Post Manipulation Research Articles

A review on anaerobic decomposition and enhancement of biogas production through enzymes and microorganisms

The need to develop and improve sustainable energy resources is eminent due to the finite nature of our fossil fuels. Recent modification of laws, development of technologies and business movement has encouraged the transition to a recycling-based society. Today economy and technologies largely depend upon energy resources that are renewable as well as eco-friendly. Biogas is an environment friendly, economic and an alternative means to fossil fuel. The use of biogas is widespread in countries such as India and China. The Indian government׳s energy policy tries to support renewable energy by providing incentives to central and state government level. Attempts have been made to manipulate the biogas process towards industrial scale by pre and post manipulation. Pre manipulation includes maintenance of temperature, moisture, pH and microorganisms. Whereas post manipulation involves scrubbing in which water vapor, CO2 and H2S has been removed through activated charcoal and water shower. Bacteria and enzymes play crucial role in anaerobic digestion and they are essential for efficient process. Trials have been made by use of bio-enzymatic preparations to enhance the biogas production. This paper reviews the details about decomposition, process of anaerobic decomposition, diverse constraints behind anaerobic technology and different aspects for enhancement of biogas production through enzymes and microorganisms.

Partial brood care compensation by female breeders in response to experimental manipulation of alloparental care

In cooperative breeders, where nonparents participate in brood care, the investment of contributors to offspring care is predicted to be interdependent, reflecting a conflict of fitness interests between care providers. We experimentally manipulated the alloparental care of subordinate helpers in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher to test whether breeders compensate for reduced help, or whether brood care is additive. As predicted by recent theoretical models, breeder females only partially compensated for the reduced help of the subordinate by increasing their brood care effort. After being prevented from contributing to brood care, subordinates increased their brood care effort to a level exceeding that shown before the manipulation. Although this increased effort of helpers reduced the dominant female's workload, the clutch received more care in total post manipulation than during manipulation and before, that is, the brood care response was additive. These experimental results show that load-lightening effects and negotiation over brood care trigger behavioural decisions of dominants and subordinates, as suggested by a recent theoretical model. Together with previous evidence from birds, our results suggest that load lightening is taxonomically widespread in cooperative breeders.

Effectiveness of butorphanol as an adjuvant to lidocaine for haematoma or periosteal block: A prospective, randomised, double blind study

Background:The peripheral nerve endings carrying pain contains opiod receptors. Blocking these receptors during haematoma block or periosteal block may provide better analgesia.Aim:Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of butorphanol as an adjuvant to lidocaine for haematoma block.Settings and Design:This is a two centre, prospective, individually randomised, two group, parallel, double-blind clinical trial.Methods:In this study, 115 American society of anaesthesiologist grade I and II adult patients scheduled for closed reduction of fractures were randomly allocated into two groups; Group A received 1% lidocaine (2 mg/kg) where as Group B received 1% lidocaine (2 mg/kg) with butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg) during haematoma block. Pain was assessed before, during and after manipulation of fracture by using visual analogue scale (VAS 0-10). Onset time of block, time for first rescue analgesic, 24 hour analgesic requirement and sedation levels were noted.Statistical Analysis:Data analysed with the unpaired t-test with Welch correction assuming unequal variances and Fisher's exact test using Graph pad Prism 5.02 version.Results:Onset time of haematoma block was significantly less in the butorphanol group compared to the lidocaine group (P=0.0003). The mean time for first rescue analgesic was significantly higher and total analgesic requirement was significantly lower in the butorphanol group (P<0.0001). Mean VAS scores were lower and sedation scores were higher in the butorphanol group.Conclusions:Addition of butorphanol to lidocaine quickens onset of haematoma block, provides excellent post manipulation analgesia and decreases 24 hour total analgesic requirement without excessive sedation.

821 An Audit of the Use of PICC Lines in Preterm Infants (< 33Weeks) in a Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

AimTo study the frequency of use, indications for placement and complications associated with PICC line placement in a single tertiary NICU.MethodA prospective review of all the PICC lines inserted over...

Inverse relation between cortisol and anger and their relation to performance and explicit memory

Cortisol has been found to increase in response to social evaluative threat. However, little is known about the cortisol response to induced anger. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the cortisol response to anger induction and its effects on performance and explicit memory. A variant of the Montreal Stress Imaging Task (MIST; Dedovic et al., 2005) was used to induce anger in 17 male and 17 female students. Consistent with previous observations, a significant decrease in cortisol was found from pre to post manipulation which was inversely related to increases in subjective anger. Moreover, whereas anger increase was related to impairments in performance, cortisol reduction was inversely related to cognitive performance and explicit memory (recall and recognition of persons’ features in a social memory task). The adaptive value of an increase in cortisol in response to fear or uncontrollability and of a decrease in cortisol in response to anger will be discussed.

The Compatibility of Personality and Social Identity Processes: The Effect of Gender Identity on Neuroticism

In an experimental study ( N = 186), we examined the effect of identity (gender versus personal) on participants‘ self–rated neuroticism and estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women. Self–rated neuroticism was measured before and after the identity salience manipulation. Following self–categorization theory, we predicted that identity salience would affect levels of self–rated neuroticism and the estimates (perceptions) of mean neuroticism for each sex. From a personality perspective, we expected substantial correlations between pre–manipulation and post–manipulation neuroticism scores in both identity conditions. The relation between participants‘ self–rated neuroticism and their estimates of mean neuroticism for their own sex was also examined. The effect of identity salience was unclear with regard to self–rated neuroticism levels, whereas the manipulation had apparent effects on estimated mean neuroticism levels for men and women. Also, self–rated neuroticism was found to predict estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women in the gender, but not personal, identity condition. Finally, in line with a personality perspective, the relative positions in self–rated neuroticism were highly stable in both conditions. The findings indicate a compatibility of self–categorization theory and personality perspectives and suggest that both are valuable to understand the changeability and stability of the self. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Nano-manipulation of diamond-based single photon sources

The ability to manipulate nano-particles at the nano-scale is critical for the development of active quantum systems. This paper presents a technique to manipulate diamond nano-crystals at the nano-scale using a scanning electron microscope, nano-manipulator and custom tapered optical fibre probes. The manipulation of a approximately 300 nm diamond crystal, containing a single nitrogen-vacancy centre, onto the endface of an optical fibre is demonstrated. The emission properties of the single photon source post manipulation are in excellent agreement with those observed on the original substrate.

Changes in water clarity during fish manipulation and post-manipulation periods in a shallow eutrophic lake

A food web manipulation experiment was conducted in the small, shallow, eutrophic Lake Major, part of the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) wetland area. Several factors affected the development of turbid water during the fish manipulation period (FMP) in 2000-2001 versus clear water during the post manipulation period (PMP) in 2002 and 2005-2006. A > 40 % percentage macrophyte cover was the most important factor to differentiate between the years with diverse water quality. However, the concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) did not change significantly between the periods. Lake Major exhibited maximum fish species richness (12 species) during PMP, when richness was twice as high as during FMP. There was a clear succession of macrophyte taxa, mostly related to the natural variability in fish. Initially, the macrophyte community was dominated by Najadosum marini, but after fish removal and restocking of piscivores, Ceratophyllum demersi became dominant. This study showed that there is a high potential for restoration of species-rich submerged macrophyte stands even in a hypertrophic lake having been for more than two decades in a turbid state. Water of Lake Major, as the whole KBWPS wetland area, had not previously been in such a good ecological condition since its establishment in 1986. However, it cannot be concluded from this study whether the new trophic state created by fish manipulation is sustainable for longer period.

Ultrasound as an aid for reduction of paediatric forearm fractures

BackgroundDisplaced distal forearm fractures are frequently reduced in emergency departments. Not infrequently, some are not done adequately and require the tedious process of repeating the procedure, with repeated X-rays and radiation exposure, and inconvenience to patient and staff. The use of ultrasound (US) in its expanding role in the practice of emergency medicine has been proposed to visualise bone positioning.AimOur department embarked on this proof of concept study to assess the usefulness of this tool.MethodBy way of convenience sampling, we looked at whether our US interpretation correlated with the corresponding X-ray findings, pre and post manipulation of suitable fractures.ResultsOut of 42 patients recruited over a 1-year period, we were successful in 38 (90%). Four were “unsuccessful” (10%) due to technique rather than equipment or patient factors.ConclusionWhilst before we were blind prior to a post-reduction X-ray, this “new” additional role of the ultrasound (very accessible, cost effective and safe) can now aid us in our decision making, thereby enhancing the work flow of this group of patients through the department.

Executive Stock Options and Earnings Management - A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

We study the effect of the grants of executive stock options and restricted stock on earnings management and insider trading during the vesting years of these grants. In our theoretical model, an informed manager compensated by stock options (which include restricted stock as a special case) is mandated to issue an earnings report. Uninformed nvestors price the stock based on this report. The manager can manipulate the report to affect the stock price, but earnings management is costly to the manager. The optimal report balances the benefits from the exercised stock options and the costs of earnings management. Earnings management and insider trading occur only if the options are in-the-money post manipulation at the vesting date, and are intensified by larger grants. Consequently, both earnings management and insider trading will be more severe in periods of high stock prices. Our empirical tests focus on the link between the timing and attributes of option grants and the extent of earnings management and insider trading. Our empirical results confirm that (1) deeply in-the-money executive stock options lead to more earnings management and insider trading at the vesting years of the options; (2) more grants of options intensify the extent of earnings management at the vesting years; and (3) earnings management and insider trading are more prevalent when stock prices are high due to high past returns.

Ultrasonography for manipulation and reduction of pediatric forearm fractures in the children's emergency department

Study objectives: Presently, the manipulation and reduction of displaced forearm fractures is done by clinical feel; a repeated radiograph afterward confirms this reduction. Occasionally, factors such as a fat forearm or fracture swelling obscures this feel, and an inadequate reduction results but is discovered only after a repeated radiograph. This inevitable delayed discovery implies a repeated procedure under repeated sedation and a remobilization of patient and manpower. Fluoroscopy by a bulky image intensifier with its increased radiation exposure was until now the only option for real-time viewing of manipulation and reduction. However, with its ever-increasing use in the emergency setting, the portable ultrasonography machine, which images bone with ease, may be a suitable alternative tool. Method: Patients with displaced forearm fractures requiring reduction and who presented while the authors were on shift were recruited into the study during October 2001 to January 2002. We used a 7.5-MHz linear transducer. After giving the appropriate analgesia, a pre–manipulation and reduction ultrasonographic scan was done to correlate with the initial radiograph. After manipulation and reduction, ultrasonography was performed, and treatment was administered accordingly, that is, to repeat the manipulation and reduction or to splint the forearm, which was done until the fracture was thought to be in good alignment clinically and the ultrasonograph showed adequate alignment. A post–manipulation and reduction check radiograph was done only after the clinician was satisfied with the reduction or thought that no further effort would improve the manipulation. The pre- and postreduction ultrasonographic scans and radiographs were examined in the anterior-posterior and lateral planes and were considered to correlate when the ultrasonographic interpretation corresponded with the radiographic findings. Results: This technique was used in a series of 36 forearm fractures. The age of patients ranged from 1 to 14 years; 27 patients were boys and 9 were girls. Of the 36 fractures, 31 (86%) ultrasonographic scans correlated with the confirmed radiographs (4 of these revealed that the reduction was inadequate, which required admission to orthopedics). Five (14%), although interpreted as adequate alignment, did not correlate with radiographs, which showed inadequate reduction, perhaps from improper probe placement. Conclusion: Ultrasonography provides a convenient eye in the manipulation and reduction of pediatric forearm fractures while avoiding excessive radiation exposure.

Spinal manipulation causes variable spine kinematic and trunk muscle electromyographic responses

Study design. Analytic cohort with a convenience sample in a research clinic. Objectives. To determine the influence of a spinal manipulation on trunk kinematics and associated trunk myoelectric activity. Summary of background. While the mechanism of spinal manipulation is unknown, it has been theorized to influence spinal range of motion and trunk muscle activity. Methods. Trunk kinematics were measured in low back pain patients ( n=14) during simple range of motion tasks in three planes, while trunk muscle electromyogram signals were recorded bilaterally from paraspinal and abdominal musculature. Kinematics and electromyogram signals were assessed pre–post manipulation. Electromyogram activity was also assessed pre–post manipulation during quiet stance. Results. While no consistent kinematic or electromyographic changes occurred following manipulation across the population, individual changes were observed. The largest changes (>6°) in range of motion occurred in the sagittal plane of three patients experiencing the greatest amount of pain. During quiet stance 17 muscles across all subjects exhibited changes in muscle activity following manipulation. Sixteen of those changes were decreases in muscle amplitude. Conclusions. This study offers some preliminary data on the short-term effects of manipulation on lumbar range of motion and dynamic electromyogram. The findings suggest that the response to manipulation is variable and dependent on the individual, with no change in some to the largest changes seen in the more pained patients. Relevance Basic science investigations into the mechanisms and biomechanical influences of spinal manipulation are few. This study attempts to address issues of measureable functional change with manipulative therapy.

The Use of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (Eswl) in Solitary Kidney Our Experience

Additional endourologic procedures before ESWL remain controversial for patients with lithiasis in solitary kidneys. The authors report their experience on 31 patients treated with a Dornier MFL 5000 lithotriptor. They conclude that if there is no ureteral obstruction prior to ESWL, the majority of patients with stone size smaller than 20 mm do not need pre or post operation manipulation.

Post manipulation complications in treatment of the spine. An overview of the literature from 1989-1996

A literature review based on the Medline database was used to search for articles published between 1989–1996 in connection with cases of post manipulation complications in treatment of the spine. Extensive information on such complications exists and should be included in the professional training of therapists and the education and development training of doctors practising spinal manipulation.

The effect of manipulation on range of movement at the ankle joint

Manipulation is commonly used by physiotherapists in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders; however, there have been few studies evaluating its use in peripheral joints. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of manipulation on dorsiflexion range of movement at the ankle joint. Twenty asymptomatic subjects participated, one ankle acting as the experimental ankle and receiving the manipulation intervention, while the other ankle acted as the control. The manipulation studied was a longitudinal talocrural manipulation. Dorsiflexion range of movement was measured at 5 consecutive torque levels pre and post manipulation intervention in the experimental ankle and pre and post no intervention in the control ankle. These values were compared using analysis of trend within an analysis of variance framework. There was no statistically significant change in dorsiflexion range of movement following manipulation. It was concluded that in the case of asymptomatic subjects these results did not provide support for the experimental hypothesis that a single talocrural manipulation alters dorsiflexion range of movement. It was suggested that future research investigate the effects of manipulation in a symptomatic population.