. The use of strip story media contributes to improving student learning outcomes in Islamic cultural history subjects so that it can be applied in madrasah

Effect Of a Gym Ball Exercise Program on Dysmenorrhea in Nursing Students of a Selected College in Mangaluru, India: A Quasi-experimental Study

Introduction: Dysmenorrhoea is one of the leading causes of school absenteeism among adolescent girls. Many women have menstrual cramps before and during their menstrual periods. For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. Methods used to relieve dysmenorrhea include; exercise, a healthy diet, and yoga. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of a gym ball exercise program on dysmenorrhea in nursing students from a selected college in Mangaluru, India. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study on 52 eligible nursing students (26 in the exercise group and 26 in the control group). A pre-test assessment was done in both groups to assess the level of dysmenorrhea by using the numerical pain rating scale. The gym ball exercise was performed in the exercise group for 3 weeks prior to their predicted menstrual date, three times a week, each for 45 minutes. The post-test assessment was done on the first day of their menstruation and followed up one month later to assess the sustainability of the effect of the exercise. To analyze the data, inferential statistics, including chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used. Results: The participants had moderate to severe pain. They had regular menstrual cycles lasting for 28-30 days, with a menstrual duration of 3-6 days, and moderate bleeding. The level of dysmenorrhea in the exercise group was lower (2.69±1.15) than in the control group (4.77±1.75) in the post-test phase. The mean level of dysmenorrhoea in the follow-up phase was 3.08±1.74 and 4.35±1.79 in the exercise and control groups, respectively. A significant difference was found between pre-test and follow-up pain scores (P=0.001) and between post-test and follow-up pain scores (P=0.001). Mann-Whitney U test results showed a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test (P=0.001) and follow-up phases (P=0.001). Conclusion: The four-week gym ball exercise program is effective in reducing the intensity of dysmenorrhea in nursing students.

Efficiency of an intervention study on nursing students’ knowledge and practices regarding nutrition and dietary habits

ABSTRACT Poor eating habits and hazardous weight-control measures are prevalent among university students. Hence, practical and efficient intervention programs are necessary to enhance nutritional awareness and promote healthy dietary practices encompassing food choices and diet quality. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of an intervention study on nursing students’ knowledge and practices regarding nutrition and dietary habits. A quasi-experimental research design with pre-post phases was used to study 250 nursing students at the College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The sample was non-randomized and taken from March 2023 until the end of May of the same year. The closed-ended questionnaire focused on participant demographics, knowledge, and practices relating to nutrition and eating habits. The survey was divided into three main sections. Technical terms were consistently defined throughout the questionnaire, and the language used was clear and objective. The research adhered to conventional academic structure and formatting, following the guidelines of the relevant style manual. Grammatical correctness and precise word choice were ensured, and filler words were avoided. The participants in the study displayed an increase in knowledge scores from 33.7 ± 4.6 in the pre-test to 52.6 ± 7.2 in the post-test. Moreover, prior to program implementation, their overall nutrition practice scores stood at 64 ± 9.5, but after the program, the score had risen to 107.7 ± 4.22. A significant difference in the total knowledge and practice scores was identified between the pre- and post-test phases, with an a p-value of 0.001. The nursing students’ scores for both knowledge and practical application of nutrition and eating habits showed a significant increase following the implementation of the program. Therefore, it is imperative to introduce well-structured training programs on nutrition and promote healthy diet habits for all medical faculties, paramedics, and applied health institutions across Saudi Arabia.

Effectiveness of Contextual Schema Therapy for Extreme Perfectionism and Emotion Regulation in Individuals with Perfectionism Disorder

Background: Individuals are consistently influenced by ineffective core beliefs known as maladaptive schemas that develop during childhood and can pave the way for the appearance of problems such as extreme perfectionism. Therefore, therapeutic approaches are needed that can be effective for these schemas. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of contextual schema therapy (CST) on perfectionism and emotion regulation in individuals with perfectionism disorder. Methods: In this study, 12 individuals diagnosed with perfectionism disorder visiting the psychological service centers in Tehran in 2022 were purposively selected for this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, mid-test, and post-test design. The participants underwent CST in 40 one-hour sessions and completed the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in all three stages of the assessment. The data were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS-26. Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of perfectionism in the pre-test, mid-test, and post-test phases were 151.08 ± 18.97, 94.25 ± 12.48, and 67.58 ± 5.41, respectively. Moreover, the mean ± SD of emotion regulation in the pre-test, mid-test, and post-test phases were 40.25 ± 8.95, 45.50 ± 8.12, and 50.08 ± 7.94, respectively. The results demonstrated that the CST was effective for perfectionism across all assessment stages (P < 0.001); however, this influence was not significant for emotion regulation during the mid-test stage. Conclusions: Contextual schema therapy led to a reduction in extreme perfectionism and an improvement in emotion regulation in individuals with perfectionism. It is suggested that CST be applied in psychological service centers to reduce perfectionism and emotion regulation strategies in clients.

Effect of Eight Weeks of Modified Hatha Yoga Exercises on the Balance of Children With Spastic Diplegia Cerebral Palsy Aged 7-14

Background and Aims Cerebral palsy is a common neuromuscular disease with non-progressive symptoms in children. The present study aims to investigate the effect of modified Hatha yoga exercises on the balance of children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest design. The study population includs all children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy (with levels 1 to 3 based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System and grades 0 to 3 based on the Modified Ashworth Scale) aged 7-14 years, who were selected from exceptional schools for the disabled students in Isfahan, Iran in 2018. Using a purposive sampling method, 14 eligible children were selected and randomly assigned into two groups of control and exercise. The exercise group performed the modified Hatha yoga exercise for eight weeks at three sessions per week; while the control group did not receive any intervention. The foot plantar center of pressure (COP) was recorded for six seconds (as the balance test) using a foot scanner in the pre-test and post-test phases. Finally, the data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis and independent t-test in SPSS software, version 23. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The intervention significantly improved the balance of the exercise group compared to the control group. The reduction of COP fluctuations in anterior-posterior (P=0.044), mediolateral (P=0.033), and total directions (P=0.038) in the exercise group were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The modified Hatha Yoga can be a suitable exercise to improve the postural control of children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy. However, further research is needed to draw a definitive conclusion.

The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Resilience, Shame, Internal Self-criticism, and Quality of Life of Patients with Vitiligo

Background: Vitiligo is a disease of progressive and permanent skin depigmentation. This disease impacts patients' quality of life through psychological distress, which shows itself in various ways. This distress includes shame and internal self-criticism in patients with vitiligo. Resilience can appear as the strength against distress. Objectives: This research aimed to assess the impact of compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on various outcomes, including resilience, shame, internal self-criticism, and quality of life in individuals with vitiligo. Methods: In this study, an RCT design was employed, incorporating both pre- and post-test evaluations alongside a control group, to examine the impact of CFT on resilience, shame, internal self-criticism, and quality of life in patients with vitiligo. Forty patients with vitiligo were selected from Razi Dermatology Hospital in Tehran in 2019. The participants were randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, levels of self-criticism scale, and Internalized Shame Scale were used to complete the pre-and post-test phases. Compassion-focused therapy based on the Gilbert therapy package was held in eight 2 h sessions once a week for the experimental group. The control group received the intervention after the end of the experimental group intervention. Results: The results of the covariance analysis indicated that CFT significantly increased the quality of life (P < 0.05, F = 308.97) and resilience (P < 0.05, F = 125.75) and reduced shame (P < 0.05, F = 228.30) and internal self-criticism (P < 0.05, F = 53.44) of patients with vitiligo. Conclusions: Compassion-focused therapy can improve the quality of life and resilience and reduce the shame and internal self-criticism of patients with vitiligo.

Implementation of Guessing The Picture For Increase The English Vocabulary of Students


 English is the language of communication in the international world, even in the fields of development, technology, economics, and education. Being CPNS (Civil Servant Candidates), work in companies with high salaries, and one of the true forms of getting a scholarship is that many universities require a TOEFL or IELTS as a requirement for graduation. Vocabulary is the most important component that youngsters must master in order to be able to utilize the language effectively. The aim of this article is to present results from research on guessing photographs using paper targeted to students, as well as as an additional tool, namely students must use a dictionary when the picture is shown and the English vocabulary from the picture is unknown to them. An experimental strategy is used in this study procedure. Researchers employ the Quasi Experimental Design technique, in which the first stage is orientation or school observation, followed by the selection of the sample and population to be used as research material. The team gave a favorable response from step one through step three based on the results of the checklist and field notes examined during the study process, indicating that the team had improved. According to the data, playing the photo guessing game enhanced effective vocabulary. The number of participants in the experimental class increased after the post-test phase, whereas the number of participants in the control class did not. The experimental class's post-test scores can be seen in the post-test results to confirm it. 

Exploring the Efficacy of Inquiry-Based Learning for Human Respiratory System: Students' Achievement at High School Setting

The current research has primary objective that is to assess the effect of implementing the Inquiry-Based Learning Model in enhancing students' academic performance in the field of Science at SMA Smart Indonesia. The Inquiry-Based Learning Model promotes proactive student engagement in exploring, gathering, and interpreting information through independent investigation. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design encompassing pre-test and post-test phases. The participants were selected randomly via a simple random sampling technique. The acquired data underwent analysis using the N-Gain method (T-test). The outcomes revealed a noticeable improvement in the academic performance of students in the experimental group who were exposed to the Inquiry-Based Learning Model, particularly in the context of the human respiratory system. Furthermore, the null hypothesis (H0) was invalidated, as was proven by the 2-tailed Significance value of 0.000 that was smaller than 0.05. This discovery underscores the substantial positive impact of applying the Inquiry-Based Learning Model on enhancing students' academic achievements when compared to conventional teaching methods employed in the control group. In conclusion, this study highlights the significant potential of integrating the Inquiry-Based Learning Model into the Natural Science curriculum at the secondary school level, which could potentially elevate the standard of education and overall student learning accomplishments.