Postmodern Discourse Research Articles

Текст-игра: интертекстуальность киноискусства как отражение сознания эпохи (на примере фильма А. Штерс «Мадам»)

Rationale. Interest in the knowledge of the art language essence, the search for different models of its description and study are typical not only for modern science in general, but also for cognitive approach in culture studies in particular. This explains the publication relevance, that is expressed in the accumulative function of language and culture, connecting the outside world objects and human consciousness, providing a systematic and orderly reality image. The article aim is to objectify the problem of correlation between the understanding the real world principles and the modeling artistic reality principles on the example of the film “Madam” (2017) directed by A. Sthers. To reach this purpose is possible by the solution of such research objectives: - Analysis of the film intertextual nature, given the European cultural experience - from the medieval farces and Shakespeare's theatre to the postmodern novel, from the Leonardo da Vinci's frescoes to D. Buren's conceptualism. The key element of this cultural mosaic is the Baroque tradition with its gameful nature. - Designation of the author image status in the text: the film plays out the situation when the writer's artistic reflection goes beyond his individual consciousness, modeling the real situation and at the same time objectifying itself in the verbal text. There is a subtle image of the subjective process of the modeling “second reality” beneath the outwardly unpretentious comedy film plot. - Actualization the games category. The associations freedom and the wide scope of combining meanings constitute the Baroque combinational game essence - the game as the creative thought manifestation, as the human culture essence. There are surprisingly witty (in the Baroque sense) parallels with the L. Carroll's “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” and “Through The Looking-Glass And What Alice Found There”, V. Nabokov's “Luzhin's Defense”, S. Zweig's “Chess Novella”. The analysis of these “chess” texts reveals their semantic commonality with the film artistic organization. The setting objectives led to the useing of three research methods: the structural semiological, the intertextual and the hermeneutic methods of the filmtext research. The study found that the inner film semantic core includes the following oppositions: truth and lie; freedom and unfreedom; emptiness and fullness. Overall, A. Sthers playing a kind of “the glass bead game” party, in which she makes actual the Baroque artistic thinking, given the postmodern discourse experience and using associative links with a variety of culture periods and culture texts. The neo-Baroque character of the modern worldview is determined largely by the problems of human knowledge possibility limits, of the illusory nature of the hypothesis about the world that human consciousness constructs - the problems that were first put with the greatest clarity in the Baroque era. This same era affirms the universality of the moral world foundations, loyalty to which allows you to escape from the illusions world.

Трансформация содержания социальных идей под влиянием цифровизации

The authors analyze the dynamics of content of ideas that fund social change. The main focus is on the transformation of meanings under the influence of postmodern discourse and digitalization. The ambivalent role of advanced information and communication technologies in the perception, interpretation and understanding of ideas is shown. The increase in the share of fake information that transforms key meanings in intellectual constructs is underlined. The modern experience of the ideological determination of social transformations is considered.

Offshore Balancing as Grand Strategy: Hegemonic Control and Sino-US Trade War; Implications for Pakistan

This paper gives a concise outline of US-China trade and merchandise relations, recognizes significant causes, results or issues of the contention, and gives explicit answers for how to decrease the heightening of such a "battle" between the two financial authoritarians.The Research has used economic data from American and Chinese Governments and elaborated it qualitatively employing post-modernist discourse analysis. All in all, our examination will emphasize emphasize the trade battle between the two nations from an Ideological, authentic and monetary viewpoint, and as it were, to comprehend its causes results and give explicit answers for such a "war", set in this specific circumstance. The point of this paper is to assess the long time outcomes of the worldwide trade and economic war and its effect on the financial improvement of Pakistan.

THE POLITICAL NATURE OF THE CHURCH ACCORDING TO STANLEY MARTIN HAUERWAS, WILLIAM T. CAVANAUGH AND WALTER BRUEGGEMANN

In the context of the fragmented and multiple theological discourse of postmodernism, one of the important themes that unites modern theologians and political theologians in particular is the theme of the Сhurch. However, it is not about the Сhurch in general, but about those special features and dimensions that have been forgotten or lost in the modern era. Primarily, it is related to the political dimension of the Christian community, which has become the subject of research by representatives of various theological schools.This article is devoted to the theological analysis of the ecclesiology of three prominent contemporary theologians: Stanley Hauerwas, William Cavanaugh and Walter Brueggemann. Each of them, despite belonging to different schools, different areas of interest and church affiliation, addresses the topic of the political nature of the Church in search of a constructive response to current challenges. According to Hauerwas, there should be a restoration of the vision of the Christian community as an alternative to the world in which it is located. For Hauerwas, the Church is not only a community, one of many, but a polis, which challenges both modern empires and dominant ideologies. This is exactly what William Cavanaugh is talking about, when he emphasizes that the Church's tragic loss of its own political dimension has led to the "migrations of the Holy" and the sacralization of ideologies and power structures. At the same time, Walter Brueggemann writes Church’s prophetic authority and practical capability to resist the "royal consciousness", which manifests itself in the demonstration of strength and power, as an important feature of the Church.

"Geen vlerke stut meer ...": Geselekteerde gedigte in Krog se mede-wete gelees as outobiografiese postsekulêre laatwerk

In Antjie Krog se bundel mede-wete verskyn 'n aantal gedigte waarin die ek-spreker se soeke na 'n nuwe soort spiritualiteit verwoord word en waarin die implisiete versugting na die eenheid van alle dinge voorkom. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om 'n teoretiese konsep aan die hand te doen waarvolgens die spirituele aspekte in hierdie bundel bespreek kan word. Teorieë oor outobiografie as spirituele praktyk, veral in die digter se laatwerk, sowel as postsekularisme en ekopsigologie sal vir hierdie doel ingespan word. Daar sal hoofsaaklik eksemplaries te werk gegaan word deurdat enkele kerngedigte in die bundel ontleed word, te wete "moniaal", " 'n eland staan by 'n kuil", "ongelowig is nie die regte woord nie" en "kerssonnet". Daar word aangetoon op welke wyse Krog kategorieë of gehele wat in moderne tye hulle relevansie verloor het, poëties nuut verwoord deur te fokus op die verbeelding van 'n groter geheel waarin plante, diere en mense interverbonde is en interafhanklik van mekaar bestaan. Sodoende word die grense van die paradigma van egosentrisme waarin moderne mense verval het, opgehef en bestaande religieuse grense word deurbreek deurdat holisme op kreatiewe wyse as nuwe werklikheid daargestel word.

UNITY OF SPIRITUAL AND PHYSICAL AS THE BASIS OF HEALTH CULTURE

Summary. The problem of the ratio of spiritual and physical in man has always been an important subject of philosophical research. The main direction of the genesis of understanding the problem should be considered the constant strengthening of views on the inextricable link between physical and spiritual in man. Within postmodern discourse,traditional forms of connection between the human spirit and the body are being deconstructed, and the recognition of their unity is combined with the emphasis on differences, as has been the case before, although not within dogmatic methodology. Modern research methodology requires a clear specification of the logic of modern philosophy on the separation and relationship of human spirit and body, primarily on the basis of synergetic and existentialist approaches, and on this basis to describe and systematically analyze these phenomena. The most important from a methodological point of view in the analysis of the relationship between mind and body in terms of health culture is the focus on identifying the prerequisites for the integrity of the individual, which, in fact, determine its potential for healthy development and disclosure of spiritual and physical health. In modern philosophical literature, the dominant understanding of the crucial role of the spiritual component of human nature is marked by the presence of dialectics of soul and body, which results in the formation of a number of factors in its development, including health culture. In this case, the bodily factor is considered to be related to human society and natural connections, which generally determine the influence of physical factors on human development. It is generally accepted that it is the contradictory development of man and society as a whole, which stems from the contradictory nature of the interaction between «body and soul», «social and natural», determines the actual factors of human development and health culture. Within the dichotomy of spiritual and physical, natural and social origin, one can actually identify the integrity of the person at any level. The interaction of spiritual-mental and corporeal-natural elements and forms a specific quality that characterizes man as a whole, but changes in integrity do not mean perfection. The existential understanding of the spiritual and corporeal integrity of man follows from the fact that life itself is the primary reality, organic bodily integrity and spiritual dimension of man. The spiritual integrity of human existence leads to the predominance of the unity of soul and body over their difference as a result of the subordination of the latter to the spiritual goals of life. Within a culture of health, this means the integrity of health based on the dominance of spiritual health values.

Foreign Language Education in Eastern Europe in the Historical and Postmodern Discourse

It is foreign languages that allow one to carry out one’s professional duties at the international level, in particular in the academic field. Besides, they are recognized as a key to the development of human culture, which opens new opportunities for international integration and deepens cultural, intellectual and communicative functions of languages. Considering its historical post-totalitarian specifics and social roles, the development of foreign language education in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Eastern Europe, in particular Ukraine, includes materialist and pragmatic and partly postmodernist trends, which need to be studied and analyzed in the context of a modern, postcolonial society. The research aims to systematize theoretical issues and generalize the experience of developing foreign language education for future humanities teachers in pedagogical universities in Ukraine (the mid 20th century - the early 21st century), as well identify some proper ways to implement authentic and world experience into the modern practice of training future foreign language professionals. The following pedagogical strategies are considered to be certain productive areas in the combination of classical and postmodernist trends in education: the integration of repetitive teaching methods and creative activity; the combination of modular and problem-based learning; the use of non-communicative models and cognitive strategies of foreign language education; the introduction of models of foreign language education, which make it possible to specify social, professional and research activity of the student’s personality; the reinforcement of extra-curricular activities in the context of foreign language education.

Hybrid War as a Phenomenon of Semantic Postmodern Discourse with Emphasis on the Military Constant as a Factor of National Security

The article states the core thesis about two asymmetric modes of existence of war – physical and discursive. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the analytical and practical necessity of distinguishing between two modes of existence of hybrid warfare as a phenomenon of physical reality and as a discursive construct, as well as to raise questions about the value specificity of the relationship between them. The methodology of work represents the implication of two asymmetric modes of war existence – physical and discursive. The relationship between the two modes can be described in particular through modern cognitive-semantic and communicative approaches. Analysis, synthesis (thesis-antithesis), description, distinction, historical perspective, forecasting and hermeneutic tools of comprehension are the core methods of this work. In the military (material) dimension, any military confrontation in general (and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in particular) is localized, while the discourse of this hybrid war has become global. The interpretive component of hybrid warfare is implemented through discursive verbal-semiotic means. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the concept of victory. The Ukrainian dimension embodies the postmodern practical representation of the analysis of the problem of hybrid warfare as a war of interpretations.

#CybillToo?: how a feminist sitcom (almost) exposed Hollywood’s dark secrets

The sitcom Cybill (CBS 1995–1998) is loosely based on the real-life experiences of its feminist star and executive producer, Cybill Shepherd. The show thus has the extraordinary potential to relate the experiences of a Hollywood actress, operating within a singularly influential apparatus in the creation of dominant ideologies, including representations of women. This ‘belly of the beast’ set-up suggests an abundance of possibilities for the woman buffoon, trickster or thief of language to tell her thus-far censored, inside story, but within a medium and textual format that are themselves significantly controlled by, and instrumental in perpetuating, that very same machinery. Yet this sitcom was produced in the nineteen-nineties, a decade characterised by apolitical, postmodern irreverence. This article will assess the sitcom’s integration of postmodern, conservative and feminist discourses by conducting a critical discourse analysis, as formulated by Norman Fairclough, of one episode. The episode is one of two in which the show depicts Hollywood producers requesting sexual favours in return for employment opportunities, two decades before the practice provoked international outrage and brought about the formation of the #MeToo movement. The episode overall adopts a morally dubious positioning in its portrayal of Hollywood realities. However, as will be argued, this very postmodern ambiguity enabled the sitcom to represent and denounce long-established ‘casting couch’ practices, if in a cursory and trivialising manner.

Richard Wagner’s Opera “Tannhäuser” in the Director’s Interpretation of Romeo Castellucci

The relevance of the study lies in the systematization of the expressive means of the director’s interpretation of R. Castellucci, who, using the semantic elements of Dionysianism and Appolonism, Pantheism and Christianity — the main pair of oppositions for the European cultural space, has compared not only the forms of expression, but also the concepts of art, Tannhäuser’s inability to make a choice and be successful. He sees positive elements in each of them, but without accepting them as a whole, always remains on the verge, being rejected by the system, unwilling to completely immerse himself in it. R. Castellucci interprets Tannhäuser’s image as a victim of the conventions of these systems. The novelty of the research lies in the analysis of R. Castellucci’s producing, which is not substantially studied in Ukrainian musicology, although it opens a completely new interpretation of Tannhäuser. The figurative content of the main opposing forces here is fundamentally different from their previous incarnation on the opera stages of the world. The main objective of the study was to penetrate into the general interpretive vision of the work — its maximum symbolization, the use of figurative and semantic elements and their combinations in the work, which constitute the semantic field of the production, having a wide variance of perception and not directly following the plot, avoiding narrative and at the same time not deviating from the author’s text. The theme of love in its sensual and spiritual, as well as art and its forms of expression — the opposition of these criteria by R. Wagner is significantly complicated through the interpretation of them by R. Castellucci in postmodern discourse, where a set of pre-meanings gains direct meaning. So Venus and Venusburg, for R. Wagner, are a symbol of sensuality, and the director exaggerates the sensual to the meaning of “indecent”, where “hyper” becomes the primary characteristic, which is inherent in the elements of the production as a whole. The study was done by using semiotic principles of the director’s work and their semantic load determined the main methodological approaches of research in accordance with the works of J. Baudrillard, which were based on the algorithm for the structural analysis of an opera work developed by M. R. Cherkashina-Gubarenko. Elizabeth is the opposition to this discourse, and the Wartburg society is the personification of excessive rationalization, which makes it mechanized and devoid of humanity, impervious to other points of view, that is, totalitarian. In the end, Tannhäuser and Elizabeth are freed from the irreconcilable tension between discourses, the end of which becomes a deeply symbolic non-existence and stratification of space, time, performer and character. In any case, Tannhäuser does not really renounce his beliefs; the blossom of the bishop’s staff as a sign of divine grace refers not so much to Tannhäuser as to labeling his views as permissible in a variety of opinions, but alien to the clerical spirit and its institutions. As a result we can argue that the director departs from traditional interpretations of the plot and value judgments of a certain world, leaving unanswered the question of the normativity of one of them as opposed to the other, makes filling with symbolic images, while blurring clear lines and avoiding direct definition through illustrative direction. In general, everything hyper-, over-, “too” and “exaggerated” is characteristic of the director’s interpretations of R. Castellucci. His postmodern vision of the theater and some kinship with the “theater of cruelty” A. Artaud, allows, according to R. Castellucci, to experience these emotions outside of real life, to sublimate them through art — which was the focus of ancient tragedy. The study has significance from the point of view of an artistic and scientific description of the modern stage director’s theater, the principles of the artist’s work with material and its adaptation to modernity without violating the author’s intention. It can be used as a material in the studying of directors of musical theater and in introductory courses on modern trends in operatic art.

Shutting the Stable Door after the Horse has Bolted: Critical Thinking and the Third Science Revolution

In this article, pursuing breadth rather than depth, Kristiansen does not set out to convince as much as to add to the last decade’s cavalcade of diagnostic statements about the discipline (consistently put forward and curiously in line with the agendas of the well-established archaeologists offering them). As promised, we are presented with a rather optimistic scenario of the road ahead, leading into nothing less than revolutionary times. That is, if you are surfing the waves of the so-called “third science revolution” and not stuck in post-modernist discourse, in which case you are doomed to be left at the shoreline. In Kristiansen’s scenario, fuelled by the sheer force of new types and levels of data input (e.g. DNA, isotope analysis) – mainly dealt with and stemming from large projects enabled by the EU – the wedding of micro and macro perspectives in archaeology is to finally take place. Potential spouses in this shift towards a “revised modernity” are evolutionary/world system approaches combined with micro materiality/agent-network approaches. Their offspring – destined to change the way we understand mobility, interaction and cultural/genetic transmission in prehistory – is made possible through the combination of increased levels and availability of scientific data, and a renewed focus on quantification and agent-based modelling methodologies. Through this recipe an entirely “new prehistory” is made possible, a prehistory anchored more heavily in absolute

Between the folds: Reconceptualizing the current state of early childhood technology development in China

Rapid development and expansion of technology has created massive shifts in people’s lives around the globe. China’s focus on transforming the nation into a global leader in technology has resulted in the proliferation of policies, which are typically interpreted as part of the Western neoliberal economic expansion and imperialism. However, in this article, we contest what we claim to ‘know’ about technology or technicity (the condition of being technological beings) both locally and globally within the context of early childhood technology development in China. Chinese philosopher Yuk Hui (2016) introduces the provocation that China’s history of technics is grounded in Confucian thinking rather than arising from the Greeks, countering the universal assumption that all cultures trace their technological thoughts to Prometheanism. The art of Chinese paper-folding known as Zhezhi is adopted as a metaphor to reconceptualize recent Chinese technology policies and practices in early childhood education as we conceptually bridge traditional and postmodern discourse. We examine the folds to reveal tensions in Chinese approaches to technology integration situated within economic, political, and socio-cultural contexts, and further explore how these elements exist in concert with one another.

The object of art, which exists ‘presently’: Performance art

The break between object and image was added to the perception of reality and truth which changed with the Internet, social networks and the like in the 1990s. The possibilities that technology provides completed the effort of the postmodernist discourse in art to destroy tradition. All values are being reconstructed. While art is rapidly being digitised, Performance Art has taken its places in art’s agenda. In this article, performance art will be elaborated and analysed with a focus on ceramic art. Performance art is the life itself, it is not repetitive, and it is what happens presently. It communes with the audience. As the object of art that exists at the moment, it cannot be bought, sold or moved. It is a way of transmitting the artist’s ideas in an unusual, striking and unmediated way that is different from the traditional art forms. In the performances, it is mostly seen that breaking traditional forms, using the clay in raw form rather than firing it, reflecting the plasticity of the clay and revitalising it are used as assets. Performance art is a model of rebellion against the era in which we are imprisoned in mass communication and distanced from reality under the image bombardment. It is necessary to see the performance art as an experiment or suggestion, as the object of art which exists presently, rather than as a show to meet expectations.
 
 Keywords: Present time, art, performance art, ceramics, process, audience.

EDUCATION AS A KEY STRATEGY OF POSTMODERN PHILOSOPHY: OVERCOMING THE TRAUMA OF NON-FREEDOM

The formation of personality attracted the attention of both classics of philosophical thought, in particular the works of C. Pierce, Z. Freud, and representatives of modern philosophical discourse (Z. Bauman, P. Ricceur, J. Hararri, K. Wilber). Recent research states that the main obstacle to formation of the individual and society is cultural trauma that arises as a result of the development of totalitarian colonial societies in the twentieth century. The concept of cultural trauma is analyzed in the studies of J. Alexander, С. Сaruth , A. Neаl. The aim is to explore the individual in modern and postmodern paradigm, the application of concepts of development, education, self-development and self-education of the individual in postmodern discourse, to consider education and self-development as key strategies of postmodern philosophy in overcoming totalitarian cultural trauma. Scientific novelty. It is stated that education, development and self-development of the individual become main strategies of information age and postmodern culture, which contributes to overcoming the totalitarian colonial traumatic experience. The personality in modern and postmodern paradigm (concepts, attitude to the personality, processes of education, social institutions, self-education) is investigated. It should be noted that self-development of the individual will acquire a global scale: whether it is measured by the coefficient of happiness or economic efficiency of a society, there are scientific debates, one thing is certain - at the same time education, self-education and upbringing become the deal of not individual countries, but humanity on the whole. Conclusions. 1. In the modern paradigm, the individual implicitly contains the antithesis of mental and physical origin, immutability, and hence eternity, and development as a certain adaptation of man to external circumstances of socio-cultural life. 2. Postmodernism replaces this contradiction with the controversy or dialectic of personality as unchanging, perfect and at the same time constantly growing under the influence of both external and internal factors, the application of the concepts of self-development and self-education philosophical paradigm, as modern and colonial discourse seeks to do. 3. Based on the presented argumentation, the conclusion is made about education and self-development as key strategies of postmodern philosophy in overcoming totalitarian cultural trauma of imprisonment.

MODERN GEORGIAN COMPARATIVE STUDIES: DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH, MAIN ISSUES

Taking into account the factual material, research methods, and tasks, the authors trace the evolution/changes in Georgian comparative studies. It is notable that typological approaches, along with contact-genetic ones, are now actively used. These changes become firmly established due to the studies of iconic figures and periods, which attract the special attention of the scholars. Eurocentric concepts give place to other ones that have their basis in the study of the national literature and include philosophical, anthropological, psychological, and religious factors in the field of research. A lot of attention has been given to the principles of selecting literary texts for translation. The field of Georgian comparative studies has been remarkably changed/updated in the late 20th — early 21st centuries. Along with historians of literature, the theorists, critics, translators, and specialists in European and Oriental languages have been involved, which affected the level of comparative studies. Among the raised issues are reception, imagology, typology of anti-colonial narratives, genre transformations, postmodern discourse, etc. The character of Georgian-Ukrainian comparative studies changed drastically: it is obvious in the approaches/assessments of literary translation and in all connecting issues in general. Comparative studies came as close as possible to the theory of literature, which let the researchers (R. Khvedelidze, N. Naskidashvili, S. Chkhatarashvili, I. Mchedeladze) update the methodology and intensify their work on the diff erent levels of research, regardless of the presence/absence of contexts. The present surge in Georgian comparative studies started in the 2010s. It is connected to the organization of effective specialized research centers. Of great interest are the comparative studies aiming to show the history of Georgian literature as an individual version of the world literature (I. Ratiani), to identify the features of the Georgian literary canon based on the three main literary models (Middle Ages, Romanticism, post-Soviet), with a focus on the combination of ‘canonical’ and ‘non-canonical’ in innovative writing.

Growing up of Laszlo Garaczi and his «Lemur»

The article draws attention to the feature of postmodern discourse in a qua-si-autobiographical work, which in fact, is not the organization of memory, but fo-cusing on the events of the speech flow. In Laszlo Garaczi’s novel «What Fun We Have on This Coach Ride!», on the one hand, the life of a typical schoolboy of the 1960s is considered, and on the other hand, through this prism, the main problems of socialist society are revealed. Through deconstructing a devastated old language and creating a new one, the approach applied exposes the process of the adult world degradation (the world of parents and teachers, which seemed to represent a stable position in society), it shows them as the poor with the dictatorial tendencies of people, whose human and professional prestige is removed in parallel by (no)education of the teenager, the main character in the novel, who faces both the crisis of personal identity and the experience of socialism.The purpose of the linguopoetic analysis is to reveal the main metaphors and similes in the text of the novel. They cover both the process of the lemur’s growing up and his image appearing in different forms, as well as the meaning of «riding a bus». It contributes to the understanding of the novelsense.Summing up even such a brief study of the sample belonged to Hungarian proseallows the author to emphasize the importance of postmodern attitude to the tropes for both the reading general public and for a narrow circle of specialists.

Referentiality of event in postmodern fictional discourse: pragmatics and semantics

The article is devoted to the study of postmodern fictional discourse referentialism in terms of pragmatics and semantics. Postmodern fictional discourse eliminates the oppositions of different narrative perspectives, which entails a non-distinction of the author’s narrative and the characters’ speech. The relevance of the article arises from the need to identify the communicative parameters of the creator of fictional discourse and its recipient from the standpoint of the cognitive and discursive linguistic paradigm, but it should be noted that both sides of fictional communication are free in the choice and interpretation of language elements outside the fixed conventional meanings. This feature of fictional discourse results in a set of conventions adopted by both sides of aesthetic communication. Metaphorically polysemantic images, which conflict with the definitions of formal logic and affirm the variability of the world and consciousness, are characteristic of postmodern fictional discourse. Pastiche, irony, collage, allusions, citations, direct derivations have significant pragmatic potential. The aim of the article is to identify and describe the pragmatic and semantic features of structuring the referentiality of an event in postmodern fictional discourse on the material of Sasha Sokolov’s novel “School for Fools”. The semantic space of the novel creates the dialogicity of the characters’ consciousness, pragmatically marked by dialogization of speech, which emphasizes the recipient’s attention to the imaginary event. The text fragments become independent discursive phenomena, thus contributing to the perception of the novel as a complex of macrocontexts. Markers of narrative polyphony, as well as intertextuality and precedent phenomena serve as pragmatic markers of the special referentiality of an event in S. Sokolov’s novel.

Believers, Attractiveness and Values

Societies are undergoing an intensive process of transformation, and the role that religion plays in guiding such rapid changes remains underexplored. In recent decades, postmodern discourse has hindered the attractiveness of involvement in religious affairs and reading sacred books, highlighting how “uncool” and useless these practices are in responding to current daily life challenges. Decades of research have evidenced the positive impact of reading the most precious universal literary creations. Since sacred books are considered universal texts, this study explores the potential of dialogic interreligious gatherings (DIGs) focused on sacred books to enhance the attractiveness of key values such as love, kindness, humility, and generosity. These spaces are grounded in strong principles that guarantee the freedom of participants. This context opens up a possibility of discussing sacred books in a dialogic and egalitarian space where everyone’s voice is heard. In this context, especially in times where freedom is jeopardized in many spheres, believers from different faiths and nonbelievers engage in dialogues and relate sacred book content to their personal experiences and current social challenges. The communicative analysis conducted shows that DIGs drive the attractiveness of fundamental values present in sacred books, creating possibilities to enhance their effects in spurring personal and social change.

POSTMODERN REKLAM AFİŞİ TASARIMI

The history of the art of graphic design and posters goes back to cave drawings during the Stone Age. Graphic design and posters are based on social needs and change in different stages of social development. They are now enjoying one of the apexes of their development. The art of graphic and poster design which developed and evolved in the historical and social development process, has taken on new dimensions during the transition from the modern to the postmodern period in accordance with the needs of our society of consumption and by using the technical/technological tools and methods within this period. In particular, the invention of the printing press, lithography, and the Industrial Revolution have led to great leaps in the art of graphic and poster design as in all other areas of life. Computer and digital technologies that were first developed in the middle of the 20th century almost brought about a revolution in the art of graphic and poster design. These great breakthroughs caused technical and technological innovations and changed the art of graphic design. While education in graphic design acquired an institutional dimension, its aims and objectives were transformed. Discussions of postmodernism, new forms of relationship, concepts and schools are reflected in the art. Relationships between postmodernism and graphic design, poster styles categorized as postmodern and advertising culture have caused new debates. Advertisements and advertising posters have acquired new forms to meet the needs of today’s consumer society, which are getting more and more complex. Its dynamics have changed posters and advertising. This study discusses the evolution of the art of graphic and poster design within the whole historical and social development process, its dimensions, postmodernism and striking examples of postmodern advertising posters.

TRENDS LITERATURE OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY: «WORKING NOVEL», MINIMALISM, «NEW WAVE»

In Ukrainian literary studies, the idea was formed that «Western» literaturethe second half of the 20th century inherent aesthetics of postmodernism. However, the question arises: is this process homogeneous? Branching aesthetics of literary works 2 half of the 20th century is a scientific problem that needs to be understood. This is important because it requires a theoretical basis for the study of individual personalities / writers whose individual style have common points of intersection with general world artistic landmarks. The purpose of the article is to try to form a «system» of directions and currents of the the second half of the 20th century. This is the first approximation to a scientific problem. We used comparative-historical and typological methods, a systematic approach to achieve the purpose. In the postmodern era – the second half of the 20th century, the feeling of unconscious fear of the individual before the development of scientific technologies, before the nuclear threat is reflected. The trends of the «working novel», the current of «neorealism», the current of «new wave», the group of «minimalism» were formed in the literature of the the second half of the 20th century, they are not included in the discourse of postmodernism and post-avant-garde, because in these works there is a realistic chronotope. Here a new type of hero is formed and the moral and ethical problems of the «average» ordinary person, which does not succeed, are raised. The consciousness of the characters disintegrates, they are unable to comprehend either their ideas or the statements of others. They have no strength and energy at all. Boredom sometimes pushes them to action, which reflects the trends of the time. Intellectuals are presented as psychologically dead people who are incapable of anything, empty, doomed. The individualism of the hero raises the problem of isolation and disunity of people in a narrow domestic and broad historical context. The social problems of the «workers' novel», the «new wave», minimalism and neorealism contributed to the introduction and use of the border 20th-21th centuries by writers the realistic chronotope in the trend of «critical fiction»