Post Independence Research Articles

A Proposal for an ESP Syllabus for Tribal Sub Plan Learners

In the pre-independence era generally the attitude of Indians towards English was negative because of the contemporary political reasons. The post independence era has gradually witnessed a paradigm shift in the same attitude of the people. Presently a vast majority of people, both urban and rural, generally approve of English as a global language. This research paper throws some light on the problems that a teacher faces while teaching English to the rural learners. Also, it attempts to analyze existing socio-cultural, economic and linguistic milieu of such regions and their overall effect on English language learning and teaching. It further focuses the psychological attitude of the learners and teachers belonging to such regions and explores the possibility of improving the existing scenario. The teaching of English has been kept in mind while discussing the issues.

Quality of higher education & its issues in post Independence India

Introduction: India has been a major seat of learning for thousands of years. The present format of higher education in India was started in 1857 with the inception of universities in the three presidency towns. At present, India possesses a highly developed higher education system which offers facility of education and training in almost all aspects of human’s creative and intellectual endeavors such as arts and humanities, natural, mathematical and social sciences, engineering; medicine, dentistry, agriculture, education, law, commerce and management, music and performing arts, national and foreign languages, culture, communications etc. Higher Education in India has evolved in distinct and divergent streams with each stream monitored by an apex body, indirectly controlled by the Ministry of Human Resource Development. The 433 universities/ institutions, are mostly funded by the state governments. However, there are 42 important universities called Central universities, which are maintained by the Union Government and because of relatively large funding, they have an edge over the others. The engineering education and business schools are monitored and accredited by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) while medical education is monitored and accredited by the Medical Council of India (MCI). Like-wise, agriculture education and research is monitored by the Indian Council for Agriculture Research. Apart from these, National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) controls all the teacher training institutions in the country. India's higher education system is the second largest in the world, after the United States. The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission (UGC), which enforces its standards, advises the government, and helps coordinate between the centre and the state. Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the UGC. Indian higher education system has e

FUTURE OF PRINT AND E-NEWSPAPER IN INDIA: A CRITIQUE

Print newspapers in India have evolved over the years. The significant readership of print newspaper is an evidence of it being a popular medium among people. Newspapers in India started before independence and gained much attention during the time of freedom struggle with many revolutionaries contributing to the growth of journalism. It became an effective medium to reach the masses. Post independence, print newspapers looked forward to maintaining the newly found freedom. In 1950s, National development became primary goal for the newspapers. Newspapers, by then, had earned the reputation of being a credible source of information. They served as important link between the government and citizens. As post independence many industries were affected by the wave of commercialization, journalism was also not left unaffected. With the coming of satellite television during1990s there were speculations that print newspapers would go obsolete. But newspapers reinvented themselves and learnt to not only co-exist but also made good profits. The dawn of the digital era saw the birth of e-newspapers. India too followed the suit amidst speculations that print newspapers will go obsolete but once again it reinvented itself and survived the wave of change. This paper attempts to trace the journey of newspaper from print to digital. It also attempts to prognosticate the future of print newspaper and e-newspaper in the Indian subcontinent. The paper concludes that although print newspapers are not going anywhere in the near future owing to their willingness to reinvent themselves, the future of newspaper is digital. The paper also explains the factors responsible for the shift in news consumption habits of the Indian readers. To accomplish the objectives of the study, the researchers conducted a focus group discussion with experts from media industry and academia. KEYWORDS: Print newspapers, e-newspapers, new media, digital platforms, vernacular press, localization of news.

Organic Farming: Prospects, Constraints, Opportunities and Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture in Chhattisgarh - A Review

Organic farming is a sustainable agriculture production system is being followed from ancient times in India. The natural resource management and biodiversity conservation is a core principle of organic agriculture. During post independence, the most important challenge in country has been to produce enough food grain for the growing population. Hence, high-yielding production system contributing to concerns of soil health, agrosphere, environmental pollution, chemical fertilizers, agrochemicals and sustainability of agricultural production. This process involves the use of biological wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic wastes), biological materials, avoiding synthetic substances to maintain soil fertility and ecological balance thereby minimizing environmental pollution. Organic farming is a farming system that involves growing and nurturing crops without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Also, no genetically modified organisms are permitted. The primary aim of organic farming is to keep the soil alive in good health through the use of biological wastes and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes to release macronutrients and micronutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco friendly pollution free environment. Organic farming provides quality food is beneficial to human health and practice keeps the environmental friendly. The production of these organic crops is reviewed with regard to sustainable agriculture in Chhattisgarh.

REPRESENTATION OF THE LIFE OF TEA TRIBE IN THE ASSAMESE NOVEL

It is due to the realistic view point and wide experience on the part of the novelist, the background of Assam tea estate manages a place in the Assamese novel. The tea tribe of Assam, consisting of twenty percent of total Assamese population, also has a distinct and unique culture of their own. They assimilated to Assamese culture and turned part and parcel of it. Dawor Aru Nai, Seuji Pator Kahini, and Ejak Manuh Aru Ekhon Aranya are the three novels on the tea gardens written in the post independence era. The plots of the novels set on the life of the tea garden labourers of Assam. The novelists have presented the collective life of the labourers by their vision and unique skill of narration. The objective of the study is to have a study of the presentation of the life of the tea tribe in the mentioned novels.

Social Justice as a Prominent Theme in the Novels of Bhabani Bhattacharya

In present scenario, peace is usually taken for granted by many people without going into the details of what made it (Peace) the most cherished ideal of almost all the societies. Its importance has only been realized by the humanity after going through a dreadful phase of history, full of violence, wars, massacres, genocide and so on. Moreover, the meaning of peace is misunderstood by many as mere absence of war; rather it has a wider connotation. Peace is an absence of violent conflicts of all kinds including war, riot, massacre, or simply physical attack. Sometimes, violence is rooted in the very structure of society, which is termed as "Structural Violence". This structural violence can take many shapes such as caste- based violence, class- based violence, ethnic violence, racism, communalism, colonialism etc. The elimination of structural violence necessitates the creation of a just and democratic society. Structural violence emerges out of the unequal and unjust structure of the society. So to eradicate structural violence, a society needs to employ the tool of social justice. This paper is an attempt to understand this structural violence ingrained in Indian social fabric during the independence and the post independence period and to hear its resonance in the novels of Bhabani Bhattacharya. She is an outstanding Indian English writer, globally known brilliant scholar was a socialist and reformist to the core. Almost all his novels are remarkably known as social fables, as contemporary Indian society is very authentically and sensitively represented in his fiction. Bhattacharya was having a profound knowledge of contemporary (from 1945 to 1975) social crisis, as the topic of his research thesis was also related to Indian socio-political perspectives of the time period. Through his novels he proclaims, when justice is denied to any particular person or community or sections of society, the reverse circumstances leads to anarchic situations and the society directly or indirectly becomes responsible for converting its people to social rebels, a threat to national peace and security. Therefore, through his novels, he motivates the countrymen to establish equality and maintain social justice to promote the feelings of love and harmony in different sections of society. To inspire the countrymen for setting up an equal and just social order, he frequently emphasise them to follow the teachings of great ancient minds. He quotes Gandhiji's socialism, marxism, Tagore’s humanism, Nehru’s rationalism, liberalism and practical approach, to create peace and harmony in the society and ensure social justice.

"WAYANG PALEMBANG": ITS ORIGINS, CHARACTERISTICS, AND PRESERVATION FROM EXTINCTION

Wayang Palembang is a traditional art of performing arts with artificial media of people made of leather. Wayang Palembang contains universal cultural values because it tells human life. This study describes the existence of Wayang Palembang through manuscript traces (ancient manuscripts). The research found that the Wayang Palembang was originally introduced by the ruling elites of the ruling Majapahit kingdom in Palembang. During the time of Palembang Sultanate this art modified by absorbing elements of Malay culture. Subsequently, he continued to be preserved during colonial and post independence. Wayang Palembang has unique characteristics that distinguish it from Javanese puppet, which is from the aspect of the introduction language by the Mastermind, the display of its own, or the performance devices, including the duration of the timing. This shows the harmonious acculturation and adaptation between Javanese culture and Palembang Malay culture. The heyday of the Palembang puppet period ended in 1980, with the last Dalang death

History of economic development and forest land-use in the Fako-Meme forest region of Cameroon

The article is devoted to investigating a number of issues within the forest landscape of the Fako-Meme, south west region of Cameroon. An assessment of the history of economic development and use of forest in the studied territory was carried out. It was observed that the rate at which these forests are been hewn down for various purposes under the pretext of development leaves much to be desired. The deforestation of the forest with the attendant problems of resource degradation, environmental mutation is a cause for alarm. In order to understand the mutations taking place in the forest landscape, the history of forest use in 4 different periods: 1) the pre-colonial era (before the arrival of European explorers), (2) German colonial rule (1884-1916), (3) British colonial rule (1916-1961) and (4) Independence and post Independence Cameroon (1961-present day). It was observed that during the pre-colonial era the forest landscapes were very stable. Forest degradation in the territory started with the introduction of extensive mechanized agriculture introduced by the colonial masters through the opening of large agro-industrial plantations of rubber, palms and bananas. This forest ecological region suffers from a number of challenges. These problems were investigated in detail with proposals made for the sustainable management of forest resources in this forest ecosystem situated in the heart of the humid tropical region of the South West of Cameroon. These forests provide for a wide range of human needs ; medicine, timber , fuel wood, non- timber forest products (NTFPs), food crop production and cash crop cultivation. The pattern of land-use change in the Fako-Meme region was studied in three distinctive periods (1978, 2000 and 2015). The results revealed that anthropogenic activities have been systematically raping the forest landscapes so that the environments are only a skeleton or shadow of their former selves. This is an ecological region in which forest gives way to farmlands and plantations. In this respect, we see that what was a forest landscape in the past is now consisting of a succession of cocoa farms, palm, rubber as well as other economic cash crop plantations, with cocoa being the most important cash crop in the region. Evidence from our analysis reveals that this region has lost 42% of its forest cover within the period 1978-2015. This dynamic can be considered catastrophic. If this trend continues uninterruptedly in the region, then in 60-70 years, the Fako-Meme and the slopes of Mount Cameroon will remain without forest. It is easy to imagine the consequences of this. The study calls for urgent adaptive environmental strategies for the sustainable management of forest and its resources in the region.

EKSISTENSI PARTAI POLITIK DI INDONESIA MASA PRA DAN PASCA KEMERDEKAAN

The political system in Indonesia always has a close relationship with political parties. Basically, the emergence of political parties is the actualization of the various sects or political views that lie behind them. Through a theoretical and law approach, this paper discusses the existence of political parties in Indonesia, especially in the pre and post independence period. The author concludes that in terms of basic ideological aspects, the emergence of Indonesian political parties in the pre-independence era is the actualization of three political streams or views that found momentum in the 20th century. The three streams referred to are Nationalism, Islam, and Marxism/Socialism. After the proclamation of independence, the emergence of the concept of multiple parties gave rise to several new political parties. The formation of political parties after the proclamation of independence is often based on the values or principles of divinity, nationality, and Marxism. However, this does not prevent the emergence of parties that were born based on values or other principles.

Analisis Undang-undang Desa

Policies on villages in Indonesia have experienced ups and downs since theRepublic of Indonesia was established. The regulation of the village is urgent because thevillage has a strategic position in development in Indonesia. Further the existence ofvillages in Indonesia had already existed before the Indonesian republic was established.In this article, we analyze the policy on villages by making comparisons of some villageregulations starting before the republic of Indonesia was established, at the beginning ofindependence and until now. This research is library research, and the main data comesfrom book and journal publications available in Indonesia since before independenceuntil post independence. This research is ultimately useful for any policy study on villageregulation. The results of the policy analysis on the village law show that several lawsand regulations concerning the village in the past have reduced independence and natural conditions of the village. Law number 5 of 19th7e9 hsoavs erreediguncteyd,the authenticity and uniqueness of the village from its natural conditions by carrying outuniformity on the form of villages and village government in Indonesia. However, withthe enactment of Law number 6 of 2014, the sovereignty, independence and naturalconditions of the village are given the right and authority to return to their originalnatural forms with the recognition of the right to recognize and subsidiarity.Keywords: Village Law, Recognition, Subsidiarity, Village Sovereignty, VillageCommunity

Government Health Insurance Schemes for Differently Abled – A Swot Analysis

Background: Health schemes and policies are not a post independence phenomena, they have been in our Indian histories since 1946. Despite advancements in health care systems, India still faces the problem of health inequality seen commonly among the underserved population. One such population which suffers the agony of both health and oral health problems are the disabled population.
 Methodology: SWOT analysis done.
 Results: Only two government health schemes are available for differently abled population, among these two, only one (Niramaya Scheme) offers insurance for oral health.
 Conclusion: There is an urgent need to evaluate these two schemes and bring about an appropriate integrated health scheme for the differently abled.

An Analysis of the Anglophone Political Demands in Cameroon from 1961 To 2018

This paper discusses the origin, development and current situation of the Anglophone crisis going on in Cameroon. It covers the period of pre-independence, independence and post independence of Cameroon’s status quo. The partition of Cameroon came in with a positive spirit as it galvanized the mind of the fellow subjugated people, thus made Cameroon people to revolt and stand against all the injustices perpetrated by the foreign powers. Therefore, separate nationalist movements took place in the territory with main objectives, the restoration of Anglophone sovereignty. The restitution of the people’s identity and way of life in all socio-cultural domains of the local people, for they found their traditions and customs being changed and jeopardized. Taking a review of the area being researched, the current crisis situation in the English-speaking part of Cameroon as the result of a series of several strikes with no positive reaction from the government. These strikes first turned into premature demonstrations for a different form of state and against the marginalization of the English-speaking population of the country. This therefore effected to the above main finding of this topic such as the breach of some clauses of the Foumban Constitutional conference of 1961, marginalization of Southern Cameroonians, lack of developmental projects in Southern Cameroon, denial by the central government to listen to the Anglophone lawyers and teachers and lastly, President Paul Biya’s 36 years of reign. It is important to highlight that these main findings are the main causes of this crisis on going, reason why a deeper thought is being considered so as to perfectly understand the root causes of this consciencism by the Anglophone people. The results of this crisis are devastating for it has led to a gross loss of in terms of revenue and loss of innocent lives. In 2018, contributions from various scholars with opinions on the form of the state emerged and was launched by professional organizations and associations of civil society which were divided but had the same perspectives,Whether federation or secession could replace the current status quo of the two joined Cameroons. Trade union leaders and activists want a federal state so as to end the crisis but for the regime in place, Cameroon is united, one and indivisible, and changing the form of the unitary State [1] , which is centralized would be impossible, therefore accounting the presence of the on going crisis in the two Anglophone regions of Cameroon. Keywords : Anglophones [2] , Cameroon, Crisis, Francophone, Secession, Unitary state. DOI : 10.7176/PPAR/9-3-05 Publication date :March 31 st 2019 [1] A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme. [2] consisting of or belonging to an English-speaking population especially in a country where two or more languages are spoken

The Paradox of Development: Forest Rights, Mining and Displacement in Odisha, India

Industrialization is indispensible for the economic growth of the developing countries like India. Richness in mineral resources gives considerable impetus in the developmental processes and mineral enriched areas often become promising locations for industrial growth. In India, mineral rich regions are coincidentally juxtaposed with vast tracts of natural forest, characterized by endemic biodiversity as well as high concentration of tribal populace. The Indian government had acknowledged the right to access the forests through implementation of various acts in the post independence period but the existing policy gaps had often violated these rights. Contradictions in legislations regarding forest conservation and land acquisition had often failed to safeguard the rights of the tribes causing conflicts of interest between tribal groups and government which in turn hindered the holistic developmental goal. Developmental project induced displacement in Odisha had exacerbated the predicament of the forest dwelling communities. Negligence towards the rights of the local community in many cases engendered resistance against the developmental initiatives creating hindrance towards holistic development. Against this backdrop, the present study seeks to shed light on the nature of developmental initiatives in Odisha as well as their effects on the local communities.

Marginalization of the Pastoralist Pokot of North Western Kenya

The pastoralists Pokot have for over a century suffered systemic marginalization and neglect by successive governments of Kenya. The paper presents who the pastoralist Pokot are, where they live, origin, forms and manifestations of social marginalization they suffer. The paper traces the origin of the neglect and argues that the colonial government passed over the marginalization to the post independence government of Kenya with little or no change in perception. It utilizes diffusion of innovations theory by Everett Rogers to explain the lack of adoption of government/western ways of life which then, became the basis of marginalization. The paper draws upon primary, archival and other secondary data to demonstrate the social marginalization.

History of Public Health in India

Public health has been considered to be an essential process and gained thrust to achieve Health for All. Public health efforts have resulted in making the Indian citizens healthier post independence almost 70 years ago. The public health practices that we talk of today are essentially social practices and as such rooted in the soil and history of people. Hence, it becomes pertinent to study the evolution of Public Health in India. Therefore, present review is undertaken with the objective to study the evolution of public health in India.

Genesis and evolution of Indian post office, its services and contributions to the society: A study.

Post Office is a customer service facility forming part of a national portal system. Prior to the advent of Postal and Zip Codes, postal system would route items to specific post office for receipt of delivery. The evolution and genesis of postal system is a very significant and important subject matter of study which dates back to 2400 B.C. The most powerful countries of the world like the United States of America, the Egypt and the United Kingdom were the pioneer in this line. In India too, the genesis of the postal system is a very important and interesting subject matter of study. During the process of development, the Postal system has evolved greatly affected by factors known and unknown. Here in this present study, an effort has been made to visualize the different factors which are responsible for evolution of the postal system around the globe and of course in India both pre and post independence. It is worth mentioning that the Postal system has evolved along with development of modern digital system. The whole postal system has ramified with the latest development of postal banking.

Murshidabad Silk Industry in West Bengal: A Study of Its Glorious Past & Present Crisis

Murshidabad is the second largest traditional silk producing district in West Bengal, which bears a golden legacy of producing superlative silk in India since seventeenth century. Kassimbazar was one of the major hubs of silk purchase for the British silk merchants. The industry went into great decline as the Industrial Revolution in the West set in. In the post Independence period attempts were made to revive this home-based artisanal industry in India to expand employment and income opportunities in the rural economy. However, during 2002-2012, there was an exodus of more than 23 thousand silk farmers and 10 thousand silk weavers from the industry. This paper delves into issues related with income determinants of the household silk industry in Murshidabad. The primary data analysis exposes that ‘language efficiency’, ‘number of family members’, ‘ownership of bicycle/motorbike and television’, ‘male labour force’ and ‘women autonomy’ are positively influencing the income of the silk producing households, while the significant factors which inversely influences the level of annual income of the silk producing households are ‘age of the household head’, ‘female workers’, ‘cost of production’, ‘male family members’, ‘morbidity of female’ and ‘expenditure autonomy of female in the family’. The government should adopt pro-active measures like subsidizing the cost of silk weavers, revamp the health insurance scheme of the silk manufacturing women and increase the language efficiency to enhance the silk manufacturers’ income earning capacity. The government should also raise the level of sanitation facility of the silk reelers and weavers and communication goods like bicycle, television to be provided.

SEJARAH DAN PERKEMBANGAN BADAN BUKAN KERAJAAN (NGO) KESIHATAN DI MALAYSIA SEHINGGA TAHUN 2015

The roles of the Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) are gaining more attention from academicians around the world. This article specifically examines the role of non-governmental organizations in health care issues in Malaya/Malaysia in three main stages. The first stage covers the pre-independence period; the second stage involves the period 1957-1980 and the third 1981-2015. Each stage is different from the other in terms of actions and approaches of NGOs in dealing with the government. During the pre-independence period, NGOs were established with the influence of British government and to serve the interest of their elite groups. During the period of post independence until 1980, NGOs were involved in a process of consolidation. The period 1981-2015 saw those heavily influencing and articulating policy issues. In assessing the history, development and roles played by the NGOs, this article has mainly used a qualitative approach based on secondary data.

Contextual Responsive Designed Administrative Buildings in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to elucidate on the regional design approach of two modern administrative buildings in Malaysia; former Prime Minister’s Office (1967) and Parliament Malaysia (1963) that was built during the post independence era in a comparative manner. This is to explicate the relationship of design and adaptation towards the regional context by focussing on the environmental aspects. Using structuralism paradigm and semiotic methodological approach, the relationship between building design and sustainable aspects were observed. It is evident that indoor comfort plays a major role in designing administrative building alike. This paper is of value to practicing architects and the society as it offers new insights by formulating design approaches in designing public architecture in Malaysia.

Obstruction of justice in the effort to eradicate corruption in Indonesia

Corruption is a reality in Indonesia and has a significant destructive force. Not only does it harm the wealth of the state, but it also takes away the legitimacy of law enforcement by destroying the public's trust in law. This can lead to the destruction of democracy and modernization in Indonesia. Aware of the situation, or perhaps for political correctness, the post independence governments made the war on corruption a state of emergency. But it was not until the advent of the political era known to the Indonesians as Era Reformasi in 2000 that the fight against corruption intensified with the enactment of Law No. 30/2002 creating the Corruption Eradication Commission or Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (hereafter referred to as KPK). Since its creation, the Commission has been hunting down corruptors like never before. But going after corrupt officials is not an easy task. As KPK gets tougher due to more legal backup and public's trust, corruptors find illegal ways to bend, or impede the law in order to get away with their heinous crime. This practice is known as obstruction of justice. This paper discusses the issue of obstruction of justice in the effort to eradicate corruption in Indonesia. It sets out to answer the following questions: what does obstruction of justice in the corruption eradication effort look like in Indonesia, and how can law enforcement agencies best deal with it. Drawing on empirical data, the study reveals that an act is deemed obstructing justice if it is done intentionally to prevent the legal process from running smoothly (mens rea). Although anyone is susceptible of committing an act of obstruction of justice, it is usually accomplished with the support of affluent people such as government and law enforcement officials, lawyers, and law makers. The study suggests that revising laws on corruption, continuing collaboration between law enforcement agencies, making use of the existing corruption-related laws, increasing law enforcement professionalism, and raising public awareness need to be embraced as future approaches to heighten the ongoing war on corruption.