Postprandial Sugar Levels Research Articles

To evaluate the impact of diabetes specific high protein high fiber (DSHPHF) formula on post prandial sugar levels in critically ill patients

To evaluate the impact of diabetes specific high protein high fiber (DSHPHF) formula on post prandial sugar levels in critically ill patients

The Role of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Metabolic Syndrome: Does It Affect the Outcomes?

Background Of all fatalities occurring globally each year caused by noncommunicable diseases, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity are associated with an increased risk of sudden death and cardiovascular mortality. Metabolic syndrome and its comorbidities are linked to OSA. The three essential elements of the metabolic syndrome are improper lipid metabolism, hypertension, and insulin resistance. The effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on metabolic syndrome elements and related symptoms and whether CPAP therapy helps reverse the syndrome was studied. Methods The present study is prospective pre-post research conducted at a tertiary care center in Nagpur, Hingna, India. The cases included were of moderate to severe or worse OSA, older than 18 years, willing for CPAP therapy with no previous or current CPAP therapy. They had a history of excessive drowsiness during the day. The cases excluded from the study were those with an active, persistent breathing ailment requiring treatment, intervention, or diagnosis of dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension, past or present, or evidence of damage to the vital end organs. Components of the metabolic syndrome were assessed at the beginning and end of three months of CPAP therapy. Findings Eighty-five cases were enrolled in the study, of which 79 completed it. The majority of cases were male, comprising 48 individuals, accounting for 60.8% of the total cohort. Additionally, 54 cases, representing 68.4% of the group, had hypertension. The average age of the participants was 53.95 years ± 6.84 years. The BMI mean was 30.4 kg/m2 ± 4.642, with a waist-hip ratio of 0.964 ± 0.056 and a neck circumference of 40.66 cm ± 3.37. The study population scored 12.53 ± 2,616 on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The study population's apnea-hypopnea index/respiratory disturbance index ratio was 16.118 ± 4.868, a moderate risk score. After three months of CPAP therapy, there was a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), tetraiodothyronine (T4), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and oxygen desaturation, and they were also statistically significant. In the study group, there was a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 2.21 mm Hg and 0.26 mm Hg, respectively. Other indicators, including HbA1c, fasting and post-meal blood sugar, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol, were significantly lower. We observed in the less than 50-year-old age group better improvement in systolic blood pressure of 0.49 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure improvement of 0.32 mm Hg, and fasting blood sugar improvement of 14.59 mg/dl, and in the age group of more than 50, better improvements in post-meal blood sugar of 9.7 mg/dl, along with a statistically significant change in triglyceride with an improvement of 16.26 mg/dl, P value less than 0.05. Interpretation After three months of CPAP therapy, there was a significant improvement in HbA1c, T4, HDL, and oxygen desaturation, and they were also statistically significant. Fourteen (17.72%) cases of post-CPAP therapy no longer met the requirements for the syndrome. There was an improvement in the blood pressure's diastolic and systolic values, fasting and post-prandial sugar levels, HbA1C, and triglyceride levels. Patients over 50 years old showed better improvement in post-meal and triglyceride levels. Females improved blood pressure and triglycerides, whereas males responded better to blood sugar levels.

Olive Leaf Extract of Olea europaea Reduces Blood Glucose Level through Inhibition of AS160 in Diabetic Rats

Introduction: It has been shown that olive leaf extract exerts (OLE) a positive effect on lipid and blood glucose levels; however, the mechanism remains poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the mechanism behind this effect by evaluating the proteins related to glucose metabolism, including glucose transporter 4 (Glut4), Akt Substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK α2). Methods: Eighty-four male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three major groups: group one (control); group two, which was treated with OLE or metformin (Met.) before streptozotocin (STZ) injection; and group three, which was treated with OLE or Met. after STZ injection. The body weights, fasting blood sugar, postprandial sugar levels, insulin levels, and lipid profile were assessed. Western blot was used to measure the Glut4, AS160, and AMPKα 2 levels. Results: Treatments with (1% and 3% OLE) significantly decreased the glucose level, AS160 expression level, and STZ toxicity; additionally, insulin levels were maintained within the normal range and similar to Met. treatment. Conclusions: These findings indicated that OLE exerted antihyperglycemic effects via AS160 inhibition and it could be used as an alternative to Met. treatment. Further studies on the long-term effects of OLE on diabetes are warranted.

Comparison of fasting and post prandial lipid profile in patients of IHD

Background: Despite recent advancements in medical services and treatment regimens, ischemic heart disease (IHD) is still the leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries. While hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are considered separate risk factors, most recent research in this area have focused at fasting lipids and lipoproteins. Aims and Objectives: To compare the fasting and post prandial lipid profile in patients of IHD.Materials and Method: Upon receiving informed consent, 50 patients with IHD who were reporting to the Department of Medicine were enrolled in the current study. A previous history of myocardial infarction, ECG data, echocardiography, coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, or a coronary angiogram is used to diagnose CHD. For at least six months prior to the study, all of these patients had been free of some clinical incident. Both of the enrolled patients were given a thorough clinical review, with the results being entered into a prestructured proforma. After a twelve-hour overnight fast and two hours after a mixed diet, each subject's venous blood was obtained aseptically. Fasting samples and postprandial (PP) samples were analyzed for lipid profile and blood sugar; blood sugar was measured in 2 hour PP samples and lipids in 4 hour PP samples. Results: Tobacco chewing (30%) was the most common risk factor observed followed by smoking and hypertension (20%). It was observed that mean fasting sugar level of the study subjects was 85.40±21.25mg/dl while post prandial sugar level was 112.60±24.50mg/dl. It was observed that mean fasting triglycerides was 210.02±63.9mg/dl and mean post prandial triglycerides 275.65±48.0mg/dl and the difference was statistically significant. Fall in post prandial total cholesterol (229.72±53.9mg/dl) was observed as compared to fasting level (245.87±64.5mg/dl) but the difference observed was not statistically significant. Mean fasting HDL was 42.71±4.9mg/dl while mean post prandial HDL was 40.65±3.6mg/dl. It was seen that mean fasting LDL was 156.45±23.9mg/dl and mean post prandial LDL was 145.76±31.5mg/dl. It was observed that post prandial VLDL levels (41.76±28.55) were raised as compared to fasting VLDL levels (37.90±17.6) but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Except for TG, which was statistically significant higher post-prandially, there was no significant clinical disparity between fasting and nonfasting levels of total cholesterol, HDL, or LDL.

Clinical and angiographic profile of early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in acute coronary syndrome

Early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus has been recognized as a distinct phenotype with a probable unique pathophysiology in recent years. Although well known to have an aggressive clinical and metabolic phenotype, with rapid development of vascular complications, studies regarding coronary artery disease in this group are sparse, especially in the Indian context. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, between October 2015 and May 2017. Sixty-three adult patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus presenting with an acute coronary syndrome were included. Early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was defined as onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus at less than 45 years of age. Fasting and post prandial sugar levels, fasting lipid profile, and HbA1c levels were obtained. All patients underwent conventional angiography using the Seldinger technique. Coronary artery disease was evaluated using the SYNTAX score. Mitral regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction were assessed using conventional transthoracic echocardiography. Patients had a poor metabolic profile and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, with high BMI, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Majority of the patients had triple/multi-vessel disease, with moderate to high SYNTAX scores. A significant number of patients required were advised CABG. Significant number of patients had mitral regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction. Early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus is an aggressive phenotype. More studies are necessary to elucidate its impact on coronary vasculature and pattern of coronary artery disease.

A study of mental stress and antioxidant profile in the Assamese-speaking diabetic population of Assam, India

The aim of this study is to compare the biochemical stress in persons with diabetes and their anxiety level (mental stress). Normal volunteers and persons with diabetes of either sex between the age of 35 and 55 years were selected for the present study. They were divided into four groups (n = 30). Groups I and III consisted of normal male and female volunteers without diabetes, while groups II and IV consisted of males and females patients with diabetes, respectively. All participants reported early morning to the testing centres, and their blood samples withdrawn to check fasting blood sugar levels (FBS), lipid profile and serum antioxidant entities, respectively. Simultaneously, they were subjected to psychological testing. Their physical parameters were also analysed. The results were analysed using ANOVA. The blood sugar, lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA) and anxiety levels of male and female patients with diabetes (groups II and IV) were significantly higher than male and female subjects without diabetes (groups I and III). The postprandial sugar levels and glycosylated haemoglobin (HB1Ac) in females with diabetes were significantly higher than males with diabetes. The serum antioxidant levels in groups II and IV were significantly reduced than in groups I and III. The study concludes that people with diabetes has elevated lipid and reduced serum antioxidant profiles. The anxiety levels in them were also higher, but the anxieties of males with diabetes were significantly higher than females with diabetes.

Modulating Roles of Ethanolic Roots Extract of Crossopteryx febrifuga on Blood Glucose, Lipid Profile, Glycosylated Haemoglobin and Cytoarchitectural Changes on Pancreatic Beta Cells in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Aim: The study investigated the modulating roles of ethanolic roots extract of Crossopteryx febrifuga (CF) for its antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, glycosylated hemoglobin effects and cytoarchitectural changes on pancreatic beta cells in alloxaninduced diabetic rats Study Design: Experimental diabetes using animal models. Methodology: Twenty- Five (25) male albino rats were randomly divided into five (5) experimental groups: control, diabetic, standard drug (glibenclamide 10 mg/kg body wt) and C. febrifuga (375 and 500 mg/kg bwt) treated diabetic groups The animals in four out of five groups were fasted for 18 h and were made diabetic by injecting with a single dose of alloxan (ALX) 150 mg/kg, Diabetic rats 5 per group received graded doses (375 and 500 mg/kg bwt) of the extracts and glibenclamide 10 mgkg-1 for 15days. Blood was collected on days 0, 5, 10 and 15 for glucose estimation. Lipid profile was measured using DiaSys Kits from Germany which utilized the colorimetric method. Insulin Assay was measured using Monobind Insulin Microplate Elisa test while HbA1C was analyzed by Biosystem Kits (Barcelona Kits, Spain) using chromatographic method. Twenty (20) male albino rats were randomly distributed to four groups; I, II, III and IV with each consisting of five animals received 20% (w/v) glucoseorally at a dose of 0.5ml /100 g bwt. After 30 min, the animals received extracts as follows: Group I, C. febrifuga (500 mg/kg bwt); Group II, C. febrifuga (250 mg/kg bwt); Group III, C. febrifuga (100 mg/kg bwt); Group IV, 0.5 ml (2% w/v) acacia solution and served as control. Blood glucose levels were then monitored at 30, 60, and 120 min. intervals and reported as the average glucose level of each group. Results: A significant reduction in postprandial sugar level was observed after 60min in all treatments. Diabetic rats without treatment showed significant increases (p<0.05) in the levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein LDL-cholesterol while the high density lipoprotein HDL-cholesterol level were significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared to normal rats. In addition, the diabetic rats treated with the CF and glibenclamide showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in blood glucose, TG and LDL- cholesterol levels and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in HDL-cholesterol level compared to diabetic untreated rats. There were significant reductions (p0.05) in low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels and significant increase (p0.05) in the treated diabetic group compared to the negative control. Apart from these, cytoarchitectural changes also revealed the protective nature of the ethanolic roots extract of Crossopteryx febrifuga against alloxan induced necrotic damage of pancreatic tissues. Conclusion: The ethanolic roots extract of Crossopteryx febrifuga modulated hyperglycemic by potentiating insulin release from the beta cells of pancreas and ameliorated dyslipidaemia.

Prolonged elevated postprandial sugar augments severity in kidney disease: a North Indian hospital-based study

Aim: Diabetes plays a major role in progression of renal failure. The risk-factor profile changes during the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) from mild/moderate to end-stage renal disease. The relationship between glycemic indices, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and age at diagnosis in Indians has been less investigated. We assessed association of these risk factors with CKD stages in Indian population. Methods: This study was carried out on patients (n = 162) who were diagnosed with CKD and normal control group (n = 155). For BMI, National Institutes for Health criteria were used to categorize the patients. Result: The mean age of CKD patients were significantly increased with the advancement of stage. BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), postprandial sugar level (PP), urea and creatinine were also significantly higher with elevated stages, whereas no differences were observed in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting blood sugar (FBS). The logistic regression study gave a significant result (p = 0.000) when we compared the group of CKD patients with established/prolonged postprandial blood sugar. It was independently associated with mild CKD [odds ratio (OR) = 5.213, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.06–13.21, p = 0.000], moderate CKD (OR = 7.724, 95% CI = 4.05–14.74, p = 0.000) and severe CKD (OR = 7.610, 95% CI = 4.03–14.36, p = 0.000). Conclusion: SBP and PP were the best predictors of prevalent nephropathy in this population, while DBP and FBS were found to be less effective. This may have implication for kidney disease risk stratification and protection.