Post-mining Areas Research Articles

Exploitation of Mineral Resources for Sustainable Development on the Example of Poland

Nuisance for the people living in areas covered by the direct or indirect impact of the mining industry is an important social problem. The development of the mining industry depends on high environmental requirements, in particular, it is closely related to the fulfillment of obligations of safety for human health and life. Through consultation with the local society and targeted actions degraded land can become attractive. In contrast, the lack of reclamation leads to the intensification of negative phenomena: erosion, surface mass movements, changes in the ecosystem, eutrophication of water tanks. Maintaining balance in the natural environment is the basic criterion for the proper functioning of industrial facilities. Mining activity is a threat to the environment, including human health and life. Use of the environment by mining is subject to adjustment to the legislation and carrying out mining activities in line with environmental requirements. Mining activities and nature protection can operate in a sustainable manner. Appropriate selection of methods for mineral exploitation allows you to minimize the impact on the environment components. The positive impact of opencast mining is reflected in the creation of new habitats of plants and animals in post-mining areas, in the creation of new recreation places, in diversifying the landscape thanks to the construction of water reservoirs. Lakes formed after use of natural aggregates overgrown vegetation reed, acting as a convenient place to settle the water birds.

The Emergence of Industrial Tourism in Post-Mining Closure Areas – Project Management Models and Local Practices

Reducing industrial activities has led to the need for identifying and implementing strategies aimed at an economic usage of affected areas pointing to the past industrial age. There are many successful examples globally of using industrial heritage in industrial tourism. In Romania, the achievements are not so advanced, although over time there have been several initiatives to preserve culture, knowledge, tools, equipment, customs, and clothing related to the exploitation of mineral resources. The aim of this paper is to propose a project management model in addressing the needs of communities facing post-mining closure contexts and to examine how an integrated managerial outlook for various stakeholders involved in local tourism portfolios might reach solutions for the ongoing long-term social consequences of mine closures. The paper provides as a case study the transformation of the industrial patrimony of the former Petrila Mining Assembly, which serves as a lesson of industrial archeology, being one of the last ensembles in the area that still retains part of each stage of its evolution. The involvement and contributions of local non-profit organizations, municipalities and local businesses in the emerging of industrial tourism in Petrila are analysed through the proposed managerial model.

The Minimum Required Landscape Discharge

Due to challenges of ecological restoration of post-mining areas to pre-operational conditions in aspect of water quality and quantity, development and assessment of ecological based minimal landscape discharge is necessary. In order to determine it, the basic nature and human factors and their relations within a catchment area had to be described and the essential parameters defined. The hydro ecological relations in the landscape are described by means of the numerous measurement methods and interpretation algorithms. The further aim was these procedures and the interpretation thresholds concerning the Minimum Required Landscape Discharge to recognize and optimally adapt for application.

Zmiany w rzeźbie i problem zagospodarowania obszarów po wydobyciu surowców skalnych na przykładzie okolic Tarnowej (Polska Centralna)

Celem artykułu jest określenie zmian w zagospodarowaniu oraz rzeźbie obszaru powydobywczego, które wynikają z przekształceń związanych z eksploatacją kruszywa. Jako obszar testowy wybrano okolice żwirowni w Tarnowej. Na podstawie zestawień i analiz kartograficznych pokazano zmiany w rzeźbie terenu. Dzięki fotografiom wykonanym z drona przedstawiono krajobraz terenów dawnej i obecnej eksploatacji kruszywa naturalnego. Wskazano kierunek rekultywacji leśnej, w którym następują zmiany. Przybliżono oraz zasugerowano koncepcję rekultywacji specjalnej, która umożliwi zagospodarowanie i wykorzystanie terenów pokopalnianych w alternatywny sposób.

Respon Pertumbuhan Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.) Terhadap Lubang Resapan Biopori pada Lahan Bekas Tambang

Growth of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) on postmining area is not optimal due to the acidic soil and very low nutrients content. Liming and Hole Infiltration of Biopori was an effort to improve Jabon growth. Lime can neutralize acid and Hole Infiltration of Biopori (LRB) can expand the ground to absorb water during the rain. In addition to the litter in the LRB able to improve soil nutrients. The purpose of this research was to improve jabon growth through LRB and to know the best of the LCC (Legume Cover Crops) plant leaves, leaf of Acacia mangium, or organic kitchen waste for LRB. LCC Leaf litter was reached best results based on the diameter due to having rata-rata highest and significantly different part with treatment P2 (LRB containing acacia leaf) and P0 (control). Kitchen waste (P3) is litter stuffing in the best LRB based on parameters high because significantly different with control (P0) and has the highest average.
 Key words: hole infiltration of biopori, jabon, LCC leaf, liming, kitchen waste

POLA SEBARAN SPASIAL BIOMASSA DI AREAL REVEGETASI BEKAS TAMBANG NIKEL

The aim of this study was to identify the spatial pattern of biomass distribution in the revegetation of the post-mining area in PTVI. The nearest neighbour analysis method by comparing the distance of an individual was used to determine the spatial biomass distribution pattern in the post nickel mining revegetation area of PTVI. The nearest neighbour analysis was used to explain the distribution pattern of locations using a calculation that considers the distance, number of locations and acreage. This analysis produced a final result in the form of an index ranging from 0 until more than 1. It can be explained as NNI <1, clustered spatial pattern, NNI = 1, random spatial pattern and NNI> 1 dispersed spatial pattern. This research was found that there are clustered (K1, K2, K3) and dispersed patterns (K4) of biomass spatial distribution patterns in PTVI’s post nickel mining revegetation area.Keywords: post-mining, revegetation, biomass, spatial distribution pattern

Cracks Reinforce the Interactions among Soil Bacterial Communities in the Coal Mining Area of Loess Plateau, China.

Soil microorganisms play a key role in global biogeochemical changes. To understand the interactions among soil bacterial communities and their responses to extreme environments, the soil properties and bacterial community diversity were determined in the post-mining ecosystem of the Loess Plateau, China. The results showed that the soil temperature, pH, organic matter, available phosphorus, and available potassium values were significantly reduced in the post-mining cracks area. However, the richness and uniformity of soil bacterial communities increased by about 50% in the post-mining cracks area. Soil microbial community structure and the network interactions tended to be complex and strengthened in the post-mining cracks area. Moreover, soil nutrient loss caused the differences in soil bacterial community structure compositions in the post-mining cracks area. Furthermore, the relationships between soil physicochemical properties and different modules of the soil bacterial molecular ecological network were changed in a complex manner in the post-mining cracks area. This study provides a theoretical basis for adaptive management and response to cracks in post-mining areas and under other extreme conditions.

Revegetation of tin post-mining sites in Bangka Island to enhance soil surface development

Sandy tailing, a by-product of tin processing plant is commonly utilized for land preparation for revegetation. In some cases in the land reclamation, slime (clayey) and lateritic materials are also used. Mining company has an obligation to improve environmental quality by which revegetation is introduced using a variety of introduced fast growing species and local species. In this paper we have examined soil surface development under different plant species in tin post-mining area in Bangka Island. The study was carried out in Air Benuang (planted in 2017, Anacardium, 1 m height), Air Pelawan 2 (planted in 2017, Paraserianthes falcataria, 6 m height), Air Pelawan 1 (planted in 2015, rubber trees, 2 m height), Batu Ampar (2007, Acacia mangium, 10 m height), and a secondary forest in Air Mesu. In every site a small pit was excavated and some soil physical properties were analyzed in site as well as in laboratory. The results indicated that surface soil of recently revegetated sites has gradually changed into slightly darker from light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4) into 10 YR 3/1 owing to such addition of organic matter and topsoil during sites preparation. Meanwhile, for the older site of Batu Ampar remains grey (10 YR 5/1-6/1) due to less incorporation of decomposing litter of Acacia. Revegetation also enhances decrease of bulk density with age of reclamation. Water infiltration is likely related to the amount of sand fraction but not with the age of revegetation. We learn from the results that plant selection for revegetation is the key factor to ensure a long-term recovery of soil surface condition.

Potential Nutrient Leaves of Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griseb for Improving Soil Physical Properties of Post Mining Areas in East Kalimantan

The Physical damage of soil in the post mining area in overburden (OB) material in the form of hardened and compacted structure and texture of the soil. Physical soil damage affects plant growth rate. The Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griseb plant has the ability to grow, has a high macro-nutrient content in the leaves, high macro-chemical content can improve the repairment of the soil physical properties into crumbs and fertility.

Wood Pellet Characteristics of Five Energy Species Grown in Post-Mining Reclamation Area in South Kalimantan

Biomass is one of the renewable sources of energy with prospective needs to be considered at a national or even global scale. Chemical components and physical properties of materials can be used as bioenergy in the form of pellets. Pellets made by compressing biomass using pressure-heat, resulting in higher calorific values than origin material. Reclamation forests can be seen as a potential source of energy. Considering the generally less-optimal environment, further research regarding the characteristic of species grown in such conditions required. Firstly, research aimed to determine pellets characteristics of five species grown at the post-coal-mining area at Tabalong Regency, i.e. laban (Vitex pinnata), sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), sungkai (Peronema canescens), trembesi (Samanea saman) and johar (Senna siamea). Secondly was to evaluate the potential of species as energy sources. Measurement focused on forest debris, followed procedures set on SNI 8021-2014. Characteristics measured were moisture-content, density, lignocellulose, extractive, calor, ash, igniting-time, and burning-rate. Statistical analysis indicates that characteristics of origin material positive correlated with a caloric value of pellets except for moisture and ash. Pellets made of laban had the highest calorific value. Five species grown on the post-mining area had calorific values of pellets fulfilling the standard, which means those all are potential to be developed as an energy source.

Using DEMATEL and ANP for development of post-mining area at sub-district Pongkor gold mining, West Java

The objective of this paper proposes strategy for development of post-mining area at sub-district Pongkor gold mining, Bogor, West Java. The strategy of development designed using DEMATEL and ANP. The DEMATEL used to determine of important and influence level, then ANP used to determine potency weighted for development strategy. From the DEMATEL, 5 (five) potency from 8 (eight) is feasible to develop while post-mining of Pongkor gold mining, namely: training and education area, tourism of underground mine, natural & culture tourism, conservation area, and sports facilities. The development priority can determine based on weight of potency by ANP. Based on rank of weight by ANP, potencies for development are training and education area, tourism of underground mine, natural & culture tourism and conservation area.

Vegetation type and plant diversity affected soil carbon accumulation in a postmining area in Shanxi Province, China

AbstractCoal mining causes severe land degradation, which poses a great damage to carbon (C) sequestration function of the original ecosystem. Vegetation restoration in postmining areas plays an important role in rebuilding soil C pool and improving soil quality. In this study, soil C sequestration and soil properties of different vegetation types were investigated along restoration chronosequences in a postmining area in the eastern Loess Plateau. The results showed that soil properties improved substantially through artificial restoration by planting Rhus typhina (exotic species) and Platycladus orientalis (indigenous species) and through natural restoration. Soil C stock (0–20 cm depth) increased significantly with restoration duration in all of the vegetation types and was positively correlated to plant diversity except in R. typhina. After 12–20 years from restoration, accumulation rates of soil C varied significantly with vegetation type, with the maximum in P. orientalis (0.60 Mg ha−1 yr−1) and the minimum in naturally restored grassland (0.21 Mg ha−1 year−1). The optimum performance of P. orientalis plantation could be attributed mainly to high plant diversity and associated high fine root biomass (1.72 Mg ha−1). A sharp decrease of plant diversity (39.0%) in R. typhina 12 years after restoration implied that soil C accumulation might not be sustainable in the long term. Our results suggest that P. orientalis as an indigenous species adaptable to harsh environment may facilitate the succession of a diverse ecosystem and promote soil C accumulation in degraded lands of postmining areas.

PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN UNTUK KUALITAS AIR PADA TAMBAK UDANG MENGGUNAKAN FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL

Indra Dwisaputra, Boy Rolastin, Irwan, Angga Satera, in this paper explain that one commodity that can be used as a superior post-mining area such as Bangka Belitung is shrimp ponds. Touch of technology is needed because of high rainfall in this area so that changes in temperature, humidity, salinity and pH are more dynamic. Then we need a control to determine the water quality in shrimp ponds to avoid crop failure. This research was conducted by means of simulations to make it easier to analyze the results before applying. Fuzzy logic control (FLC) method is used for the water quality decision making system. By utilizing 3 input variables such as temperature, salinity and pH of water and output is an index of water quality from a scale of 0-100. The Mamdani method is applied to FLC with 27 fuzzy rules. The simulation results show that a change in one of the input variables can cause water quality to drop to 70. When there are changes in the two input variables, it can reduce water quality by 25.1. FLC can work well in decision making for water quality in shrimp culture.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with adaptive plants in gold mine tailing

Abstract. Tuheteru FD, Husna, Albasri, Arif A, Wulan SA, Kramadibrata K. 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with adaptive plants in gold mine tailing. Biodiversitas 20: 3398-3404. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are fungi from division Glomeremycota within the kingdom Fungi, which have a broad ecological range and symbiosis with a variety of vegetations, including vegetations in gold post-mining areas or gold tailings. The study of identifying types of AMF in gold tailings in Southeast Sulawesi is still limited. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of AMF in the rhizosphere of adaptive plants in gold tailings land in Bombana District, Southeast Sulawesi. Soil samples were collected from adaptive plants in Perseroan Terbatas (PT) Panca Logam Makmur, Bombana District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. AM Fungi spores were isolated and identified based on their morphological characteristics (shape, size, color, attached hyphae, and spore ornamentation). Five types of AMF were identified, namely Glomus aggregatum, Sclerocystis sinuosa, Acaulospora scrobiculata, A. tuberculata, Scutellospora pellucida, and two genera that had not been identified up to species, Glomus sp. and Scutellospora sp. In addition to spores, the symbiosis of AM Fungi with adaptive plants was also demonstrated by the structure of AM Fungi in plant roots with a rate of 74% colonization. S. pellucida and S. sinuosa were recorded as new species in Indonesia and Sulawesi, respectively. While A. tuberculata is a type of AMF that enriches AMF diversity in Southeast Sulawesi.

Post-mining Remnants and Revitalization

The historic post-mining objects deserve special attention due to their high cognitive and didactic value. Conducting the revitalization of such facilities is aimed at preserving the mining cultural heritage, and as a result, it will insert attractiveness to the region. The publication attempts to present an approach to the issues of revitalization of post-mining objects and their analysis in Poland, Spain, and UK. In Poland, there is the Revitalization Act, which comprehensively defines stages and ways of conducting revitalization. Spanish legal regulations do not provide for a separate legal act on revitalization, but they are based on mining Law, environmental law, and cultural heritage law. On the other hand, legal regulations in UK do not provide solutions for the revitalization of post-mining areas. However, land leases could incorporate within them, prior to any industrial or mining activities commencement, a requirement for re-stabilization or returning the land to a safe environmental condition on activity completion. Despite the considerable diversity of legal conditions in the described countries, revitalization measures are conducted with positive results, as illustrated by the Gold Mine in Zloty Stok, La Tortilla Mine in Linares, and revitalization of King Edward Mine, an old mining site in Cornwall.

Sinkhole occurrence monitoring over shallow abandoned coal mines with satellite-based persistent scatterer interferometry

Unexpectedly occurring sinkholes caused by shallow submerged voids are one of the key problems of intensively built-up post-mining areas. Five percent of Poland’s territory is still under the influence of post-mining deformation. Impending sinkholes, which tend to develop randomly over very large areas, cannot be detected by using traditional geophysical methods. Moreover, geodetic measurement methods like Global Positioning System (GPS) analyses, tachymetry, laser scanning, or photogrammetry may be useful only for the registration of the dimensions and locations of sinkholes that have already occurred. Here, we investigate an area in Upper Silesia, Poland, where 345 sinkholes were recorded over a period of more than 20 years (1992–2013). Most of the events occurred in intensively built-up areas, and thus, these sinkholes posed a direct threat to the population. In the test area, 11 sinkholes were detected with a maximum depth of 16 m and maximum dimension of 25 m. The root cause of sinkhole formation was the collapse of post-mining shallow voids. We used satellite radar technology to detect and monitor ground movements potentially associated with the impending sinkholes. The findings showed that the application of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry can support the identification of zones where sinkholes will occur, given adequate spatio-temporal sampling. A stack of Envisat Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired between March 2003 and August 2010 was used in the analysis, and the results confirmed that precursory ground movements were detectable at an early stage of sinkhole development. The land subsidence rate observed prior to sinkhole collapse was not constant in time. Accelerated ground movements within 100 m of an observed sinkhole were detected. We conclude that satellite measurements may provide significant support in the early identification of areas prone to sinkhole occurrence.

USE OF THE BIOLOG SYSTEM TO SPECIES IDENTIFY MICROORGANISMS FROM MINED-OUT SITES

Poproč post-mining area in Slovakia is an old environmental burden which has been contaminated by toxic metals and semi-metals, predominantly arsenic and antimony, in connection with the extraction of antimony ores. Nowadays, revitalization work is undergoing in the closed mine with three adjacent sludge lagoons. The outcomes deal with anthropogenic manifestations of mining in-situ and their influences on microbes. Using the BIOLOG test system we identified representatives of indigenous microbes, whose adaptation to high levels of toxic metals and semi-metals are one of the main bioindicators of the state of the post-mining environment and a basic indicator of the evolution of effects on organisms of a higher ecological level. The analyses of microbial diversity in Poproč found the strain of Firmicutes to be the most abundant, with the highest diversity in the genus Bacillus. Based on the biochemical tests, the Bacillus genus was confirmed to be highly adaptable to the change in biogeochemical conditions in metal-contaminated substrates. The variable parameters of the identified representatives of the Bacillus genus correspond to its high diversity, which has been confirmed by a set of oxidative and assimilation tests. Keywords:        mined-out site, sludge lagoon, microbial diversity, BIOLOG system, Bacillus DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0019

Isolation of Iindigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to support revegetation on the nickel post-mining land

The revegetation on the nickel post-mining area requires symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi to support the plant growth because it faces major obstacles of harsh soil condition. The study was conducted to identify the AMF status on the nickel post-mining land and its association with pioneer plant roots. Soil and root sampling werewas collected on 4 type areas of nickel post-mining land i.e TR (top soil + revegetation), TNR (top soil + no revegetation), NTR (no top soil + revegetation) and NTNR (no top soil + no revegetation) to determine spore density, soil chemical properties and AMF colonization. The results showed that the nickel mining activities interfere in soil fertility and soil microbial population. It was denoted by lack available nutrient and low AMF diversity. Population of AMF only 7 – 83 spore per gram soil. Glomus or Acaulospora is dominating genus in each area. However, AMF occurrence is a vital to help the pioneer plants growth. It was proven by 163 species of pioneer plants that colonize nickel post-mining land associated with the AMF in their root system. Grass species have highest AMF colonization level. Therefore, inoculation of AMF indigenous isolate is needed as an intervention ion post-mining reclamation effort, so the possibility of symbiosis between plant roots and AMF becomes increasing. Eventually the development of natural plants will be accelerated to catalytic the natural succession process.

The Analysis of Slope Safety Factors at Post Mining Areas in Semaya Village, Randudongkal Sub-district, Pemalang

Mining activities has become increasingly widespread in recent years, especially people’s mining, thatjust concerned about the result and not paying attention to the environmental factors.This is causedthe post mining area’s destruction and environmental degradation potential. For this reason, the slopesafety factor enhancement analysis on the post mining area in Semaya Village, Randudongkal Sub-District, Pemalang Regency is needed. Slope stability analysis using Slide 6.0 software to identify thecondition of post mining area from the results of undisturbed sample (UDS) laboratory data.Laboratory testing includes several aspects including water content, weight, specific gravity, grain size,atteberg limit test, and direct shear test. The value of the safety factor is 1,441, the value is in the safecategory because it passes the minimum value limit of the safety factor which is 1.25, this result isobtained from the terracing modeling.

Nickel (Ni) reduction in Sorowako post-mining soil through application of mycorrhiza Acaulospora sp. associated with Canavalia ensiformis L.

The nickel (Ni) content in a post-mining soil of Pomalaa mines reached 14,200 mg.kg-1 and became a limiting factor in the plant growth process. A Ni reduction in the soil by using phyto-accumulator such as Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L.) can be improved by combining it with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the mycorrhizal fungus Acaulospora sp. on the efficiency of Ni reduction by C. ensiformis. This experiment was carried out by using a randomized block design with three different treatments, include: 1) C. ensiformis without Acaulospora sp. inoculation (negative control), 2) C. ensiformis inoculated with indigenous Acaulospora sp. and 3) C. ensiformis inoculated with non-indigenous Acaulospora sp. The study was conducted in the nursery that belongs to PT. Vale Indonesia Tbk., Sorowako, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed that highest nickel accumulation was found in the root inoculated with indigenous Acaulospora sp. (9500 mg.kg-1), followed by stem (1400 mg.kg-1), leaf and pod (1300 mg.kg-1), seed (1200 mg.kg-1), and flower (1100 mg.kg-1). This study indicates that application of the indigenous Acaulospora sp. can improve C. ensiformis efficiency to reduce Ni content at Sorowako post-mining area.