Post-reform Era Research Articles

Воспоминания А. Э. Фридрихс как источник о повседневной жизни дворянского рода Племянниковых

The relevance of the study is due to the increased interest of modern society in the historical sources of personal provenance containing valuable information on representatives of different estates of the Russian Empire. The reconstruction of family and personal histories, and thereby bringing them back from oblivion, allows us to showcase the formation of historical memory preservation mechanisms, determining the scientific significance of the study. The article provides an analysis of the manuscript heritage of Alexandra E. Friedrichs, a representative of the Plemyannikov family, great granddaughter of the brother of the writer and historian N. M. Karamzin, stored in the manuscript department of the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The authors offer external critique of the personal provenance documents preserved in the collection. Attention is paid to their preservation. The historical value of unpublished documents in the fonds is revealed. The study of documentary materials in the collection makes it possible to reconstruct Friedrichs’s work on the history of her family over longitudinal period. It is concluded that the memoirist reconstructed and structured the history of her noble family on the basis of long-time communication with both immediate and distant relatives and acquaintances. She researched documentation and introduced it into scientific use, which greatly enhances the scholarly significance of her memoirs. The application of comparativist and phenomenological approach has allowed the authors to assess the archival collection materials as a product of collective memory of the representatives of the Plemyannikov noble family, to identify family traditions and Friedrichs’s motives in preserving the memory of her noble family history. The use of traditional historical methods, retrospective and comparative-historical, has made it possible to identify coincidences and inconsistencies in reconstructed historical everyday life, as presented in the ego-sources, and real historical events. For this purpose, the ego-sources of other representatives of the family, genealogical and biographical information, as well as a number of published scientific works of national historians have been analyzed. The possibilities of using memoirs and notes for reconstruction of the noble families history are shown. The authors underscore the prospects of studying family archives as valuable documentary materials on the history of everyday life of the Russian nobility both on the eve of the Great Reforms and in the post-reform era.

Romanticizing the Past, Glorifying the Future

Development is a consistent element in the implementation of Indonesian policies. However, it has become increasingly challenging, particularly following the decline of the New Order regime and Indonesia’s rejection of certain political practices associated with it. This paper aims to present a reflective analysis of the evolving nature of development, from its initiation under the New Order regime to the present post-Reformation era, and how nationalist development navigates the intricate cultural landscape in Indonesia as well as exploring the possibility of the idea of ecological modernization being an alternative to the obsolete New Order development model.

Армянский капитал в экономике Российской империи на рубеже XIX–XX вв.

Introduction. Alexander II's reforms of the 1860s and 1870s changed the socio-economic situation in Russia. While maintaining the inviolability of the monarchy with the help of reforms carried out "from above", market relations fit into this paradigm. The state controlled all upcoming transformations in the economic segment. The Russian economic system still preserved multi-economic structure, which combined patriarchal, petty-commodity, private-capitalist and state-capitalist foundations. Materials and Methods. The study was written using archival materials from the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). The main research principle was historicism, which made it possible to place the economic development of Russia in the context of the post-reform era. Traditional methods of historical research were used, such as historical-systemic and historical-genetic. Analysis. The industrial capitalism was formed in Russia under the conditions of monarchic rule. Armenian-Russian cooperation has a centuries-old history. Since the second half of the 17th century cooperation was developing intensively and had its logical continuation at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Armenian industrialists and financiers by virtue of the established tradition were successfully included in the "new" economic paradigm. Results. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that Armenians contributed significantly to the economic development of the Russian Empire. Especially worth mentioning is the role of the Banking House "Br. Dzhamgarovs". Dzhamgarovs directly participated in the modernization of capitalism and the formation of the financial system of the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.

The Transformation of Islamic Political Identity in The Countryside of Banyuwangi Through Osing Culture in 1970-2005

<p class="abstrak">This research examines why local identity building was conducted in Osing village, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java, and how this identity was initiated and invested by actors who have power using Islamic political identity. To respond to these questions, this research used the historical method by utilizing primary and secondary sources, such as official archive in form of decrees, interview with historical actors, and various references such as books, journals, and newspapers. This research findings are the following: Osing’s identity was a deliberate blueprint and not a natural continuity. This construction involved cultural practitioners, journalists, artists, intellectuals, traditional figures, and national administrators. Osing’s identity construction, transformation, negotiation, and mobility are the site of the contention of various interest. The attempt of creating a sympathetic and caring reputation of Osing culture represented by almost all of Banyuwangi regent continued from the New Order era until the post-Reformation era, despite various paradigm shifts. This needs to be interpreted as efforts to build identity and not just to eliminate the stigma attached. It has had an impact on political support and legitimacy in Banyuwangi, especially Osing Kemiren Village.</p>

Tinjauan Teologis-Etis dan Politik Wacana Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan Presiden

The discourse of extending the term of office of the president has become a classic phenomenon that keeps repeating itself. From the old order, the new order to the post-reform era, including during the current administration of President Joko Widodo. This paper describes the polemic of the discourse on extending the term of office of the president and discusses it with thoughts about politics, power, and democratic and theological-ethical government systems. This paper focuses on finding answers to the question, “How did the discourse on extending the presidency during the Joko Widodo administration finally fail in the middle of the road?” From a theological-ethical and political perspective, is it really only because of the better democratic system and the strength of civil society in Indonesia? Or is there another factor that will determine the success and failure of the discourse on extending the presidential term? Through this paper, the author argues that it is the ethical attitude of President Jokowi's leadership that will determine the end of the discourse.

SEJARAH PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN LEMBAGA KEAGAMAAN NON FORMAL DI KABUPATEN BONE SULAWESI SELATAN

This study discusses the history of the growth and development of Islamic boarding schools in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi, from the time of the Islamic kingdom/sultanate until the post-reformation era. This research is descriptive analytic, namely the data obtained in the form of opinions, information and behavior in a qualitative form which has a broader meaning by examining and researching focused on written sources only and interviewing religious figures related to the research theme. The results showed that Al-Mujahidin mosque which was founded in 1639 AD by Qadi (Judge) Fakih Amrullah, was the epicenter of the embryonic growth and development of early Islamic boarding school in Bone which later gave birth to several Islamic boarding schools with salafiyah/traditional and khalafiyah/modern patterns both formally and non-formally.

Report: Hungarian Studies Association of Canada Annual Conference 2022

Report: Hungarian Studies Association of Canada Annual Conference 2022

A Portrait of the Modern Butler as an Emergent Professional Type in Mainland China

Abstract This article analyses the emergent professional type of modern butler in mainland China from an Eliasian figurational perspective, against the backdrop of the changing power balances between social groups along with the rise of China’s High Net Worth Individuals in the post-reform era. It paints a portrait of the modern butler by drawing on ethnographic observation and interviews conducted at a butler training institute. This emergent professional type’s characteristic costumed appearance, stringent morality, communicative tact, signature pride, and art of service, are analytically linked to the figurational position of the new economic elites through thick description, as forms of vicarious cultural and moral distinction made desirable by the changing social dynamisms.

South Russian Settlers of Western Siberia in the Late 19th to Early 20th Centuries, Based on Archival Documents and Field Studies

In cultural terms, as compared to many other Russian groups, the South Russian (Kursk) settlers of Siberia in the late 19th to early 20th centuries were a distinct group, having their own traditional culture but usually no compact settlements. In this work, for the first time, on the basis of the State Archive of the Kursk Region, the ethno-cultural composition of Siberian settlers from that region is examined. Attitudes of South Russian peasants of the post-Reform era to migration are analyzed, reasons underlying their “wanderlust” and their reflection about relocation and ethnic identity are explored. Documents at the State Archive of the Tomsk Region, and the findings of my fi eld studies in 2014– 2018 pertaining to the Siberian stage in the history of Russian “Yuzhaks” (Southerners) suggest that their priority was to live side by side with Ukrainian settlers, as they had used to do in their homeland. The reason is that the key role in the early 20th century migrations was played by Russian-Ukrainian frontiersmen—people of “no man’s land”. At the time of migration to Siberia, those living in the southern Kursk Governorate were Russian Old Believers, Southern Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians (Little Russians), Russian Cossacks, and “Cherkassians” (Ukrainian Cossacks). The latter preferred to live apart from others, even within a single village. Archival documents and findings of field studies in the Anzhero-Sudzhensky District of the Kemerovo Region, and in the Topchikhinsky and Kulundinsky Districts of the Altai Territory demonstrate that Southern Russians were situationally identical to Ukrainians, as evidenced, for instance, by the frequent shift of surname endings from “-ko” and “-k” to “-ov” and vice versa, depending on migration plans. A conclusion is made that the ethnic diversity of migrants from the Kursk Governorate, the situational equivalence of Eastern Slavic groups in Siberia, as well as marriages with Russian old residents and Ukrainians, were key factors in the formation of local Siberian variants of the South Russian culture.

Commercial Specialization of Mordva Settlements

Introduction. The post-reform era was characterized by the rapid growth of handicrafts. This phenomenon was noted not only in the Russian, but also in the Mordva village. In some Mordva villages there was a concentration of a wide variety of types of handicrafts and they began to represent a kind of handicraft centers. The article pays attention to the study of the distribution of handicrafts among Mordva villages. On the basis of pre-revolutionary statistical documents, reports of provincial and county zemstvo committees, the level of development of fishing activity among the Mordva has been considered. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the following methods: comparative-historical, historical-genetic, problem-chronological, structural-systemic. As the general scientific research methods, logical, descriptive-narrative, generalization, classification and systematization have been involved. To achieve the results of the study, archival sources, reports of county and provincial statistical committees, journals of meetings of county zemstvo assemblies have been used. Results and Discussion. Mordva artisans lagged behind the Russians in terms of the rate of development of the handicraft industry. The same types of bushcraft were common among Mordva as among Russians. Handicraft production gradually expanded in the Mordva villages in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. Peasants begin to specialize in a certain kind of handicraft. Usually in the Mordva villages there were several handicrafts at once, but there were also those that specialized in one craft. In such settlements, as a rule, artisanal artels were created. So, in the Spassky district of the Tambov province, woodworking crafts dominated, in the Alatyr and Ardatov counties of the Simbirsk province – wool-cutting and felting, in the Saransk district of the Penza province, crew fishing was widespread. P. S. Pallas, I. I. Lepekhin, V. N. Kuklin, I. I. Firstov, A. S. Luzgin, N. F. Mokshin, G. A. Kornishina, E. N. Mokshina and others made a significant contribution to the study of traditional crafts and occupations of the Mordva. Conclusion. Currently, certain types of craft activities are preserved in some Mordva villages. For example, felting is widespread in the villages of the Ardatovsky district of the Republic of Mordva – Urusovo, Zhabino, Old Ardatovo. In the village of Podlesnaya Tavla, Kochkurovsky district, Mordovian craftsmen are engaged in wood carving, making wooden toys. Crafts such as knitting, basket weaving, carpentry, birch bark weaving, cooperage are preserved.

Disinformation Order and Social Media Algorithmic Trap: New Challenges for Sustainability of the Indonesia’s United Nation-State Narrative and Liberal Democratic Norms

The Internet and social media have been increasingly adopted by political entities across the globe. The consequences of such adaptations on the Indonesia’s nation-state narrative and liberal democratic norms have been under-researched however. This article argues that in democratic countries, such adaptations are likely to pave the way for the emergences of disinformation order and social media algorithmic trap. Within the specific context of Indonesia’s democracy, these disinformation order and social media algorithmic trap are likely to polarize political spheres and jeopardize not merely Indonesia’s united nation-state narrative, but also Indonesia’s liberal democratic norms that evolved since the post-reform era. To evaluate such propositions, this article adopts a desk study and selects Jakarta’s 2017 Gubernatorial Election as a study case. Learning from these desk study and study case, this article proposes the following arguments. To manage the consequences of disinformation order and social media algorithmic trap on politics and democracy, we need formulate new political communication and policy research agenda based on the following dictum: who get lost by what/whom in which channel/medium and with what effects. Taking such effort may give us an opportunity to keep the current Indonesia’s united nation-state narrative prevailing and liberal democratic norms flourishing.

Does the dual-class share structure help stock markets attract issuers? Empirical lessons from global financial centres

AbstractFinancial globalisation has given issuers more freedom to carry out jurisdiction shopping. As a policy response, a growing number of stock markets have introduced the dual-class share structure to enhance global competitiveness. However, does the dual-class share structure help stock markets attract issuers? It is a question rarely examined empirically in existing scholarly work. This paper explores the practices of three jurisdictions with global financial centres, ie the US, China and Hong Kong, to narrow the research gap. Based on hand-collected data, it explains the infrequent listings with the dual-class share structure in China and Hong Kong in the post-reform era in two ways: low demand due to the use of substitutes; and limited allowance caused by the harsh ex ante regulation, and is the first comparative quantitative study in this field. Drawing on the empirical lessons, this paper recommends that China relax its ex ante regulation and suggests the wider community consider the necessity of introducing the dual-class share structure and the balance they aim to achieve between investor protection and market openness.

Rethinking Education and Democratization of the Public Sphere in India

Democratization has brought about a tremendous impact on the rigid social structure in post-colonial India. Modern education has been a key factor in transforming society, especially the deep-seated traditions of social inequality and harsh realities of discriminatory practices. Given the deepening and widening of inequality in the post-reform era, this paper seeks to explore the significance of rethinking the critical realm of education in transforming India's public sphere as a vital tool for the democratization of society and a proposal for an inclusive knowledge system.

New Books across the Disciplines

New Books across the Disciplines

Negotiating Boundaries of Tolerance: The Scottish Police Authority and the Doctrine of Operational Independence

In Scottish Affairs in 2001, Kenneth Scott and Roy Wilkie, while discussing the appointments of chief constables, noted that ‘the real power in Scottish policing is probably revealed where those elements in the tripartite system [chief constables, local government and central government] interact’ (2001: 57) irrespective of the constitutional and legislative boundaries. This paper examines the nascent police governance arrangements by shining a spotlight on the status of the operational independence doctrine in the post-reform era. It revisits the Scottish Police Authority’s attempts to negotiate its own boundaries of influence since its formation. The discussion draws on the 2012 reform legislation, official policy agenda that led to the creation of the Scottish Police Authority ( Malik, 2018 ), a select number of interviews with key architects of the Scottish police reform conducted between 2013–2016, official parliamentary reports, public meeting minutes, and HMICS and Audit Scotland inspection reports. The analysis suggests that the reform agenda did not seek to address the broad interpretation of operational independence that played a key part in diminishing the influence and performance of the local police boards. On the one hand, the Authority have attempted to challenge the scope of operational independence but with limited success. Conversely, and contradictorily, the influence of Ministers and the Scottish Government has gradually expanded. This raises important questions in relation to the essence of operational independence, when it is invoked and crucially who it is invoked against. New boundaries of tolerance and influence need to be negotiated for the Scottish Police Authority to be able to play a more meaningful and independent oversight role in police governance.

Russian Bureaucracy as Creation of Petrine Modernization as Viewed by Rusian Conservative Publicists of the Post-reform Epoch

Based on the analysis of the journalistic heritage of Russian conservative publicists of the post-reform era (I.S. Aksakov, F.M. Dostoevsky, V.P. Meshchersky, M.N. Katkov, V.V. Rozanov), the article examines the phenomenon of Russian bureaucracy as the result of the Petrine modernization and creation of the regular state. The study shows that the concept of bureaucracy is organically integrated into the dialogue about Peter's modernization, and for most publicists the progressive nature of bureaucracy as modernity state management system remains inconspicuous, mainly their attention is focused on the dysfunction of the administrative machine. In a number of cases, anti-bureaucratic rhetoric is used as the tool for criticizing Western-style modernization in general and its inspirer, Peter the Great. The bureaucracy is subjected to the sharpest criticism by conservative publicists for its formalism, the emphasis shift from the result of activity to its process, autonomization from real political tasks and the needs of the state.

The Victim Narrative of the 1965-1966 Massacre in Indonesia as A Biopicture

This paper examines the victim narrative of the 1965-1966 massacre in Indonesia from the perspective of W.J.T. Mitchell’s Biopicture. Biopicture considers an image as if it is a living thing that has the capacity to multiply, transform, and even resurrect. During the New Order era, the victim narrative of the 1965-1966 massacre was silenced by the state. Under the Soeharto presidency, there was no possibility to deliver and discuss the victim narrative of the massacre. Even in the post-reformation era, the victim narrative of the 1965-1966 massacre is often banned by the state. The hypothesis of this research is the victim narrative of the 1965-1966 massacre is a biopicture that can emerge, be born, or resurrect in various media despite being under pressure from government censors.

The Origins of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia: Global and Local Interactions

This article examines the resurgence and development of transnational Islamic movements in the post-reform era by analysing the case of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI). It argues that HTI’s emergence and rapid expansion is intertwined with global and Indonesian socio-political contexts. While the global factor of the Iranian revolution of 1979 inspired the revival of Islam as a social, political, and cultural force in Muslim countries, the changing political situation in Indonesia — from authoritarianism to the reform era — supported the growth and expansion of HTI in major universities in Indonesia. Although HTI gradually grew after its arrival in 1980s, it only emerged into the public view in 2000 when it hosted the first International Caliphate Conference in Jakarta. HTI's emergence was part of a broader proliferation of Islamic radical groups, which took place following the end of the Soeharto regime in May 1998. This article discusses how this movement operated underground through preaching groups on campuses, established media operations, and organised rallies in support of a global caliphate in Indonesia. By looking at national and local levels, this study suggests that, in the newly democratic political sphere, HTI won the support of ordinary Indonesian people by engaging with national and local issues as part of efforts to achieve its agenda of establishing shari'a and a global caliphate.

Rethinking Sri Lanka's Industrialization Strategy: Achievements, Lost Opportunities and Prospects

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the contemporary policy debate on the industrialization strategy in developing countries by analyzing policy regime shifts and outcomes in Sri Lanka during the post-independence era. The analysis is guided by the received body of knowledge relating to the challenges faced by a small economy that takes world prices as given and is unable to affect world demand and supply in designing national industrialization strategy in this era of economic globalization. The findings demonstrate that the backlash against liberalization reforms in the contemporary Sri Lankan policy debate is largely based on ideological predilections rather than factual analysis. The comparative analysis of Sri Lanka's industrialization experience during the state-led import-substitution era and that of the post-reform era (in particular during the first two decades) makes a strong case for reconsidering the merit of the emerging emphasis on combining import substitution with export orientation with a sector specific focus. Selective policies to promote import substitution essentially impose a “tax” on export producers.

FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN INDIA IN THE POST ECONOMIC REFORM ERA: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

The post-economic reform era in India gave rise to several changes in Indian society. With rapid changes in the economy and the job market, family relationships started to change. The tight bond between the spouses and the importance of family time got replaced with increased time and effort given to advance in one’s career in the office. The new jobs introduced in the post-reform era offered increased salaries on one hand, and on the other demanded more time and effort from the employees. The resultant effect led to a reduction of family time, intimacy of spousal relationships and bonding, and giving rise to a more individualized existence. KEYWORDS- Economic reform and family in India, Family relationships in India after 1990s, Post economic reform era and intimate relationships, Relationship crisis in the new economy