Post Ingestion Research Articles

The Degree of Aminoacidemia after Dairy Protein Ingestion Does Not Modulate the Postexercise Anabolic Response in Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundResistance exercise and dietary protein stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The rate at which proteins are digested and absorbed into circulation alters peak plasma amino acid concentrations and may modulate postexercise MPS. A novel mineral modified milk protein concentrate (mMPC), with identical amino acid composition to standard milk protein concentrate (MPC), was formulated to induce rapid aminoacidemia. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether rapid aminoacidemia and greater peak essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations induced by mMPC would stimulate greater postresistance exercise MPS, anabolic signaling, and ribosome biogenesis compared to standard dairy proteins, which induce a small but sustained plasma essential aminoacidemia. MethodsThirty healthy young men (22.5 ± 3.0 y; BMI 23.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2) received primed constant infusions of l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine and completed 3 sets of leg presses and leg extensions at 80% of 1 repetition. Afterwards, participants were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to consume 25 g mMPC, MPC, or calcium caseinate (CAS). Vastus lateralis biopsies were collected at rest, and 2 and 4 h post exercise. ResultsPlasma EAA concentrations, including leucine, were 19.2–26.6% greater in the mMPC group 45–90 min post ingestion than in MPC and CAS groups (P < 0.001). Myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate from baseline to 4 h was increased by 82.6 ± 64.8%, 137.8 ± 72.1%, and 140.6 ± 52.4% in the MPC, mMPC, and CAS groups, respectively, with no difference between groups (P = 0.548). Phosphorylation of anabolic signaling targets (P70S6KThr389, P70S6KThr421/Ser424, RPS6Ser235/236, RPS6Ser240/244, P90RSKSer380, 4EBP1) were elevated by <3-fold at both 2 and 4 h post exercise in all groups (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThe amplitude of plasma leucine and EAA concentrations does not modulate the anabolic response to resistance exercise after ingestion of 25 g dairy protein in young men. This trial was registered at http://www.anzctr.org.au/ as ACTRN12617000393358.

Presence of aspartic dipeptides with β peptide bond and/or D-aspartyl residue in rat blood after ingestion of porcine liver protein hydrolysate

Background: Animal experiments have demonstrated that oral administration of a porcine liver protein hydrolysate (LPH) ameliorates alcohol-induced liver toxicity, as well as exercise- and concanavalin A-induced low locomotor activity in mice. The peptides responsible for the beneficial effect have not yet been identified. Recently, presence of food-derived peptides in human blood has been detected post ingestion of other food protein hydrolysates. These peptides are prolyl, hydroxyprolyl, or pyroglutamyl di- and tri-peptides, and resist exopeptidase digestion. Some of these peptides exert significant biological roles in vitro and in vivo, which have been associated with the biological response post ingestion. The objective of the present study was to identify the food-derived peptides in rat blood after ingestion of LPH.Results: In the in vitro exopeptidase digest of LPH, pyroglutamyl, prolyl, hydroxyprolyl, and aspartic dipeptides were identified. The aspartic peptides (Asp-Val, Asp-Ile, Asp-Leu, and Asp-Phe) showed multiple peaks by LC-MS/MS, indicating the presence of isomers. Four isomers with L- and D-aspartyl residues, and α and β peptide bonds were present in each sequence. After administration of LPH, the amounts of unusual aspartic dipeptides with β peptide bond and/or D-aspartyl residue significantly increased in rat plasma, while those of the other usual aspartic peptides did not.Conclusions: Racemization and isomerization of aspartyl residues in peptides occur during the preparation of LPH or following its digestion. The unusual aspartic peptides have a potential for carrying out diverse biological activities.Key words: Peptide, food protein hydrolysate, aspartic, isopeptide, bioavailability, D-amino acid

Accidental dapsone ingestion leading to methemoglobinemia in a child: A case report

Dapsone is a sulfone antibacterial drug used in the treatment of Leprosy and common skin conditions such as acne. Known to cause hypersensitivity syndromes apart from adverse effects such as tachycardia, tachypnea, vomiting, hemolytic anemias and seizures.Ingestion of large amounts of Dapsone may lead to life-threatening toxicity. We hereby report a case of a 4 years old boy who presented with tachypnea, cyanosis and altered sensorium post accidental dapsone ingestion of about 1500 mg. With the utilization of pulse oximetry, blood gas analysis and co-oximetry, child was found to have severe Methemoglobinemia secondary to Dapsone which was managed using Methylene blue and ascorbic acid.

A Synthetic Receptor as a Specific Antidote for Paraquat Poisoning.

Accidental or suicidal ingestion of the world's most widely used herbicide, paraquat (PQ), may result in rapid multi-organ failure with a 60% fatality rate due to the absence of an effective detoxification solution. Effective, specific antidotes to PQ poisoning have been highly desired.Methods: The binding constant of PQ and a synthetic receptor, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), was first determined in various pH environments. The antidotal effects of CB[7] on PQ toxicity were firstly evaluated with in-vitro cell lines. With in-vivo mice models, the pharmacokinetics and the biodistribution of PQ in major organs were determined to evaluate the influence of CB[7] on the oral bioavailability of PQ. Major organs' injuries and overall survival rates of the mice were systemically examined to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of CB[7] on PQ poisoning.Results: We demonstrate that CB[7] may complex PQ strongly under various conditions and significantly reduce its toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Oral administration of PQ in the presence of CB[7] in a mouse model significantly decreased PQ levels in the plasma and major organs and alleviated major organs' injuries, when compared to those of mice administered with PQ alone. Further studies indicated that oral administration of CB[7] within 2 h post PQ ingestion significantly increased the survival rates and extended the survival time of the mice, in contrast to the ineffective treatment by activated charcoal, which is commonly recommended for PQ decontamination.Conclusion: CB[7] may be used as a specific oral antidote for PQ poisoning by strongly binding with PQ and inhibiting its absorption in the gastrointestinal tracts.

Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Adults with Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy.

The aim of this study was to determine the response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in adult males with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and to investigate whether body composition contributes to any variance in the glucose response. Twenty-eight adult males with dystrophinopathy (BMD, n = 13; DMD, n = 15) and 12 non-dystrophic controls, ingested 75 g oral anhydrous glucose solution. Fingertip capillary samples were assessed for glucose at 30-min intervals over 2-h post glucose ingestion. Fat free mass relative to body mass (FFM/BM) and body fat (BF%) was assessed using bioelectrical impedance. Vastus lateralis muscle anatomical cross sectional area (VL ACSA) was measured using B-mode ultrasonography. Blood glucose was higher in MD groups than control at 60, 90 and 120 min post ingestion of glucose. Compared to controls, FFM/BM and VL ACSA were lower in MD groups compared to controls (p < 0.001). Glucose tolerance values at 120 min were correlated with FFM/BM and BF% in the BMD group only. Our results suggest that glucose tolerance is impaired following OGTT in adult males with BMD and DMD. It is recommended that adults with BMD and DMD undertake routine glucose tolerance assessments to allow early detection of impaired glucose tolerance.

The extra-splanchnic fructose escape after ingestion of a fructose–glucose drink: An exploratory study in healthy humans using a dual fructose isotope method

The presence of specific fructose transporters and fructose metabolizing enzymes has now been demonstrated in the skeletal muscle, brain, heart, adipose tissue and many other tissues. This suggests that fructose may be directly metabolized and play physiological or pathophysiological roles in extra-splanchnic tissues. Yet, the proportion of ingested fructose reaching the systemic circulation is generally not measured. This study aimed to assess the amount of oral fructose escaping first-pass splanchnic extraction after ingestion of a fructose-glucose drink using a dual oral-intravenous fructose isotope method. Nine healthy volunteers were studied over 2h before and 4h after ingestion of a drink containing 30.4±1.0g of glucose (mean±SEM) and 30.4±1.0g of fructose labelled with 1% [U-13C6]-fructose. A 75%-unlabeled fructose and 25%-[6,6-2H2]-fructose solution was continuously infused (100μgkg-1min-1) over the 6h period. Total systemic, oral and endogenous fructose fluxes were calculated from plasma fructose concentrations and isotopic enrichments. The fraction of fructose escaping first-pass splanchnic extraction was calculated assuming a complete intestinal absorption of the fructose drink. Fasting plasma fructose concentration before tracer infusion was 17.9±0.6μmol.L-1. Fasting endogenous fructose production detected by tracer dilution analysis was 55.3±3.8μgkg-1min-1. Over the 4h post drink ingestion, 4.4±0.2g of ingested fructose (i.e. 14.5±0.8%) escaped first-pass splanchnic extraction and reached the systemic circulation. Endogenous fructose production significantly increased to a maximum of 165.4±10.7μgkg-1·min-1 60min after drink ingestion (p<0.001). These data indicate that a non-negligible fraction of fructose is able to escape splanchnic extraction and circulate in the periphery. The metabolic effects of direct fructose metabolism in extra-splanchnic tissues, and their relationship with metabolic diseases, remain to be evaluated. Our results also open new research perspectives regarding the physiological role of endogenous fructose production.

Distribution of diabetes, hypertension and non-communicable disease risk factors among adults in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasing in low-income settings. We conducted a survey of risk factors, blood pressure and blood glucose in rural Bangladesh and assessed variations by age, sex and...

The role of soil and house dust physicochemical properties in determining the post ingestion bioaccessibility of sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls

Ingestion of soils and house dusts is an important pathway for children's exposure to sorbed organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To reduce the uncertainty of the exposure estimates, it is important to understand the extent to which chemicals desorb and become bioaccessible following ingestion. In this study we use a three compartment in vitro digestive system to model the role of soil and house dust physicochemical properties on the post ingestion bioaccessibility of PCBs. Matched pairs (n = 37) of soil and dust were characterized for percent carbon and nitrogen, pH, moisture content, and particle size distribution. They were then fortified with a mixture of 18 PCBs and processed through the assay. The percent bioaccessibility of each PCB was calculated, then modeled using individual PCB log Kow values and the soil and dust properties. The bioaccessibility of the PCBs in soil (x̄ = 65 ± 16%) was greater (p < 0.001) than that of the PCBs in house dust (x̄ = 36 ± 14%). In the soil model, carbon was the sole statistically significant predictive (p ≤ 0.05) variable, while in house dust, both carbon and clay content were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) predictors.

Use of Simethicone After Capsule Ingestion and Its Impact on Quality of Small Bowel Video Capsule Endoscopy: A Pilot Study

2891 Figure 1. Shows comparison in means of variance with 95% confidence interval in SBVQ at proximal, middle, distal and cumulative small bowel within three research arms: control, sham and treatment.Introduction: Small bowel capsule endoscopy is a tool to visualize the small bowel (SB) for things like obscure bleeding. Studies suggest that using Polyethylene glycol (PEG) prep is significantly better compared to clear liquid and overnight fast in terms of small bowel visualization quality (SBVQ). No studies have been done where simethicone is ingested after capsule swallowing.We intend to give patients simethicone 1 hour after capsule ingestion for two consecutive hours and compare results for SBVQ pre-and post-ingestion groups. We hypothesize post capsule simethicone ingestion group will have significant improvement in SBVQ. Methods: Patient in outpatient setting were divided in control, sham and treatment group. Control group followed the standard hospital pre-capsule protocol that included PEG 238 gram the evening prior. Sham included group that received 3ml of simethicone (20mg/0.3ml) 20 minutes prior to swallowing of the capsule. Treatment group contained patients that had simethicone 3ml 20 minutes prior to capsule swallowing and then 3ml after 1 hours and then 1.5 ml after another 1 hour totaling 7.5ml simethicone. Data concerning SBVQ for every patient was evaluated as an individual zone score from 1-3 points, each in proximal, middle and distal SB and then get a cumulative number 1-9 after adding the three zones together. These points were derived using the Boston bowel prep score. Results: We had 5 patients in control, 4 in sham and 6 in treatment group. Proximal SB: The sham group had a statistically significant higher SBVQ compared to control. The SBVQ of treatment group was higher than control though wasn't statistically significant. Middle SB: No difference was seen in SBVQ. Distal SB: SBVQ mean dropped in treatment group but there wasn't any statistically different. Cumulative SB: Score from all three group zones when added together showed no difference in SBVQ between the three research arms (figure 1). Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference in the SBVQ when looking at the cumulative score of the entire small bowel. However, there was statistically significant improvement in SBVQ at the proximal segment of SB between sham and the control group suggesting simethicone may be helpful in increasing visualization early on in the SB and not so much as capsule reaches more distally. This is only a pilot project and results may vary when the power of our study increases.

A randomised controlled trial exploring the effects of different beverages consumed alongside a nitrate-rich meal on systemic blood pressure.

Ingestion of nitrate (NO3-)-containing vegetables, alcohol and polyphenols, separately, can reduce blood pressure (BP). However, the pharmacokinetic response to the combined ingestion of NO3- and polyphenol-rich or low polyphenol alcoholic beverages is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate how the consumption of low and high polyphenolic alcoholic beverages combined with a NO3--rich meal can influence NO3- metabolism and systemic BP. In a randomised, crossover trial, 12 normotensive males (age 25 ± 5 years) ingested an acute dose of NO3- (∼6.05 mmol) in the form of a green leafy salad, in combination with either a polyphenol-rich red wine (NIT-RW), a low polyphenol alcoholic beverage (vodka; NIT-A) or water (NIT-CON). Participants also consumed a low NO3- salad and water as a control (CON; ∼0.69 mmol NO3-). BP and plasma, salivary and urinary [NO3-] and nitrite ([NO2-]) were determined before and up to 5 h post ingestion. Each NO3--rich condition elevated nitric oxide (NO) biomarkers when compared with CON ( P < 0.05). The peak rise in plasma [NO2-] occurred 1 h after NIT-RW (292 ± 210 nM) and 2 h after NIT-A (318 ± 186 nM) and NIT-CON (367 ± 179 nM). Systolic BP was reduced 2 h post consumption of NIT-RW (-4 mmHg), NIT-A (-3 mmHg) and NIT-CON (-2 mmHg) compared with CON ( P < 0.05). Diastolic BP and mean arterial pressure were also lower in NIT-RW and NIT-A compared with NIT-CON ( P < 0.05). A NO3--rich meal, consumed with or without an alcoholic beverage, increases plasma [NO2-] and lowers systemic BP for 2-3 h post ingestion.

Time to perforation for button batteries lodged in the esophagus

IntroductionNew strategies recently proposed to mitigate injury caused by lithium coin cell batteries lodged in the esophagus include prehospital administration of honey to coat the battery and prevent local hydroxide generation and in-hospital administration of sucralfate suspension (or honey). This study was undertaken to define the safe interval for administering coating agents by identifying the timing of onset of esophageal perforations. MethodsA retrospective study of 290 fatal or severe battery ingestions with esophageal lodgment was undertaken to identify cases with esophageal perforations. ResultsEsophageal perforations were identified in 189 cases (53 fatal, 136 severe; 95.2% in children ≤4 years). Implicated batteries were predominantly lithium (91.0%) and 92.0% were ≥20 mm diameter. Only 2% of perforations occurred in <24 h following ingestion, including 3 severe cases with perforations evident at 11–17 h, 12 h, and 18 h. Another 7.4% of perforations (11 cases) became evident 24 to 47 h post ingestion and 10.1% of perforations (15 cases) became evident 48 to 71 h post ingestion. By 3 days post ingestion, 26.8% of perforations were evident, 36.9% by 4 days, 46.3% by 5 days, and 66.4% by 9 days. ConclusionEsophageal perforation is unlikely in the 12 h after battery ingestion, therefore the administration of honey or sucralfate carries a low risk of extravasation from the esophagus. This first 12 h includes the period of peak electrolysis activity and battery damage, thus the risk of honey or sucralfate is low while the benefit is likely high.

Effect of Dietary Nitrate on Blood Pressure and Vascular Control in Post‐Menopausal Hypertensive Women

Individuals with hypertension exhibit abnormal pressor responses during rest‐to‐exercise transitions, significantly increasing the likelihood of sudden cardiac events. Dietary nitrate supplementation can lower resting blood pressure in patients with hypertension and improve bulk muscle blood flow in older healthy adults. However, investigations using dietary nitrate as a non‐pharmacological intervention in post‐menopausal women diagnosed with hypertension are lacking. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to determine if acute dietary nitrate supplementation would improve the pressor response to exercise and increase forearm blood flow during steady‐state hand‐grip exercise in post‐menopausal hypertensive women. It was hypothesized that the pressor response to exercise would be attenuated and muscle blood flow would be improved in the nitrate‐rich (NR) versus nitrate‐poor (NP) treatment.METHODSTen hypertensive post‐menopausal women [age 56 ± 3 years (mean±SD); height 165 ± 2 cm; mass 84 ± 13 kg; body mass index 31 ± 5 kg/m2] agreed to participate in the current study. Patients underwent a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial with a NR or NP beet root juice supplement. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of each testing session (~2 h post ingestion) to determine plasma nitrite levels. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured via ultrasonography at the brachial artery of the exercising limb. Beat‐by‐beat blood pressure and heart rate were recorded throughout the trial on the non‐exercising limb. After resting measurements were completed, patients performed hand‐grip exercise at 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for five minutes to obtain steady‐state blood flow and blood pressure response to exercise.RESULTSPlasma nitrite levels were significantly higher during the NR (809 ± 146 nM) than the NP (79 ± 19 nM) condition. No differences were found between conditions for resting blood flow (NR: 64±2; NP: 62 ± 4 ml min−1; P &gt; 0.05), systolic (NR: 144 ± 2; NP: 145 ± 2 mmHg−1; P &gt; 0.05) or diastolic blood pressure (NR: 78 ± 1; NP: 80 ± 1 mmHg−1; P &gt; 0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences across 10‐second bins (e.g., 0–10, 11–20 seconds) during the first minute pressor response to hand‐grip exercise in either condition (systolic: P &gt; 0.05; diastolic: P &gt; 0.05). As such, the rate pressure product was not significantly different during steady‐state between conditions (NR: 11,562 ± 437; NP: 11,728 ± 437 bpm · mmHg−1; P &gt; 0.05). During steady‐state exercise, FBF (NR: 189 ± 8; NP: 218 ± 8 ml min−1; P = 0.03) and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) (NR: 157 ± 4; NP: 183 ± 4 ml min−1; P = 0.04) were significantly lower during the steady‐state NR condition.CONCLUSIONAcute dietary nitrate supplementation did not improve the pressor response to hand‐grip exercise in hypertensive post‐menopausal women. However, it is important to note that steady‐state FBF (~30 ml min−1) and FVC (~27 ml min mmHg−1) were significantly reduced during the nitrate‐rich condition, which suggests a reduced O2 cost for a given workload because blood flow typically matches metabolic rate.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

The acute effects of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement on resting energy expenditure and exercise performance in recreationally active females

BackgroundThe use of dietary supplements to improve performance is becoming increasingly popular among athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Unfortunately, there is a tremendous lack of research being done regarding female athletes and the use of sport supplements. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) ingestion on resting metabolism and exercise performance in recreationally-active females.MethodsFifteen recreationally-active females participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Subjects completed baseline, and two experimental testing sessions in a cross-over design fashion. Experimental testing included assessment of resting energy expenditure (REE), heart rate, and blood pressure following the ingestion of a MIPS or placebo. Subjects also completed a repetition to failure test for the back squat (BS) and bench press (BP) at 85% of their 5-repetition maximum followed by the assessment of anaerobic power using a counter-movement vertical jump test and a sprint test on a force-treadmill. Subjective measurements of energy, focus, and fatigue were also assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Separate repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess differences in REE, cardiovascular responses, and subjective markers between conditions. Performance data were analyzed using paired Student’s T-tests.ResultsA significant main effect for condition was observed for REE (p = 0.021) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.011) following ingestion of the MIPS. The supplement condition resulted in a greater number of BP repetitions to failure and total work completed during treadmill test (p = 0.039) compared to placebo (p = 0.037). A significant condition x time interaction for focus was observed with the supplement treatment exhibiting improved focus at 80-min post ingestion (p = 0.046).ConclusionsConsumption of a MIPS increased resting metabolism following a single dose accompanied by an increase in diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, acute MIPS ingestion improved upper body muscular endurance and anaerobic capacity while improving feelings of focus following high-intensity exercise in recreationally active females.

Agomelatine overdose and related toxicity

Agomelatine is a melatonin receptor agonist (MT1 and MT2) and 5-HT2c receptor antagonist. It is used as an antidepressant. There is limited information regarding agomelatine toxicity in overdose. This study analyzed calls to the Victorian Poisons Information Centre (VPIC) to further define agomelatine toxicity in poisoned patients. This was a retrospective review of calls to VPIC from May 2011 to May 2018. The VPIC database was interrogated for the terms “agomelatine”, “Valdoxan®” and “antidepressant” and call records extracted. Calls not related to agomelatine exposure were excluded. Patient demographics, reported symptoms, ingested dose, poisoning severity scores and intent were analyzed. There were 99 agomelatine-related calls during the study period. Most calls were related to intentional overdose (n = 72, 72.7%). The majority of these were polydrug overdoses (n = 56, 77.8%). There were 16 (22%) cases of sole agomelatine overdose and most patients reported to be asymptomatic (60%, n = 9). Other patients developed drowsiness (31.3%), dizziness (6.3%) or nausea (6.3%) at a median of 1.63 h (IQR 0.46, 4.25) post ingestion. Findings suggest that sole agomelatine ingestion can result in drowsiness, dizziness, or nausea. More severe toxicity has been reported with polydrug overdose.

Marina crystal minerals (MCM) activate human dendritic cells to induce CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in vitro.

Marina crystal minerals (MCM) are a mixture that contains crystallized minerals along with trace elements extracted from seawater. It is a nutritional supplement that is capable of enhancing natural killer (NK) cell activity and increasing T and B cell proliferation in humans post ingestion. However, its effect on dendritic cells (DCs), the cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity, is not yet known. In this study, we examine the stimulatory effects of MCM on DCs’ maturation and function in vitro. Human monocyte–derived DCs were treated with MCM at two different concentrations (10 and 20 µg/mL) for 24 h. Results showed that MCM treatment activated DCs in a dose-dependent fashion. It caused the upregulation of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR, and prompted the production of DC cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β, and chemokines (monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)) and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10). In addition, activated DCs primed CD4+ T cells to secrete significant amounts of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and they also stimulated CD8+ T cells to express higher amounts of CD107a. These results indicate that MCM is a potentially powerful adjuvant, from natural materials, that activates human DCs in vitro and therefore may suggest its possible use in immune-based therapies against cancer and viral infections.

Ivermectin susceptibility, sporontocidal effect, and inhibition of time to re-feed in the Amazonian malaria vector Anopheles darlingi

BackgroundOutdoor malaria transmission hinders malaria elimination efforts in the Amazon region and novel vector control tools are needed. Ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) to humans kills wild Anopheles, targets outdoor-feeding vectors, and can suppress malaria parasite transmission. Laboratory investigations were performed to determine ivermectin susceptibility, sporontocidal effect and inhibition of time to re-feed for the primary Amazonian malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi.MethodsTo assess ivermectin susceptibility, various concentrations of ivermectin were mixed in human blood and fed to An. darlingi. Mosquito survival was monitored daily for 7 days and a non-linear mixed effects model with Probit analysis was used to calculate lethal concentrations of ivermectin that killed 50% (LC50), 25% (LC25) and 5% (LC5) of mosquitoes. To examine ivermectin sporonticidal effect, Plasmodium vivax blood samples were collected from malaria patients and offered to mosquitoes without or with ivermectin at the LC50, LC25 or LC5. To assess ivermectin inhibition of mosquito time to re-feed, concentrations of ivermectin predicted to occur after a single oral dose of 200 μg/kg ivermectin were fed to An. darlingi. Every day for 12 days thereafter, individual mosquitoes were given the opportunity to re-feed on a volunteer. Any mosquitoes that re-blood fed or died were removed from the study.ResultsIvermectin significantly reduced An. darlingi survivorship: 7-day-LC50 = 43.2 ng/ml [37.5, 48.6], -LC25 = 27.8 ng/ml [20.4, 32.9] and -LC5 = 14.8 ng/ml [7.9, 20.2]. Ivermectin compound was sporontocidal to P. vivax in An. darlingi at the LC50 and LC25 concentrations reducing prevalence by 22.6 and 17.1%, respectively, but not at the LC5. Oocyst intensity was not altered at any concentration. Ivermectin significantly delayed time to re-feed at the 4-h (48.7 ng/ml) and 12-h (26.9 ng/ml) concentrations but not 36-h (10.6 ng/ml) or 60-h (6.3 ng/ml).ConclusionsIvermectin is lethal to An. darlingi, modestly inhibits sporogony of P. vivax, and delays time to re-feed at concentrations found in humans up to 12 h post drug ingestion. The LC50 value suggests that a higher than standard dose (400-μg/kg) is necessary to target An. darlingi. These results suggest that ivermectin MDA has potential in the Amazon region to aid malaria elimination efforts.

Characterization of Wild Blueberry Polyphenols Bioavailability and Kinetic Profile in Plasma over 24-h Period in Human Subjects.

Understanding the metabolic fate of polyphenols from plant foods can aid in developing dietary recommendations that maximize their health benefits. Wild blueberries (WBB) provide a distinctive composition of dietary anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid (CGA). This is a single blind, randomized, two-arm crossover controlled study. Human subjects ingested a WBB beverage (25 g freeze dried WBB powder) or placebo beverage with a meal and plasma was collected over 24 h. Anthocyanins, CGA and their metabolites were characterized and quantified in beverages and in plasma using targeted and non-targeted mass analyses. Bioavailability of WBB anthocyanins and 3-CGA was 1.1 and 0.2%, respectively. Parent anthocyanins and 3-CGA peaked ≈2 h post ingestion, while phase II metabolites, including glucuronide conjugates of peonidin, delphinidin, cyanidin and petunidin peaked ≈ 2.6, 6.3, 7 and 8.8 h, respectively. Phenolic acids (metabolites) peaked between 0.5 and 24 h. Biphasic responses were evident suggesting preferential enterohepatic recycling for some compounds. The data indicate bioavailability of early and late phase WBB metabolites peaking at different times during the 24 h period, which may be important for maximizing their biological activity.

Dysphagia and Speech-Language Pathology Involvement Following Chemical Ingestion Injury: A Review of 44 Cases Admitted to a Quaternary Australian Hospital (2008–2012)

This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of an adult chemical ingestion population and examine the course of return to oral intake post injury and speech-language pathologist (SLP) involvement during the initial acute-care admission. A retrospective chart review of adults admitted to a quaternary hospital for the treatment of an acute chemical ingestion injury between 2008 and 2012 was conducted. Forty-four adults (23 men, 21 women) were identified as receiving treatment for ingestion injury, of whom 18 (40.91%) required altered oral intake. Of those requiring altered oral intake, 50% were referred to SLPs. Individuals requiring altered oral intake were significantly (p < .05) older, more likely to be men, and present with more severe injuries requiring longer ICU and hospital admissions following intentional chemical ingestions than those who were able to commence a normal oral diet without any alteration or nonoral supplementation. By discharge, 15.91% (n = 7) of the total cohort had not resumed normal oral intake. Return to oral intake post chemical ingestion injury can be protracted and complex. Referrals to SLPs were limited. These data may aid prognostic insight as well as provide (a) collateral information to assist discharge planning and follow-up and (b) background for evaluating the potential for SLP involvement.

Taurine supplementation can increase lipolysis and affect the contribution of energy systems during front crawl maximal effort.

Taurine can affect the energy system metabolism, specifically the lipid metabolism, since an increase in lipid oxidation may promote carbohydrate savings. We hypothesized that taurine supplementation associated with high-intensity exercise could increase levels of lipolysis, benefiting swimmer performance. Nine male competitive swimmers performed two 400-m front crawl maximal efforts with a 1-week washout, and the athletes received 6 g of taurine (TAU) or placebo (PLA) supplementation 120min before performing the effort. Oxygen consumption and the contribution of the energy systems were analyzed post effort using a Quark CPET gas analyzer. Blood samples were collected before, and 5min post the effort for taurine and glycerol analysis. Immediately before and 3, 5, and 7min post the effort, blood samples from the earlobe were collected to determine lactate levels. An increase of 159% was observed in taurine plasma levels 120min post ingestion. Glycerol levels were higher in both groups post effort; however, the TAU condition promoted an 8% higher increase than the PLA. No changes were observed in swimmer performance or lactate levels; however, the percentage change in lactate levels (∆[La-]) was different (TAU: 9.36±2.78mmolL-1; PLA: 11.52±2.19mmolL-1, p=0.04). Acute taurine supplementation 120min before performing a maximal effort did not improve swimmer performance; however, it increased glycerol plasma levels and reduced both the ∆[La-] and lactic anaerobic system contribution.

Surgical management of post corrosive acid ingestion symptomatic gastric outlet obstruction: single institute experience in 81 patients

Background: Corrosive injury resulting in gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is fairly uncommon in world literature. We aim to study the socio-demographic variables of corrosive acid ingestion patients presenting as symptomatic GOO, along with the surgical procedure performed in these patients, post-operative complications and long term follow up data.Methods: We included all patients with clinical features of gastric outlet obstruction following acid ingestion, who were operated in our department between January 2006 and April 2017. We collected patient’s demographic data, parameters during surgery, body weight and nutritional status pre- and post-operatively, which were all derived from case records and outpatient records. Follow up data of the patient were collected when possible.Results: During the study period, 81 patients were enrolled in the study; 42 males, average age 35.76±3.53 years, 82% had suicidal intent of ingestion and 18% accidental; average follow-up period was 80.5 months. After an average period of 6 months, 94% underwent loop gastrojejunostomy. Approximately, 22% suffered complications like surgical site infections, postoperative fever, pulmonary infections and postoperative vomiting. Average follow up of 6.7 years done in 68 patients who underwent only bypass without resection, none of the patients developed any malignancy of upper gastrointestinal tract.Conclusions: Staged treatment for GOO patients was seen to be associated with good clinical outcomes and few complications. Bypass of cicatrised stomach without resection gives acceptable results.