Post Heat Research Articles

Microstructure and mechanical properties of cold spray additive manufactured and post heat treated high-entropy alloys with mixed CoCrFeNi and Ti powders

Solid-state cold spray additive manufacturing has the potential to fabricate high-strength bulk high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Through systematic experiments, this study examined the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold spray fabricated bulk HEAs with mixed CoCrFeNi and Ti powders and explored the effects of Ti content in 4 and 7 at% and post-heat treatment at 800 °C/6 h and 1000 °C/6 h. It is found that the bulk HEAs are highly densified and remain nearly defect-free after the post-heat treatment. The addition of Ti serves as an mixing powder effect to further densify the alloys. Moreover, the addition of Ti and post-heat treatment promote the formation of fine precipitates, including Fe2Ti, Co2Ti, CrFe, CoTi2, and Ni3Ti, which contributes to the strengthening of the alloys. Furthermore, post-heat treatment improves the cohesion of the alloys and yields fine and relatively uniform grains by stimulating static recovery and recrystallization. These synergistic effects improve the hardness, elastic modulus, strength, and ductility properties. The average hardness and elastic modulus of the bulk alloys are as high as 377.6 HV and 94.8 GPa, respectively; the best ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure are 626.7 MPa and 22.1 %, respectively. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction validates the complex precipitates formed and confirms that there is no phase change during tension. The study offers insights into the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold spray additive manufactured HEAs and the effects of mixed powders and post-heat treatment on tuning microstructure and properties.

Effect of cyclic heat treatment on microstructure and tensile property of a laser powder-bed fusion-manufactured Ti–6Al–2Zr–1Mo–1V alloy

Laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) is increasingly being employed to fabricate titanium components for aerospace applications. However, L-PBF fabricated titanium alloy parts typically exhibit high strength but low ductility because of fine α′ martensite. Post-heat treatment is essential to compose α′ into stable α, thereby achieving improved ductility. In this study, we put forward a novel post-heat treatment, i.e., a cyclic treatment that included multiple cycles of low-to-high and high-to-low temperature annealing, to improve the ductility of an L-PBF fabricated Ti–6Al–2Zr–1Mo–1V (TA15) alloy. Its effect on the microstructures and tensile properties was investigated. The results showed that the as-fabricated TA15 alloy exhibited fine martensite, leading to high strength (i.e., an ultimate tensile strength of 1168 MPa) and low ductility (i.e., an elongation of 7.1 %). Conventional post-heat treatments introduced lamellar α+β structures and resulted in improved ductility of 9–13.9 % and reduced strength of 896–1070 MPa. The cyclic multistep treatment created trimodal structures of α-laths, equiaxed α, and thin film β. Especially, it contributed to the formation of up to 57 % equiaxed α grains compared to less than 5 % in the conventional treatments, leading to the enhanced ductility. This specific structure displayed superior properties, an ultimate tensile strength of ∼900 MPa, and elongation of ∼16 %, which are comparable to the TA15 alloy wrought counterparts. The optimized strength and ductility also demonstrated the potential of cyclic multistep treatment to enhance the performance of other additive manufactured titanium alloys.

Influence of post heat treatment on metallurgical, mechanical, and corrosion analysis of wire arc additive manufactured inconel 625

In the present research, the metallurgical and mechanical analysis along with the corrosion behaviour of Inconel 625 alloy formed by wire arc additive manufacturing-cold metal transfer (WAAM-CMT) based process were assessed with and without post heat treatments. Mechanical analysis was carried out with the help of impact and tensile strength analysis. Metallurgical analysis was conducted via. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), SEM-EDS, and XRD. While, corrosion analysis was conducted with the help of cyclic polarization test. Cyclic polarization test unveils variations in corrosion resistance among as prepared and heat-treated samples, with water quenched showing potential for enhanced corrosion protection. Moreover, the fractured surface analysis after tensile and impact strength tests was also conducted with the help of SEM images. Overall, the designated material after heat treatment at 1100 °C for 2 h along with water quenched presents the best mechanical, metallurgical and corrosion performance for Inconel 625 developed by WAAM-CMT process.

Regulate the microstructure, tensile properties and fatigue crack growth behavior of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion via post-heat treatment

An Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Si–Zr–Er alloy was fabricated by laser powder bed fusion technology. A unique cellular structure consisting of α-Al, Mg2Si, and Al2CuMg phases was observed in both as-printed (AP) and direct aging (DA) alloys. Direct aging treatment at 150 °C × 4 h can improve the yield strength and hardness of the alloy, and precipitation strengthening and fine grain strengthening are dominant mechanisms. The strength of the regression re-aging (RRA) heat treated alloy decreased, while the elongation was obviously improved, and the grain boundary was continuous without precipitates free zones. DA could not significantly hinder the fatigue crack growth rate of the as-printed alloy, but the improvement of plasticity, elimination of residual stress, and the effect of precipitates in RRA alloy extend the life of the fatigue crack growth stage, thereby improving the overall fatigue life of the alloy from 1.17 × 105 cycles to 3.93 × 106 cycles.

Assessing the viability of high-frequency spot melting for super duplex stainless steel 2507 via electron beam powder bed fusion

This study investigates the use of Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-EB) spot melting on SDSS 2507, a material known for its high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and welding properties. Spot melting, a localized melting technique, utilize a stationary beam to create melt pools before rapidly repositioning to form new ones, offering precise control over material properties in additive manufacturing. We conducted a design of experiments with 32 samples and analysed them using SEM, XRD, EBSD, optical microscopy, nanoindentation and statistical modelling.Elevated PBF-EB processing temperatures significantly influence microstructure and phase composition. XRD analysis identified the presence of the detrimental sigma phase. EBSD analysis revealed a composition primarily consisting of austenite (63 %) and sigma phase (33.5 %), with residual ferrite (3.5 %). Statistical modelling demonstrated that a combination of spot-time, spot distance, focus offset, and layer thickness was the most reliable predictor for density while area energy proved to be the most accurate predictor for hardness, with R2adj values of 0.766 and 0.802, respectively.Our study confirms that PBF-EB is capable of processing SDSS 2507 through spot melting, resulting in high-density samples at high productivity rates. The presence of sigma phase shows a need for post build heat treatment to achieve the desired phase distribution. This research enhances the understanding of the process and also holds promise for industrial applications.

Development of highly filled nickel-polymer feedstock from recycled and biodegradable resources for low-cost material extrusion additive manufacturing of metals

Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Metals (sinter-based metal 3D printing) is the future of metal additive manufacturing as the technology is accessible, easy-to-use and affordable. This method typically starts by using high loading metal-polymer composites/filaments as the feedstock. The rheological behavior of composite affects the maximum metal content of the feedstock, and is influenced by type of components, filler shape and size distribution, as well as additives. In this study, highly filled metal-polymer filaments, with 75 wt% nickel content dispersed in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix have been made for the first time by using a simple single-screw extruder. Using biodegradable PLA alongside recycled nickel powders, which are produced by low-carbon-footprint Mond process, take steps towards affordability and sustainability considerations. Microstructure, rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties of feedstock filaments and 3D printed parts were evaluated. Printing parameters were also optimized, and the results showed that increasing the flow rate by 10 % enhances the overall quality of the printed part and reduces the gap between the 3D printed lines. The preliminary studies on debinding/sintering post heat treatments to get fully dense nickel parts also showed promising results using the developed methodology.

Synthesis and magnetic properties of [formula omitted]-Fe16N2 nanofibers prepared by an electrospinning method

Although the iron-nitride α″-Fe16N2 phase exhibits excellent magnetic properties, its poor thermal and phase stability pose challenges in the fabrication of bulk-type samples. In particular, the low nitriding temperature, below 200 °C, increases possibility of forming the stable nitride phase with higher nitrogen content on the surface due to the slow diffusion rate of nitrogen atoms. To overcome this problem, it is crucial that the α-Fe precursors are small in size, well-dispersed, and that the post-heat treatment is conducted below 200 °C. In this study, we successfully demonstrated the fabrication of α″-Fe16N2 nanofibers through electrospinning process and a two-step heat treatment procedure involving hydrogen reduction at 290 °C for 2 h, followed by nitration at 160 °C for 12 h in an ammonia gas flow rate of 1.5 L/min. Furthermore, these α″-Fe16N2 nanofibers exhibited a saturation magnetization (M2.5T) of 182 emu/g, a residual magnetization (Mr) of 76.1 emu/g, and a coercivity (Hc) of 1.29 kOe.

Achieving an Excellent Strength and Ductility Balance in Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy through Multi-Step High-to-Low-Temperature Heat Treatment.

Selective laser melting (SLM) can effectively replace traditional processing methods to prepare parts with arbitrary complex shapes through layer-by-layer accumulation. However, SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy typically exhibits low ductility and significant mechanical properties anisotropy due to the presence of acicular α' martensite and columnar prior β grains. Post-heat treatment is frequently used to obtain superior mechanical properties by decomposing acicular α' martensite into an equilibrium α + β phase. In this study, the microstructure and tensile properties of SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy before and after various heat treatments were systematically investigated. The microstructure of the as-fabricated Ti-6Al-4V sample was composed of columnar prior β grains and acicular α' martensite, which led to high strength (~1400 MPa) but low ductility (~5%) as well as significantly tensile anisotropy. The single heat treatment samples with lamellar α + β microstructure exhibited improved elongation to 6.8-13.1% with a sacrifice of strength of 100-200 MPa, while the tensile anisotropy was weakened. A trimodal microstructure was achieved through multi-step high-to-low-temperature (HLT) heat treatment, resulting in an excellent combination of strength (~1090 MPa) and ductility (~17%), while the tensile anisotropy was almost eliminated. The comprehensive mechanical properties of the HLT samples were superior to that of the conventional manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

Enhancing microstructure and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion-fabricated AlSi10Mg alloy through tailored friction stir processing and post-heat treatment

In this study, a series of advanced processing techniques is employed to control the internal structure and improve the mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). In the L-PBF, AlSi10Mg sheets are subjected to friction stir processing (FSP) under low heat input conditions. The main objective of this study is to eliminate microstructural defects and refine the microstructure while maintaining a high tensile strength. FSP effectively refines the grain structure but decreases the strength significantly owing to the thermal cycle. Various post-heat treatment strategies have been proposed to optimize the microstructure and strength of AlSi10Mg alloys as well as to address the strength reduction issue. Samples in different processing stages are characterized using optical microscopy (OM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as tensile and hardness tests. Notably, the FSP + direct aging (FSP + DA) treatment significantly enhanced both the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) without compromising the ductility achieved after FSP. By applying the strengthening model, the YS contributions of the main strengthening mechanisms in the Al matrix and Si phase at different processing stages are quantitatively analyzed. The estimated YS values are in good agreement with the experimentally measured values.

Direct synthesis of nanostructured TiO2 from inorganic metal salt for heterogeneous photocatalysis

Nowadays there is a great concern about the energy crisis and environmental pollution worldwide. As a result, advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) have been studied and used to degrade organic and recalcitrant compounds. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most used for heterogeneous photocatalysis. In general, the TiO2 synthesis by organic routes needs a subsequent heat treatment to eliminate volatile compounds and to obtain the desirable photocatalytic phase. In this work, for the first time, the inorganic synthesis of TiO2 NPs using simple reagents and water was performed in a one-pot reaction and without further heat treatment in order to obtain a photocatalytic semiconductor. A 23 factorial design was used to evaluate the factors (independent variables) that influence the synthesis via controlled precipitation, that is, pH (2 and 8), temperature (25 and 50 °C), and reaction time (5 and 30 min). The NPs were characterized by XRD, FTIR, DTA/TG, BET/BJH techniques, and their photocatalytic performance was determined as the discoloration of methylene blue dye to show the potential degradation of organic matter. The photoactivity of NPs was measured for methylene blue dye decolorization under ultraviolet radiation (UVA, 360 nm). The XRD analysis showed anatase as the only phase for all samples. Ti-O-Ti bonds were observed by infrared analysis (FTIR) and the specific surface area of the samples, determined by N2 adsorption (BET), were 112–118 m2/g, double to that of P25 Evonik (SSA = 50 m2/g). The mass loss was 15–45% due to the presence of water in the samples. However, the non-calcined TiO2 NPs presented 90% degradation of the methylene blue dye (4 ppm) after 3 h under UV radiation (360 nm), showing that the post heat treatment is not necessary for photocatalytic performance. The rate constant for all samples were near 0.0133 min−1. The nanoparticles synthesized via controlled precipitation using a metal salt and ammonium hydroxide proved to be a viable and promising route, because there is no need of a subsequent heat treatment. The route is a fast, one-pot method to obtain photocatalytic TiO2 NPs using simple salts as precursors and water as solvent, without further heat treatment, for the degradation of organic matter.

Enhanced low cycle fatigue properties of selective laser melting Ti–6Al–4V with fine-tuned composition and optimized microstructure

Improving the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) properties of additively manufactured Ti–5.6Al–3.8V alloy is critical in ensuring its service safety and represents a significant research challenge. This work discusses a solution that optimizes the alloy's microstructure and ductility by precisely controlling the over-saturated strengthening elements and heat treatment. This was accomplished using selective laser melting (SLM), heat treatment at 800 °C for 2 h, and furnace cooling on a Ti–5.6Al–3.8V alloy with tightly controlled Al, V, and O concentrations in a lower range. The results showed that the SLM-fabricated Ti–5.6Al–3.8V alloy, post-heat treatment, exhibited α laths with a width of ∼1.4 μm and β columnar grains with a diameter of ∼126 μm, without experiencing coarsening or variant selection phenomena. The alloy balanced strength and ductility post-heat treatment with a UTS of 1015 MPa and an EL of 16.5% relative to the as-deposited state (UTS of 1199 MPa and EL of 11.9%). Notably, the LCF properties of the heat-treated SLM Ti–5.6Al–3.8V alloy are superior to those of other Ti–6Al–4V alloys produced by additive manufacturing and comparable to traditional forgings. At high strain amplitudes (1–1.5%), the fatigue life of this alloy was twice that of the Ti–6Al–4V forgings. Furthermore, we comprehensively analyzed the microstructure, strength, and ductility of the SLM Ti–5.6Al–3.8V alloy to elucidate the factors influencing its LCF properties. These findings provide a solid foundation for improving the LCF properties of additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V alloy, thereby contributing to its safe and reliable use in critical applications.

Effect of in-situ rolling and heat treatment on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of wire-arc additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Post-heat treatment and in-situ rolling, both can be used to improve the coarse grains and anisotropy that are prevalent in metallic materials, fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). In this study, the effect of in-situ rolling and heat treatment on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion behaviors of WAAM 316L was investigated. The results showed that the microstructure of WAAM 316L changed considerably due to the introduction of rolling deformation, as it was observed that the ferrite was distributed in a reticulated or equiaxed morphology instead of dendritic distribution, columnar grains were found to be engulfed, while a large number of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) with high dislocation density were introduced. After heat treatment at 650 °C, there was no significant change in grain morphology, ferrite gradually transformed into σ phase, the tensile strength increased, yield strength and elongation decreased. After heat treatment above 1000 °C, the strength and ductility of the rolled WAAM 316L were higher than those of the unrolled WAAM 316L. As the heat treatment temperature increased, the corrosion resistance first decreased and then increased. In-situ rolling resulted in a decrease in the corrosion current density of the steel and also reduced the stability of the passive film.

The corrosion resistance of dental Ti6Al4V with differing microstructures in oral environments

The impact of the microstructural properties of a Ti6Al4V alloy on its electrochemical properties, as well as the effect of the α- and β-phases present within it, is still unclear. With the introduction of new, emerging technologies, such as selective laser melting and post heat treatments, the effect of the microstructure on an alloy's corrosion properties has become increasingly interesting from a scientific perspective. When these alloys are produced through different methods, despite an identical chemical composition they have diverse microstructures, and consequently display varying resistance to corrosion. In the present research study, Ti–6Al–4V alloy specimens produced by three different processes, leading to the formation of three different microstructures were investigated: heat treated specimen fabricated by selective laser melting, wrought and cast specimens. The impact of the microstructure of these alloys when immersed in artificial saliva was studied through the use of various electrochemical techniques, by microscopical examinations, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Corrosion properties were investigated by the measurement of open circuit potential, linear polarization, and potentiodynamic curve measurements followed by microscopical examinations, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry examination was conducted to reveal spatial distribution of alloying species on oxide film. It was found that the difference between specimens containing an α+β microstructure was small and not dependent on the aspect ratio of the β-phase, alloy grain size, and vanadium partitioning coefficient, but rather on the size, shape, and content of this phase.

In-situ spark plasma sintering behavior of La2O3–Y2O3 co-doped AlON ceramics: An attempt to prevent carbon contamination

Un-doped and La2O3–Y2O3 co-doped Aluminum oxynitride (AlON) ceramics were fabricated by reactive spark plasma sintering method (R–SPS) by using Al2O3 and AlN as starting powders with a composition of 70 mol% and 30 mol%, respectively. The effects of co-doping system on densification, microstructure, mechanical properties and optical transmittance of AlON ceramics were investigated. X-ray analysis confirmed the fully transformation of γ-AlON phase for all compositions prepared at 1650 °C in 30 min under 40 MPa under nitrogen. The results indicated that 0.02 wt% La2O3+0.08 wt% Y2O3 added composition had the optimal combination of sintering additives. In an attempt to reduce the graphite contamination, the powder mixture was encapsulated in a Nb-coated graphite foil before subjecting to SPS. Nb-coated graphite foil encapsulated sample was found to reduce carbon contamination leading to high densification (99.6 %) and high transmission (∼81 % at 2500 nm). This study demonstrated that optical transmittance of R-SPSed AlON ceramics is significantly improved without any post-heat treatment by using Nb-coated graphite foil during SPS processing.

Effect of post-heat treatment on the microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of laser powder bed fused Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Si–Zr–Er alloys

Three different post-heat treatments, including direct aging (DA), solution heat treatment + precipitate hardening (T6), and retrogression and re-ageing (RRA), were carried out on a Si–Zr–Er modified Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy, which is manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The results show that direct aging maintains the cellular structure of the as-printed (AP) alloy, while T6 and RRA promoted the damage and decomposition of the cellular structure. The size of the primary Al3(Er,Zr) phase increased after heat treatment, and secondary Al3(Er,Zr) phases were uniformly distributed in the matrix with a size of 5–20 nm. The Mg2Si phase in the DA alloy was a long strip pattern, but uniformly distributed in the T6 and RRA alloy. The ultimate tensile strength of the AP, DA, T6, and RRA alloys reached 468, 474, 389, and 354 MPa, respectively. The size, shape, and distribution of the Al3(Er,Zr) and Mg2Si phases have a significant impact on their corrosion resistance, with the latter having a stronger effect. To sum up, the strength of the DA alloy is increased, but its corrosion performance is decreased with heat treatment. On the other hand, the strength of the T6 and RRA alloys is somewhat sacrificed, but their plasticity and corrosion resistance are significantly enhanced.

Photovoltaic performance of magnetron sputtered antimony selenide thin film solar cells buffered by cadmium sulfide and cadmium sulfide /zinc sulfide

Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3)-based thin-film solar cells have recently attracted worldwide attention as an abundant, low-cost, and efficient photovoltaic technology. The highest efficiencies recorded for Sb2Se3 solar cells have been obtained using cadmium sulfide (CdS) as a buffer layer. The Cd-included hybrid buffer layers could be one option to increase device efficiency through more effective usage of light. Therefore, in this work, the effect of single CdS and hybrid CdS/zinc sulfide (ZnS) buffer layers on the photovoltaic performance of Sb2Se3 thin-film solar cells has been investigated in detail. Sb2Se3 thin films have been deposited on molybdenum (Mo)-coated soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique followed by a post-heat treatment process. The morphological, and structural properties of Sb2Se3 thin films have been investigated by X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. To compare the device performances of single CdS and hybrid CdS/ZnS buffered Sb2Se3 thin-film solar cells, SLG/Mo/Sb2Se3/CdS/ZnS/indium tin oxide (ITO) and SLG/Mo/Sb2Se3/CdS/ITO structures have been fabricated. The findings of this study have revealed a reduction in solar cells’ performance from η=3.93% for CdS buffer to η=0.13% for CdS/ZnS hybrid buffer. The change in the solar cell performance using the CdS/ZnS hybrid buffer has been discussed in detail.

Effect of laser power and heat treatment on microstructures and tensile properties of LPBF fabricated Hastelloy X superalloy

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technic is suitable for manufacturing metal parts with complex shapes and internal channels. The energy input and post heat treatment have great influence on the formability, microstructure and properties of the metallic materials. In this work, Hastelloy X superalloy is fabricated by LPBF with a variation of laser power, and then post-treated by hot isostatic pressing and solution treatment. Influences of laser power and heat treatment on microstructure features of as-built sample are evaluated. The correlation among laser power, microstructure features and tensile properties of heat-treated samples are revealed. The results reveal that average grain size, aspect ratio, texture intensity increases while the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries decreases with the increase of laser power. Precipitates of Cr-rich carbides along grain boundary are observed after post heat treatment. Post-treatment promotes the twinned recrystallization, grain coarsening and texture degradation. Yield strength increases while tensile strength decreases with the increase in laser power. The higher vertical yield strength of sample with laser power of 320 W could be attributed to its larger aspect ratio and more twin boundaries. 280 W is the preferred laser power to obtain the best overall tensile properties. This study is helpful for the exploration of optimal LPBF process and post heat treatment, by which Ni-based superalloys with a good balance between strength and ductility can be produced.

이종금속 용접에 사용되는 ER309L 용접금속의 기계적 성질에 미치는 후열처리의 영향

STS309(L) is widely used as a welding material for dissimilar welding of carbon steel and stainless steel. In general, austenitic stainless steel does not perform post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) to relieve thermal stress even after welding due to a sensitization. However, in the case of dissimilar joints between carbon steel and stainless steel, PWHT is often performed to relieve the thermal stress resulting from welding in carbon steel. Nevertheless, the stainless steel side may be subjected to heat treatment during PWH, leading to a deterioration in the mechanical properties of the stainless steel. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of PWHT duration on the ferrite volume fraction, ferrite number, and mechanical properties. Through this, we aimed to determine the maximum post-heat treatment duration. The chemical composition did not change with an increase in the post-heat treatment time; however, the elongation and ferrite number decreased, and the tensile strength increased.

Reduction of ASZ size and enhancement of mechanical properties of TLP bonded IN718 joint using post bond heat treatment process

Reduction of ASZ size and enhancement of mechanical properties of TLP bonded IN718 joint using post bond heat treatment process

Achieving superior strength and elongation from electrically assisted pressure joining of medium entropy alloy and Ti-6Al-4V

In the present study, two dissimilar alloys (Ti-6Al-4V and NbTiZr(MoTa)0.1) are joined using electrically-assisted pressure joining. This joining technique can produce components with superior mechanical properties (with a yield strength of ∼980 MPa and elongation of ∼10.5%), ensuring optimal performance under severe operating conditions. A detailed analysis of the joined interface related to phase analysis and mechanical mapping elaborated a strong joint having a high yield strength without any post-heat treatment. The findings of the present study contribute to the broader field of dissimilar metal joining and can serve as a reference for future research and development in the aerospace industry. This study demonstrates the feasibility of achieving strong and ductile solid-state joints between dissimilar alloys.