Post-industrial Areas Research Articles

The trial of immobilization amphoteric metals cations in clay-cement hydroisolation barierrs

One of the main problem of degraded post-industrial areas, preventing their introduction into the secondary economic cycle, is pollution of soil and the impact of these pollution on groundwaters. With the new European Union directives, managers are encouraged to find sound solution for these problems. The process of interaction of contaminated areas is complicated, and the transport of pollutants from the danger place to the usable underground aquifers levels passes through a series of stages of varied mileages.The article presents the possibilities of using ground binders to reduce the emission of ions from soil. The tests have shown that in the case of amphoteric metals, it is possible to accumulate almost 100% of the contamination using clay-cement suspensions.

Ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) life history traits as indicators of habitat recovering processes in postindustrial areas

The recovery of postindustrial ecosystems is difficult to predict and depends on numerous factors. Afforestation whereby trees are planted without improvement of soil properties is a popular means of landfill reclamation in Europe, to inhibit the effect of soil erosion. This slows down or completely prevents effective recolonization of many natural ecosystem components. The aim of the study was to test a method using the life-history traits of ground beetle assemblages as a predictor of the effectiveness of ecological restoration in afforested areas. The study was conducted on 45 sampling transects located in three ecosystem types: afforested landfills, landfills where spontaneous succession took place and reference forests. The following carabid life history traits were analysed: body size, dispersal power, food preferences, breeding type, and habitat preferences. In total, 2036 specimens belonging to 36 Carabidae species were collected. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to classify ground beetle assemblages according to ecosystem types (analysis of dissimilarity showed significant distance differences, p < .001). We noted shifts in life history traits towards early succession in assemblages of afforested areas. Generalized linear mixed models of afforested sites revealed significantly higher abundance of herbivorous, open-area species with medium body size, high dispersal power and a spring breeding cycle. In contrast, sites where spontaneous succession occured were dominated by carabids whose life history traits were similar to those of assemblages inhabiting the reference forests, i.e. medium body-sized predators with low dispersal power and an autumn breeding cycle. We conclude that an approach based on ground beetle life-history traits can be a useful tool indicating the direction and effectiveness of ecosystem recovery in post-industrial areas and can be used as a measurable criterion for assessment of restoration activities.

Environmental Monitoring of Soils of Post-Industrial Mining Areas

Environmental Monitoring of Soils of Post-Industrial Mining Areas

Efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus of Myriophyllum spicatum L. under anthropopression – a case study from Upper Silesian

The current type of global economy and environmental management requires a change in its approach to the use of natural resources in order to meet human needs. A system approach and an analysis of the importance of anthropogenic ecosystems appears to be an effective tool for sustainable development of urban and post-industrial areas. One example of anthropogenic ecosystems are mining water reservoirs, formed in the basins of subsidence, affecting the increase of biodiversity in the area poor in the surface water reservoirs. This study presents analysis of the impact of water quality in anthropogenic reservoirs on the Myriophyllum spicatum L. photosynthetic apparatus efficiency. Five reservoirs with different water quality were analysed. The photosynthetic apparatus performance of macrophytes was measured using the chlorophyll fluorescence signal through a Pocket PEA fluorimeter. The results showed that electron transport decreased with deteriorating water quality of reservoirs. This leads to a weakening of the population of Myriophyllum spicatum, which, as a further consequence, may lead to an acceleration of eutrophication of reservoirs.

Legal Conditions and Theoretical Basis for the Arrangement of Water-Based Areas in Polish Cities

A series of diversified factors affect the arrangement of water-based areas in Poland. One of the most important elements are planning documents, such as the Act on Planning and Spatial Development, Water Law, or the Environmental Protection Law. These and other documents regulate the mutual relations between natural and cultural conditions as well as urbanized areas. At the same time, they affect the ability to conduct new investments in water areas – including those requiring the revitalization of post-industrial areas. The intense development in the last thirty years has meant that currently industrial facilities are in the city centre area. Authorities of many cities are trying to solve this problem, but it requires the application of not only interdisciplinary solutions, but also the establishment of large economic resources, without which it is impossible to restore the use of these areas. The adequate protection of the city against the effects of floods is an important issue related to the development of the water areas in the city. In this respect, there is a tendency to use expensive and ineffective methods of securing investment zones. The possibilities of water retention in flood control reservoirs are nearly five times smaller in Poland than in most other European countries. The scarce examples of polders show that this is one of the most effective methods of preventing damage caused by floods in urban areas. Such reservoirs are simultaneously valuable natural areas. In many intensively developing cities around the world, the generally accepted action is to strive to use the quays to create the signatures of cities. These places are designed to become an interesting space that people want to visit and which they want to use. Important city functions are located there, which are easily accessible due to public transport. However, it should be noted that in these spaces, their users have close contact with water. The current legal status and general public awareness (sometimes also of the city authorities) make it seem necessary to pay more attention to the comprehensive approach to the revitalization of vast water-based areas. It is important to integrate neighbouring functions and the way and quality of the arrangement of the whole area, and not just its fragment. The changes taking place in legal documents make the administrative path related to the transformation of water-based areas excessively complicated. However, it would be beneficial to specify the provisions of local spatial development plans and the general increase in coverage of plans of urban areas. The use of foreign standards seems to be valuable, where the revitalization of even vast areas is carried out in accordance with the precise assumptions. Such activities allow for creating interdisciplinary solutions, integrating numerous elements, which often leads to obtaining the synergy.

Uczestnictwo w kulturze w małym mieście. Perspektywa pokolenia Z

We współczesnym świecie sektor kultury może być wykorzystany jako panaceum na problemy związane z rozwojem miast i jako stymulator rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego miasta (culture-led development). Obecność kultury uatrakcyjnia zdegradowane obszary, ponadto jest czynnikiem przyciągającym wysoko wykwalifikowany kapitał społeczny. Kultura jest instrumentem, który pozwala na regenerację miejskich terenów poprzemysłowych, a także narzędziem, które doskonale sprawdza się w działaniach rewitalizacyjnych obszarów miejskich. Nie da się jednak wykorzystać jej potencjału, jeżeli odgrywa w życiu społeczności tylko marginalną rolę. Dlatego też celem badania było rozpoznanie zakresu uczestnictwa przedstawicieli pokolenia Z w działaniach związanych z sektorem kultury. Owe uczestnictwo rozumiane było jako m.in. korzystanie z instytucji kultury zlokalizowanych na terenie Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego, niewielkiego ośrodka powiatowego zlokalizowanego w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim. Z tego względu analizie poddano także opinie respondentów dotyczące funkcjonowania miejskich placówek kultury.&#x0D; Zgodnie ze wstępnymi założeniami wśród ankietowanych dominuje głównie bierne uczestnictwo w kulturze. Do najczęstszych aktywności respondentów, identyfikowanych z sektorem kultury, należą przede wszystkim codzienne słuchanie muzyki, oglądanie telewizji czy też czytanie książek. Sporadycznie badani korzystają z oferty teatru czy kina, w tym celu udają się do większych miast. Specyficzny model partycypacji w kulturze spowodowany jest utrudnioną dostępnością oraz nieadekwatnym dopasowaniem oferty sektora kultury do potrzeb mieszkańców małego miasta. Badane pokolenie Z radzi sobie z tym problemem dzięki umiejętnościom technologicznym, pozwalającym na eliminowanie wskazanych ograniczeń.

Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) as useful tool indicating the quality of restoration practices in post-industrial areas

Environmental disturbances, being a consequence of human industrial activity, strongly influence the communities of plants and animals, causing impoverishment of species pool and reduction of the overall biodiversity. Restoration of stable ecological systems in such areas is difficult and depends on many factors, that influence the rate and effectivness of recolonization. The aim of the study was to compare the diversity and life history traits of ground beetle assemblages in recultivated and spontaneously regenerated postindustrial areas as well as reference forests. In addition the carabid co-occurrence pattern as a parameter evaluating the effectiveness of ecosystem restoration was studied. The following carabid life history traits were analysed: body size, dispersal power, food preferences, breeding type, and habitat preferences. During the field study 2036 specimens belonging to 36 Carabidae species were collected. NMDS analysis divided the ground beetle assemblages in relation to ecosystem types. ANOSIM showed significant differences in dissimilarity distances between assemblages from recultivated, spontaneously regenerated and reference areas. The analysis of the structure and life-history traits of ground beetle assemblages also showed significant differences. In recultivated dumps the rate of restoration was very slow and carabid assemblages structure and life history traits maintained the early successional character, revealing significantly higher abundance of herbivorous open-area species with medium body size, high dispersal power, and a spring breeding cycle. Moreover the co-occurrence pattern of ground beetle assemblages showed a random pattern of co-occurrence, as an effect of high extinction rate reflecting high disturbance level. In case of spontaneously regenerated dumps more effective restoration processes was observed. The co-occurrence pattern of ground beetles assemblages showed a non-random pattern (the mean simulated C-score value was significantly lower than the value generated for the empirical data). Such conditions were beneficial for more sensitive carabid species (mainly medium body-sized predators with low dispersal power and an autumn breeding cycle). We conclude that ground beetles could be an useful tool indicating the direction and effectiveness of ecosystem restoration in post-industrial areas. This study indicated that recultivation techniques without proper biological soil regeneration do not guarantee full restoration of ecosystems and provide conditions for species with wide ecological ranges.

Both semi-natural and ruderal habitats matter for supporting insect functional diversity in an abandoned quarry in the city of Krak\xf3w (S Poland)

Urban areas are beginning to be recognized as having potential for biodiversity conservation because of the relatively high richness of some taxa. However, little is known about what functional groups of organisms constitute this richness. We investigated biodiversity patterns in an abandoned quarry using the Rapid Biodiversity Assessment method based on insect groups according to their trophic guilds. We assessed the value of semi-natural and ruderal habitats. The ruderal sites were characterized by a higher diversity and abundance of phytophagous beetles and, unexpectedly, of parasitoids and predatory beetles, whereas the reverse was true for Hemiptera and Aculeata. Patterns of α-diversity were impacted by different factors than β-diversity: these primarily acted in opposite directions, depending on the habitat type. Species richness was positively related to the woody surroundings of habitat patches on semi-natural sites, but negatively related on ruderal sites. The Dominance index was negatively affected by human impact. Insect assemblages were diversified by taller vegetation, higher nutrient content, lesser human impact and a lower level of insolation in the grasslands with ruderal vegetation than in the semi-natural grasslands. A particular habitat type may constitute a source for some insect groups but a sink for others. Ruderal habitats utilized as a substitute for loss of the semi-natural vegetation are essential for the preservation of insect functional diversity and are suitable for vulnerable groups such as Parasitica. Post-industrial areas with a habitat mosaic of semi-natural and ruderal sites may enrich biodiversity in the urban landscape.

Remediation and revitalisation of industrial areas - a method of promotion

Mining and industrial activity causes adverse changes in the environment. The shift from industrial to post-industrial society has shaped the appearance of degraded areas. In a post-industrial society, there is a lower demand for production capabilities and higher for services, consumption and recreation. This study discusses projects involving the remediation and revitalisation of post-industrial post-mining areas.

Integrity of lichen cell membranes as an indicator of heavy-metal pollution levels in soil

The epigeic lichens Cladonia rei and Diploschistes muscorum are effective heavy-metal-tolerant colonisers of highly polluted and disturbed sites. In this study we compare their bioaccumulation capacities, accumulation patterns, and responses to heavy-metal stress, as expressed in terms of cell membrane damage. We also aim at verifying the relationships between cell membrane damage and levels of soil pollution with heavy metals, and thereby to identify the bioindicative value of this physiological parameter. Total and intracellular concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Cu, and Ni were measured in 140 samples of lichens and corresponding soil, collected from variously contaminated sites. Relative electrical conductivity (EC%) values were determined concurrently in the lichen samples. The studied lichens differ considerably in intracellular uptake susceptibility and the related reduction in membrane integrity. In C. rei thalli, more than half of Zn, Pb, Cd, and As loads are accumulated extracellularly, whereas D. muscorum exhibits a tendency towards intracellular accumulation of the same elements. This property is clearly reflected in cell membrane damage, which is considerably greater in the latter species irrespective of study site. This indicates that intracellular heavy-metal accumulation affects the level of cell membrane damage. Two soil pollution classes were distinguished for both lichens based on element contents in host-substrate samples. The losses of cell membrane integrity in lichen thalli are related to these classes. EC% values above 16 in C. rei and above 20 in D. muscorum suggest elevated levels of heavy metals in the soil. Consequently, this physiological parameter can serve as an early warning indicator for detection of elevated metal concentrations in soil. The biomonitoring method proposed here involves common and widespread lichen species and can be widely applied in post-industrial areas.

Specificity of Brownfield’s Revitalisation in Polish Legal Framework: Discussion On Current Legislature Problems Based On Case Study

The issues addressed in the brownfields of the urban structure gained importance after 1989 and were connected with political and economic shifts in Eastern Europe and restructuring of the industry. As a consequence, the post-industrial areas emerged as a landmark on the maps of many cities in need of the revitalisation and reintegration with the urban structure. The lack of appropriate scope of urban policy in terms of post-industrial areas has repeatedly contributed to extension of the restructuring process of such areas in Poland. Revitalisation is the phenomenon, that responds to the above mentioned processes. The author defines revitalisation as a constant recycling process of the areas as well as introduction of new functions. This process allows economic, housing and societal dimensions’ rehabilitation of degraded land and the acquisition of new investment areas – not infrequently within the downtowns. The first records relating to urban regeneration in Poland stem from the government’s programme for the post-industrial areas. National programmes envisaged the realization of the sectorial policy by voivodships. As a result, only the Voivodeship of Silesia with considerable industrial heritage has undertaken the implementation of the conversion policy of post-industrial areas within the areas of Upper Silesian and Dabrowa Basin Metropolitan Area (Upper Silesian Industrial Region). The conducted research concerning the form and parameters of a model revitalisation process of post-industrial areas, has led to the author’s study of the conversion scheme of post-industrial areas. It corresponds to discussed models of profitability of the conversion of brownfields ABC (Ferber, Grimski, Millar, Nathanail 2006), ABCD (Frans, Gules, Prey 2008), as well as the model of recycling’s stages according to Glass-Geltman (2000). The presented model is based on the Polish experiences (Gasidło 2008, Huculak 2009, Lesser 2012, Klimek 2013) and also on in-depth case study of an area of the former Aluminum Works in Skawina, within Cracow’s Metropolian Area (Cracow’s Industrial Region). The analysis of a case study was based on the examination procedure which included four research tools: the urban inventory, surveys concerning conditions of conducting business activity (40% feedback), the direct observation during small – scale workshops and other outdoor workshops during preparation of Municipal Revitalisation Programme and three in-depth interviews with the representatives of the City Council. The Aluminium Works’ activity has led to significant pollution of the environment both in the city and in the whole region. The increased interest in the environmental issues in the 1970s led to the closure of the Aluminium Works in the next decade, opening the process of self-acting regeneration of this area. The regeneration process of the area has been active up to this day, however, it does not relate to the improvement of conditions of conducting economic activity, quality of the environment and spatial order. The representability of this case study is based on clear indication of the effects of the lack of legislation in the subject matter, which leads to the blockade of the complex revitalisation process and functioning of such an area. Moreover, the lack of implementation of sectoral policy may result in disintegration of economic structure despite permanent vertical and horizontal agreements between entrepreneurs.

Planning and Functional-Spatial Transformation of the City of Szczecin in Period from 2nd Half of 19th to 21st Century, Remedial Suggestions

In the last century, Szczecin underwent three major planning and urban transformations. These transformations were resulting of historical, system-political, economical-economic and social factors. The aim of the current study is to present the stages of functional and spatial changes of Szczecin during the last century, together with an indication of their causes and their effects. At the same time, guidelines will be proposed for the recovery program aimed at enabling further cohesive development of the city while maintaining its identity. This is particularly important in the context of the deepening spatial disorder in the city. The first stage of intense development of Szczecin was initiated in 1873 by the decision to liquidate the fortifications surrounding the city, which allowed for quick expansion of the city area and development of post-fortress areas according to plans established in 1874. In 1912, a new spatial development plan was approved, which was implemented successively. As a result, parts of the city were created with different functions and character: industrial, workers, residences of middle and upper class, etc. The provisions of the plan included the issues of maintaining spatial order and establishing green areas. The next stage of spatial transformations was triggered by the huge destruction of World War II. Along with the annexation of German Szczecin by Poland, a new direction in the history of the city’s development was initiated. The continuation of pre-war plans was abandoned, while new guidelines were established based on Soviet experience in shaping housing developments. The space left by destroyed town houses was occupied by large-panel housing estates, the spatial layout of which did not, in most cases, continue the former building lines. The estates were designed according to the newly adopted indicators and guidelines, and their structure and management was based on the idea of a “neighbourhood unit”. Decisions made in the 1950s and 1960s irrevocably damaged the historical structure and character of the city before World War II. After 1989, the city of Szczecin is undergoing another planning and urban transformation. The change in the political system of the Polish State resulted in subsequent changes to the land development plans. The slow process of adopting local zoning plans in the years 2000-2010 caused another chaos in the city space. According to the regulations, the newly created housing communities independently decided on the appearance of buildings and their surroundings, which leads to the urban space being de-urbanized. This is a contradiction of the city’s spatial policy adopted in the study of the conditions and direction for spatial development of Szczecin. The action that could help in solving the problems would be to divide the city into a number of zones independent of the administrative division. These zones would cover typologically similar areas of the city, such as a residential zone with predominant pre-war buildings, a zone with dominant buildings from 1945-1989, and a zone with buildings developed after 1989, industrial and post-industrial areas, areas for investments, etc. The study of conditions and direction of spatial development of Szczecin should contain separate guidelines for all zones, because each of them has specific conditions and priorities. It would be advisable to set up urban and architectural commissions consisting of specialists in various fields that would help in setting the guidelines.

Problems of Balancing the Urban and Natural Environment on Example of the River Areas of the City of Czestochowa

The paradigm of sustainable development gives a new look at urban planning issues regarding shaping the cultural and natural areas of cities. An important element is the new view on the relationship between the river system and the city and its role in the urban biosystem. The river system was and is the main urban-creating factor, determining to a large extent the dynamics of urban development, as well as maintaining their settlement continuity. In the article, the author presents an example of the development and current problems of riverside zones as significant urban-forming elements, affecting directly the concepts of development of the city of Częstochowa. Starting from the mid-nineteenth century, the processes of anthropopression have accelerated rapidly. This phenomenon was related to the development of heavy industry (mining, metallurgy) and the textile and paper industry. Technological processes related to the extraction of raw materials and the production of industrial products resulted in changes in the urban and functional structure of the urban space. As a consequence, there was an increasing degradation of the natural environment and violation of the ecosystem. At the same time, intensive industrialization had a positive impact on the dynamics of the city’s development in the 20th century. Częstochowa has become one of the important industrial and urban centres in Poland. The creation of an area of significant industrial zone and the use of “dirty” technologies led to the degradation of river areas. An attempt to solve problems of biological and cultural regeneration of the riverside zone and river valley areas concerns the reclamation of river areas and revitalization of post-industrial areas. The area of the Warta River is an important link between protected areas - including the valley of the Warta River, as well as natural forest clusters, landscape parks of the Warta river basins (Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, Forests of the village of Herby). Restoration of the riverside zone as a valuable cultural and natural area to the urban organism is an indispensable activity.

Diversity of Vegetation Dominated by Selected Grass Species on Coal-Mine Spoil Heaps in Terms of Reclamation of Post-Industrial Areas

Diversity of Vegetation Dominated by Selected Grass Species on Coal-Mine Spoil Heaps in Terms of Reclamation of Post-Industrial Areas

Ecotoxicological Risk of Alkaline Sodic Waste on Plant Development

The influence of mixtures of soils and Solvay sediments on plant development was investigated under laboratory conditions to explore the possibility of the revegetation of abandoned post-industrial areas. The sodic alkaline wastes used as a substrate in the research come from settling tanks of the former KZS Solvay Works in Cracow. Such sediments are a mixture of different chemical compounds, characterized by high values of pH and salinity that can constitute strong limiting conditions for future reclamation processes of the area. White clover (Trifolium repens L.), was used in this research as a plant indicator representative of common and sensitive species to the toxic effects of soil high alkalinity and salinity. This work examined the effect of soda factory waste pollution, mixed with three types of soils in four variants of soil: waste ratio, on germination rate and root length development as response variables. The results, analyzed statistically, confirm an inhibiting effect of soda wastes on Trifolium repens L. germination with the significant inhibition of early phase of radicle growth and their elongation. Experiments were conducted on Petri dishes and were based on the Zucconi test. Ecotoxicological risk was evaluated by the percentage of relative seed germination (RSG), relative radicle growth (RRG) and calculated index of germination (GI).

The Use of Post-Industrial Areas in the Formation of the Recreational Environment of the City

At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, a typologically new object of architectural and landscape design appeared - a post-industrial park or a park created on the former industrial territory. In the process of deindustrialization, first of all, of city centers significant areas are liberated that can be used to increase the recreational areas of the city. Especially valuable are the coastal areas, which allow to form a complete system of open green spaces of the city. In addition, the previous industrial use undoubtedly affects the compositional features of the park spaces to be formed. At present, an interesting, mainly foreign, experience of such transformations has been accumulated. The work shows the economic and philosophical origins of this new phenomenon, an attempt has been made to define it and give general characteristics. The modern practice of using post-industrial territories is considered. Analysis of modern practice of design and implementation of post-industrial parks took into account the urban context, the nature of the initial use and its plastic features, the availability of the preserved elements (structures), the functional orientation of the projected object and its role in the recreational system of the city. The analysis made it possible to identify some common features and characteristic methods of the architectural and landscape organization, to classify post-industrial parks.

Urban Entertainment Center (UEC) as a Redevelopment Strategy for Large-Scale Post-Industrial Sites in Seoul: Between Public Policy and Privatization of Planning

The decline of inner-city manufacturing industries is a global phenomenon, leaving behind vacant land and brownfield sites in cities. These post-industrial areas with their negative images of dereliction and obsolete urban environments have prompted many cities to implement various redevelopment strategies, among which is the concept of the Urban Entertainment Center (UEC), which combines shopping, recreation, and entertainment, with various public spaces. This study attempts to understand the changes that have been triggered by the revitalization strategy of UEC development in large-scale post-industrial sites in Seoul. Here, Special Planning District (SPD) regulation has been adopted to induce creative and long-term urban developments; however, this has been limited to private high-rise residential buildings. This paper examines two UEC development cases applied along with the SPD in semi-industrial areas for their achievements that differ from former implementations. Our analysis reveals several positive aspects: it provides a sustainable urban infrastructure for the region, overcomes the limitations of the SPD regulation practice, and establishes improved urban environment and design quality oriented toward public interest. The “privatization of planning” has become an issue in redevelopment projects. However, the two UEC precedents that are discussed imply that building cooperative public–private partnerships through a reciprocal process will secure more public benefit overall.

RURAL COMMUNITY MOVEMENT IN LITHUANIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT

After Lithuania regained the independence, the state confronted with many political, social, economic, and cultural challenges, which led to changes of norms, values, forms of activities and consciousness of citizens. Changing situation lead to the marginalization of rural areas, the rural community movement raised. The main reason for the rising movement was dissatisfaction about current situation and willingness to change it using communities’ resources. This movement is allied to new social movements, which arose in 1960 in Western world. For the creation of postindustrial rural areas the paradigm of innovative, sustainable, inclusive rural development determines that new theories, explaining transformations, are necessary. The aim of this research is to identify correspondence of Lithuanian rural community movement to new social movement theory. Scientific literature, related documents, and secondary statistical data were analysed, the theoretical framework of six dimensions was created and applied. The research results confirmed that rural community in Lithuania is to be viewed as a new social movement with some features of traditional movements. These findings may be useful for increasing the awareness about social transformations in rural areas.

Zagospodarowanie terenów poprzemysłowych na przykładzie Zakładów Radiowych „Diora” w Dzierżoniowie

Zakłady Radiowe „Diora” były największym przedsiębiorstwem w historii Dzierżoniowa, a ich marka znana była zarówno w Polsce, jak i za granicą. Dzięki temu stały się one główną determinantą rozwoju, a także pewnym symbolem i wizytówką miasta. Po upadku „Diory” pojawił się problem zagospodarowania budynków zakładu, które zajmowały znaczny obszar w centralnej części Dzierżoniowa i stopniowo ulegały degradacji. Ostatecznie władze lokalne podjęły kontrowersyjną decyzję o likwidacji pozostałości fabryki oraz zmianie funkcji i charakteru tego obszaru. Na miejscu głównej hali „Diory” powstał największy w mieście hipermarket „Kaufland”, a obok rozwinęła się prężnie działająca strefa usługowa. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie procesu zmian funkcjonalno-przestrzennych na obszarach poprzemysłowych „Diory”, zmierzających do ponownego zagospodarowania i rewitalizacji tego miejsca. Zostanie omówiony schemat działania władz lokalnych oraz poszczególne etapy kształtowania się nowej strefy usługowej wraz z inwentaryzacją podmiotów gospodarczych tam powstałych. Przykład zagospodarowania „Diory” przedstawiony zostanie w kontekście dobrych praktyk, co może posłużyć jako wzór postępowania dla innych miast monofunkcyjnych, które borykają się z podobnymi problemami.

Urban space recovery. Landscape-beneficial solutions in new estates built in post-industrial and post-military areas in Bristol, Poznań and Gdańsk

Abstract The limitation of territorial expansion and the implementation of the idea of a compact city are generally accepted paradigms of spatial development of contemporary cities. In consequence, actions are taken to improve the quality of city landscape and revitalise vacant areas. This study approaches the process of city regeneration as transformation and supplementation of the existing urban structure as well as creation of multifunctional, structurally, socially and ecologically sustainable spaces. The article presents the problem of creation of new-inner city residential areas. The study was conducted on three housing estates located in post-industrial and post-military areas: Harbourside Development in Bristol (UK), City Park and Ułańskie Estate in Poznań (Poland) and Browar Gdański in Gdańsk (Poland). The article includes analyses of relations between the estates and their surroundings, spatial structure parameters and architectural, urban and scenic characteristics. It includes assessment of the legibility, consistency, diversity and quality of the urban landscape.