Post-mining Activities Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF COAL MINING ACTIVITIES ON HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETER CHANGE

Mining is a conventional activity that alters the natural landscape and causes hydrological parameter changes and environmental disruptions, such as hampered vegetation growth due to water table subsidence, damaged productive land that affects the river flow, water pollution, deforestation, and erosion. Land clearing for coal mining activity potentially damages the soil layer structure, due to the loss of ground cover vegetation, so hydrological parameter changes, including an 11.79% (50.55 mm) decreased base flow, 40.35% (273.73 mm) increased direct runoff, 21.92% (250.30 mm) increased surface runoff, an 15.73% (76.21 mm) decreased infiltration, 11.03 % (122.52 mm) increased potential evapotranspiration, causing fluctuating river debit. Every 10 Ha of land clearing for mining activities related to 51.46% (291.36 mm) increased runoff. Meanwhile, the postmining activities, including reclamation and vegetation, could only decrease the baseflow by 6.95% (5.95 mm) while increasing the direct runoff, surface runoff, infiltration, and potential evapotranspiration by 9.36% (89.11 mm), 11.19% (148.20 mm), 3.81% (15.56 mm), and 1.73% (21.34 mm), respectively. Furthermore, every 10 Ha of reclamation area is related to an 47.22% (264.62 mm) decrease in runoff.

Legal Evolution: Analyzing Minerba Law No. 3/2020 Amendments on Reclamation and Post-Mining Responsibilities

This study analyzes shifting norms in Indonesian mining law, focusing on the phrases "and/or" in Article 96 and "guaranteed" in Article 169A paragraph (1) of Law no. 3 of 2020 Minerba. Using a normative method with a statutory approach and historical interpretation, it finds that "and/or" offers flexibility for mining companies in choosing reclamation or post-mining activities, while "guaranteed" is replaced with "can be given," implying stricter conditions for operating permit extensions. This research underscores a redefined responsibility framework, emphasizing adaptability and stringent criteria in mining operations. Highlights : Flexibility in Activity Choice: "And/or" offers mining companies the flexibility to choose between reclamation and post-mining activities, enhancing efficiency. Stricter Permit Conditions: "Guaranteed" replaced with "can be given" implies stricter terms for operating permit extensions, ensuring compliance. Redefined Responsibility Framework: The study reveals a redefined framework emphasizing adaptability and stringent criteria in Indonesian mining law. Keywords: Indonesian mining law, shifting norms, responsibility, reclamation, operating permits

Impact of mining on the livelihood of women in Gashaka local government area, Taraba State

This study focuses on evaluating the impact of mining on the livelihoods of women in Gashaka Local Government Area (LGA) of Taraba State. The primary objective is to examine the effects of mining on the women's livelihoods within this particular community. The research adopted a survey research method, employing a self-constructed questionnaire for data collection with 118 randomly selected respondents. Utilizing a descriptive statistical approach, the study presented its findings through tables and charts. The research revealed that a majority of the respondents are actively engaged in mining, primarily extracting blue sapphire and other stones in the region. Post-mining activities predominantly involve selling the minerals at the Serti main market in Gashaka. Specific mining areas identified include Mayo Jim, Bodel, Garbabi, and Karamti, with Garbabi exhibiting the highest mining activity in Gashaka LGA. The study underscored the substantial impact of mining on the socio-economic well-being of women, positioning it as a major source of empowerment for them. Based on its findings, the study recommends that the government formulate policies to facilitate the responsible development of mining activities in Gashaka LGA. It emphasizes addressing critical issues and providing support to workers to enhance efficiency and reduce stress. Additionally, the research advocates for the implementation of an empowerment program by the state government, specifically targeting women and other miners in the region. This program should offer alternative livelihood sources, mitigate the adverse effects of mining, and discourage illegal mining practices in the area.

Secondary Succession of Vegetation in the Former Coal Mine Area PT. Bukit Asam Tbk

Open-pit mining activities cause environmental degradation such as decreased soil fertility and degradation of plantation. After mining activities is completed, land improvements will be carried out through post-mining reclamation. Low pH conditions, high metal concentrations and low organic matter are the main problems in post-mining activities reclamation land. Reclamation activities carried out by PT. Bukit Asam, Tbk runs continuously from time to time. Mining land that is no longer used for mining activities must immediately carry out land reclamation activities to preserve the environment and maintain ecosystem stability in coal mining areas. The reclamation efforts that have been carried out require vegetation analysis to determine the vegetation growing on the reclaimed land of various ages. This research aims to analyze vegetation using the transect method in reclamation areas aged 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, and natural land as a control. The research results show that all reclaimed land is ultisol soil which is acidic (pH 3.52 – 4.50), and the older the reclaimed land can increase the C-Organic, C-Total and C/N of the soil. The condition of land that is 5 years old also has lower soil temperatures and greater humidity than land that is younger. The Importance Value Index (INP) of seedlings, saplings, poles and trees on reclaimed land at 1 year old is smaller than at 5 years old. The common vegetation found on all reclaimed land of different ages is seedlings (Mimosa pudica), saplings (Malaleuca cajuputi), poles and trees (Malaleuca cajuputi, Acacia mangium).

Kajian Yuridis Kebijakan Pengelolaan Tambang di Wilayah Kabupaten Situbondo Ditinjau Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2020 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara

This research was conducted to find out how mining management policies are reviewed based on Law Number 3 of 2020 concerning mineral and coal mining. In this research, the method used is normative juridical which focuses on the application of rules or norms in positive law to raise, discuss and explain the legal issues raised. Mining is some or all stages of activities in the context of research, management and exploitation of minerals or coal which includes general investigations, exploration, feasibility studies, construction, mining, processing and refining, transportation and sales, as well as post-mining activities. Mining is an activity carried out either simply (manually) or mechanically which includes preparation for scattering, loading and transporting excavated materials. Excavated goods contained in the Indonesian mining jurisdiction are national wealth which is a gift from God in the form of natural deposits.

Biotic and dragonfly diversity indices as ecological quality evaluation in Lahat District Rivers, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Rachmawati A, Yustian I, Pujiastuti Y, Suparman Shk, Arinafril. 2023. Biotic and dragonfly diversity indices as ecological quality evaluation in Lahat District Rivers, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6059-6068. The Lematang, Sandaran, and Kungkilan rivers have been reported to be polluted by coal mining activities. This study aimed to evaluate the ecological conditions using a dragonfly as a bio-indicator. Dragonfly surveys were conducted using direct observation procedures in 11 research sites determined by purposive sampling based on positions of the upstream, midstream and downstream of the river entering the coal mining area, including settling ponds managing waste from post-mining activities (stockpiles and disposal). Dragonflies were captured by visual observations, direct capture, and sticky traps. Data were analyzed by calculating the Dragonfly Biotic Index (DBI) and Diversity Index. The correlation between dragonflies and environmental factors was analyzed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) according to Jaccard’s index. The results showed there were 23 species of dragonflies. Larvae and exuviae were found in Aeshnidae and Libellulidae families. Dragonfly species with the highest DBI values were seen in Rhyothemis triangularis, Tholymis tillarga, Zyxomma petiolatum, Atrocalopteryx atrata, Libellago lineata and Rhinocypha fenestrata. Sandaran River had the highest DBI value and diversity index because of the undisturbed condition of the area, which had natural vegetation and unpolluted water conditions. The Kungkilan River will become the focus of river rehabilitation, starting with the reclamation of the river riparian area.

Acid Mine Drainage Management Plan and Utilization of Fly Ash as Neutralizing Agent (A Case Study of Post-Mining Pits in Palaran, East Kalimantan)

With high levels of domestic production, consumption, and coal exports in East Kalimantan, the outcome will be directly proportionate. Disruption of abiotic, biotic, and cultural factors, such as the environmental impact on Kopi Palaran Street, where there are four abandoned post-mining pits surrounded by residential areas and filled with acid mine drainage. A new issue resulting from the effects of post-mining activities is residents using acid mine drainage from post-mining pits without treatment. The acidity level of the acid mine drainage that the people of Kopi Palaran Street used for daily sanitary reasons ranged from pH 2.8 to pH 3.3 and included relatively low-level Fe and Mn metal. According to the results of laboratory tests on the acid mine neutralisation process, adding 25 g of fly ash to 1000 mL of acid mine drainage can raise the pH of the acid mine water to 8.7 due to the process of alkaline minerals of the fly ash, such as CaO, dissolving acidic minerals. It can also increase the Fe metal content to 13.1 mg/L due to the precipitation of ferric hydroxide, while lowering the Mn metal content to 0.38 mg/L.

Reclamation and revitalization of post-mining sites – ups and downs

During the post-mining activities, all the forms of environment degradation are observed. This article refers to the projects of reclamation and revitalization of post-mining sites. The method of studying reclamation project documents was used to evaluate remedial actions. This allows for a comparative analysis of the obtained effects (the analyzed case) with the planned procedures. It has been shown what the main effects of degradation are caused by surface and underground mining, as well as what procedures are in force for the repair processes (recultivation and revitalization).

Post Mining Ecosystem Life Of Vertebrate Animals In The Emil Salim Sawahlunto Biodiversity Park.

Emil Salim Sawahlunto Biodiversity Area, formerly a mining site, presents a significant case study concerning ecosystem transformation post-mining activities. Intensive mining activities have deeply impacted the ecology, dramatically altering the landscape and causing serious environmental damage. The decline in biodiversity is a crucial indicator of ecosystem degradation. Biodiversity, encompassing both flora and fauna, plays a central role in the reclamation and restoration processes of former mining lands. Being an integral part of the ecosystem, vertebrates play a vital role in aligning and expediting the natural recovery processes of the environment. This study aims to identify and document the vertebrate species still present in the Emil Salim Sawahlunto Biodiversity Area. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach involving direct observations, trapping, and using calls to identify vertebrate species within the area. Direct observations revealed a total of 34 vertebrate species, distributed across 5 groups: 19 bird species, 5 reptile species, 6 amphibian species, 2 mammal species, and 2 fish classes. The identified vertebrate species within the area fall under the category of 'Least Concern' (LC) status, indicating a low risk of endangerment and are not protected by Law No. 92 of 2018."

Practical application for legacy acid mine drainage (AMD) prevention and treatment technologies in karst-dominated regions: A case study

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned mines in karst-dominated regions in southwestern China was causing contamination of groundwater and surface streams. To avert the unwise decisions of “pollution first before treatment” during pre-mining, mid-mining and post-mining activities, this paper proposes a contaminant migration prevention technical framework covering 4 comprehensive processes. The formation mechanism of spring pollution, engineering remediation processes and contamination treatment effects were described in Longdong Spring. In 2018, the Longdong Spring water had Fe 33.83 mg/L and Mn 3.60 mg/L, exceeding the Chinese surface water standard (0.3 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L in GB 3838–2002) by 112 and 36 times, respectively. In 2020, after grout blocking, in situ treatment and wetland remediation, the highest Fe was 4.5 mg/L in a short period, and the spring water pollution days in this year were 42 days compared with the previous 320 spring water pollution days in 2018. In 2021, two years of remediation with the implementation of terminal remediation wetlands, the Fe was less than 0.03 mg/L compared with the previous 33.83 mg/L, and the water quality reached water standard (less than 0.3 mg/L). At present, Longdong Spring has become one of the most beautiful natural local landscapes.

Analysis of Capital Budgeting Green Industry in Innovative and Sustainable Post-Mining Programs in Belitung Regency

Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the feasibility of the re-mining project of the closure tin mine area which is then processed into silica products according to export specifications, which is simultaneous with the process of environmental management of the closure mining area. Theoretical framework: Determining the capital budgeting of the project, financial indicators: Payback Period, NPV, Profitable Index, Internal Rate Return, and Return of Investment, and sensitivity Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative approach will be used to analyze the capital budgeting calculations to build a green industry through re-mining and silica refinery activities in good environmental management, not only land rehabilitation and vegetation restoration activities but post-mining activities, however synergized through creating an innovative program. Findings: Based on the results of investment calculations, the development of this green industry was declared technically and financially feasible through the management of re-mining, production of silica, and structuring the ex-mining area into a productive green area with a budget commitment that was mutually agreed upon before this activity was carried out. Research, Practical & Social implications: The post-mining tin location in Belitung Province – Indonesia, still has the potential for non-metallic mineral content, which can be re-mined and refined for silica commodities. The ex-mining area was found to be still an open area and even barren, even though PT Timah Tbk has carried out environmental restoration activities. Originality/value: In the study of capital budgeting for re-mining and silica refineries, the sensitivity of the analysis to changes in fuel costs and changes in selling prices has also been calculated.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA MELAKUKAN USAHA PENAMBANGAN TANPA IZIN IUP, IPR ATAU IUPK BERDASARKAN PASAL 158 UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2020 TENTANG PERTAMBANGAN MINERAL DAN BATU BARA (Studi Putusan Nomor : 518/Pid.Sus/2022/Pn.Tjk)

Mining is all or part of the stages of activity in the management and exploitation of minerals or coal which includes exploration, feasibility studies, construction, mining, management & refining, transportation & sales, and post-mining activities. As for what is the dispute in this study, how is the responsibility of the perpetrators of criminal acts in conducting a mining business without IUP, IPR or IUPK Permits & How to consider the rules of the Panel of Judges in determining the crime of carrying out a mining business without IUP, IPR or IUPK Permits from Study Decision Number: 518 /Pid.Sus/2022/ PN.Tjk? the research method used is normative & empirical juridical, the output of research on criminal liability for conducting mining business without a permit is imprisonment for 2 (two) months & 15 (fifteen) days & a penalty of IDR 5,000,000.00 (5 million rupiah) And the legal considerations of the Panel of Judges in determining the criminal act of conducting a mining business are not yet perfect because it is too light for the perpetrators who have committed mining crimes without causing environmental damage as a result, as a result of which they cannot have a deterrent effect on the perpetrators.

GOVERNMENT CONSISTENCY IN ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATIONS REGARDING MINERAL AND COAL MINING RELATED TO MINE RECLAMATION

Reclamation is an activity that aims to improve or manage the use of disturbed land as a result of mining business activities so that it can function and have the power to function according to its designation. excavated. For this reason, the government has issued Government Regulation Number 78 of 2010 concerning Post-Mining Reclamation Decree and Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) Number 26 of 2018 concerning Implementation of Good Mining Principles and Supervision of Mineral and Coal Mining. The purpose of issuing these two regulations is very clear, so that the negative impacts of mining activities can be reduced or even eliminated. Various productive efforts on ex-mining land by carrying out reclamation and utilizing it as an ecotourism area. Utilizing part of it as a fish farming pond and the rest being used as a model of a biological conservation forest with proboscis monkeys and various kinds of birds as the key space is one of the efforts to restore nature's preservation. The research method used is normative or doctrinal legal research. Normative legal research or doctrinal legal research, which is also referred to as library research or document study, is research that is carried out or aimed only at studying written regulations or other legal materials. The result of research reclamation is an activity to restore the ecosystem so that it can function again as before. While Post-mining Activities are activities to repair ex-mining land to restore environmental functions and social functions according to local conditions throughout the mining area.

Kewajiban Perusahaan Pertambangan Dalam Reklamasi Lahan Tambang Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2020 Tentang Pertambangan Mineral Dan Batubara

Aside from the rise of environmental issues regarding mining activities, especially in the context of reclamation and post-mining activities, there have been changes in the regulations governing them. The reclamation program for ex-mining land is a mandatory program that must be carried out by every company, both private and non-private. Reclamation is an activity carried out throughout the mining business stages to organize, restore, and improve the quality of the environment and the ecosystem so that they function again according to their designation. The placement of post-mining guarantees by companies should not eliminate the company's obligation to carry out post-mining activities. If the company has a shortage of reclamation planning costs, placement of reclamation guarantees, implementation of reclamation, or release or disbursement of reclamation guarantees to complete post-mining activities under the stipulated guarantee, it remains the company's responsibility.

Strengthening Reclamation Obligation through Mining Law Reform: Indonesian Experience

Reclamation can produce more value for the environment and create a far better situation than post-mining conditions. While the reclamation obligation policy is a great way to introduce a restorative approach to the environment, the main problem is the disobedience of the mining companies in their reclamation obligation. Therefore, we focused on conceptualizing the strengthening of the reclamation obligation policy in the Mining Act based on the understanding of preventing environmental and social damage. This research is conducted in doctrinal legal studies to create a prescriptive result. Despite the 2020 Mining Act Revision, Indonesia is still facing the previous legal issue due to blind spots in the regulatory framework. Ranging from the continuous conflicts between the mining company and the local community to the problem of non-compliance with the reclamation policy, which has resulted in excavation holes that were left untreated and abandoned, which has created casualties over the years. We offer two major reforms in formulation to strengthen the reclamation obligation. First, is the need to reinforce the essence of “obligation” for IUP and IUPK holders to perform reclamation and post-mining with supervision, as in the Environmental Act. With this formulation, the placement of the reclamation fund by the company does not eliminate the company’s obligation to carry out reclamation and post-mining activities. Second, for the company to comply with placing reclamation and post-mining funds, it is crucial to implement a mandatory condition, whereby the placing of a reclamation guarantees fund is a requirement for approval of the mining plans and budgets (the RKAB), and Clean and Clear (CnC) Certification. Therefore, the reform will cause a shift and strengthen the values of obligation in post-mining reclamations.

Physiological and cannabinoid responses of hemp (Cannabis sativa) to rock phosphate dust under tropical conditions.

Growing a high-value crop such as industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in post-mining environments is economically and environmentally attractive but faces a range of biotic and abiotic challenges. An opportunity to investigate the cultivation of C. sativa presented itself as part of post-mining activities on Christmas Island (Australia) to profitably utilise disused phosphate (PS) quarries. Challenges to plant growth and cadmium (Cd) uptake were addressed in this study using potted plants under fully controlled conditions in a growth chamber. A complete nutritional spectrum, slow-release fertiliser was applied to all plants as a control treatment, and two levels of rock PS dust, a waste product of PS mining that contains 35% phosphorus (P) and 40ppm of naturally occurring Cd, were applied at 54 and 162gL-1. After 12weeks, control plants (no PS dust) significantly differed in phenological development, with no flower production, lower aboveground biomass and reduced photosynthesis efficiency than those with P applied as rock dust. Compared with the controls, the 54gL-1 level of P dust increased shoot biomass by 38%, while 162gL-1 increased shoot biomass by 85%. The concentration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol also increased with the higher P levels. Cd uptake from PS dust by C. sativa was substantial and warrants further investigation. However, there was no increase in Cd content between the 54 and 162gL-1 application rates in seed and leaf. Results indicate that hemp could become a high-value crop on Christmas Island, with the readily available rock PS dust providing a source of P.

DASAR PERTIMBANGAN MAJELIS HAKIM DALAM MEMUTUS PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA MELAKUKAN USAHA PENAMBANGAN TANPA IZIN USAHA (STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN NOMOR 30/PID.B/LH/2019/PN PTI)

As stated in the relevant law, Mining is part or all of the stages of activity in the context of research, management and exploitation of minerals or coal which includes general investigations, exploration, feasibility studies, construction, mining, processing and/or refining, or development and / or utilization, transportation and sale, as well as post-mining activities. The research method used is a normative research method that focuses on library research to obtain secondary data from legal materials. The normative approach is carried out by reviewing the applicable provisions or laws and regulations. The results of the study show that the basis for the consideration of the panel of judges in deciding the case number Decision Number 30/Pid.B/LH/2019/PN Pti is based on the legal facts that were revealed at trial in the form of statements of witnesses, documentary evidence, and the statement of the accused associated with appropriate evidence, the elements in the article as indicted by the public prosecutor, namely Article 158 in conjunction with Article 37 of Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining, all of these elements have been fulfilled.

PENGARUH AGRESIVITAS PAJAK TERHADAP CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) : UNTUK MENGUJI TEORI LEGISTIMASI

In the Mineral and Coal Law no. 4 of 2009, mining is a mineral and coal exploitation activity which consists of stages of general investigation, exploration, feasibility studies, construction, mining, processing and refining, transportation and sales, and post-mining activities. Coal mining is the mining of carbon deposited rock found in the earth, including solid bitumen, peat, and asphalt rock. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tax aggressiveness on corporate social responsibility in coal mining sub-sector companies in 2017- 2021. The method used in this study is a quantitative method. The variables in this study consist of the dependent variable, namely corporate social responsibility, while the independent variables are tax aggressiveness and the control variables are capital intensity, company size, return on assets, and leverage. The population in this study is the coal sub-sector mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2021, amounting to 22 companies. The number of samples that have complete financial statements are 10 companies with a research period of 5 years so that a sample of 50 samples is obtained with the sampling technique using the purposive sampling method. The results showed that the tax aggressiveness variable based on the results of the t-test obtained a Tcount of 0.770 <Ttable 1.67655. The conclusion of this study is that partially shows that tax aggressiveness has no effect on corporate social responsibility

Authority of Revocation of Mining Business Permits in the Perspective of Administrative Law Towards Good and Environmentally Friendly Mining Governance

The President's authority to revoke thousands of mineral and coal Mining Business Permits (IUPs) is part of the efforts of a Good & Environmentally Friendly Mining Governance system. In the management of natural resources, aspects of environmental sustainability are needed. The research method used is normative juridical, with qualitative data analysis techniques. The results of this study are: first, the mechanism for revocation of IUP through a comprehensive evaluation from planning to post-mining activities, based on administrative, technical, environmental, and financial evaluations. The criteria for IUPs to be revoked are IUPs that do not submit Work Plan and Cost Budget reports, IUPs that are not operating, and IUPs that do not carry out post-mining reclamation obligations, and do not carry out environmental management. Second, the revocation of an IUP has three implications, namely juridical implications, namely policies for regulating and improving the mining governance system. The sociological implications are getting the social carrying capacity of the community and access to natural resource management rights. Finally, the implications of environmental insight, as a global commitment to implementing sustainable development principles, are integrated into the mining business activity licensing system.

Reclamation of a limestone quarry: effect of poultry manure and humic acid on the soil improvement

Limestone processing produces dust covering the soil around the quarry site and may affect soil fertility. Post-mining activities in a forest area are mandatory to restore biodiversity, such as tree species of non-wood products. This study aimed to determine the impact of limestone dust on soil and measure the effectiveness of soil treatment for revegetation. This study employed a randomized block design with three soil groups, i.e. uncovered with limestone dust, covered with 2.5 cm limestone dust, and covered with 5 cm limestone dust. Each group had five replications and was treated with poultry manure (0 kg m<sup>-2</sup>, 5 kg m<sup>-2</sup>, 10 kg m<sup>-2</sup>, and 15 kg m<sup>-2</sup>) and 2 L of 1% (v/v) humic acid. The amendment of manure and humic acid increased the soil organic C, total N, C/N ratio, and exchangeable K but increased the soil available P content. The soil respiration and total bacteria increased along with the thinning of the limestone dust. Overall, the treatments significantly affected pH, C/N ratio, exchangeable K, and electrical conductivity. At the same time, the group significantly affected organic C, total N, C/N ratio, exchangeable K, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, total bacteria, and clay. Based on land suitability assessment guidelines, the soil required nutrient improvement and pH reduction to grow proper non-wood products tree species.