Post-construction Stage Research Articles

Supervised learning to covering cost risk through post-construction evaluation of transportation projects by project delivery methods

PurposeThe main objectives of this study are to (1) develop and test a cost contingency learning model that can generalize initially estimated contingency amounts by analyzing back the multiple project changes experienced and (2) uncover the hidden link of the learning networks using a curve-fitting technique for the post-construction evaluation of cost contingency amounts to cover cost risk for future projects.Design/methodology/approachBased on a total of 1,434 datapoints collected from DBB and DB transportation projects, a post-construction cost contingency learning model was developed using feedforward neural networks (FNNs). The developed model generalizes cost contingencies under two different project delivery methods (i.e. DBB and DB). The learning outputs of generalized contingency amounts were curve-fitted with the post-construction schedule and cost information, specifically aiming at uncovering the hidden link of the FNNs. Two different bridge projects completed under DBB and DB were employed as illustrative examples to demonstrate how the proposed modeling framework could be implemented.FindingsWith zero or negative values of change growth experienced, it was concluded that cost contingencies were overallocated at the contract stage. On the other hand, with positive values of change growth experienced, it was evaluated that set cost contingencies were insufficient from the post-construction standpoint. Taken together, this study proposed a tangible post-construction evaluation technique that can produce not only the plausible ranges of cost contingencies but also the exact amounts of contingency under DBB and DB contracts.Originality/valueAs the first of its kind, the proposed modeling framework provides agency engineers and decision-makers with tangible assessments of cost contingency coupled with experienced risks at the post-construction stage. Use of the proposed model will help them evaluate the allocation of appropriate contingency amounts. If an agency allocates a cost contingency benchmarked from similar projects on aspects of the base estimate and experienced risks, a set contingency can be defended more reliably. The main findings of this study contribute to post-construction cost contingency verification, enabling agency engineers and decision-makers to systematically evaluate set cost contingencies during the post-construction assessment stage and achieving further any enhanced level of confidence for future cost contingency plans.

Bridge Approach Model with Precast Concrete-cell Box Structure to Overcome Differential Settlement

The bridge approach road embankment has a very important role as a link between the road and the bridge. In the post-construction stage, there are many cases of bridge approach road embankments, especially those with high elevations, potentially experiencing differential settlement. To overcome this, an analysis and planning study was carried out in increasing stability and overcoming the differential decline that occurred in the bridge approach road structure, especially in the approach slab structure with the end of the bridge. So that a bridge approach road model was developed as a substitute for the mass of soil embankment by conducting experiments and making a prototype of the Precast Concrete-cell Box structure model, which was given the maximum repetition and gradual plan load. While the method used in this research is the prototype model method, by conducting loading and settlement experiments on the bridge approach, especially on the approach slab. Furthermore, analysis and simulation are carried out under the condition of reaction force and maximum loading. From the results of the analysis, in the loading test of 2,761.00 kg, 2,717.00 kg 2,974.00 kg on the prototype model, the value of the decrease in LVDT 1-2-3 was 0.00 mm, the loading test of 3,956.00 kg and 3,887.00 kg obtained the value of the decrease in LVDT 1 and LVDT 3 of 0.00 mm and LVDT 2 obtained a decrease value of -0.01 mm which indicates a bending / deflection occurs in the approach slab structure, but it is still safe and no structure is required..

THE EFFECTIVE PROJECT MANAGEMENT APPROACH TOWARDS MINIMISING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

One factor in a nation’s successful economic growth and social well-being is the construction industry. Regrettably, the construction industry is also associated with a range of environmental impacts, including air pollution, noise pollution, soil contamination, and other related problems. The construction activities will have a detrimental environmental effect, significantly impacting the comfort and quality of life of individuals, particularly in urban regions like Klang Valey, Malaysia, where the pace of development is very rapid. However, project management approaches in construction projects can efficiently reduce adverse environmental impacts. Nevertheless, the adoption of project management approaches in construction projects, particularly in medium to small scale ones, remains significantly low. Although the use of project management has numerous advantages, it also presents significant hurdles for construction professionals in efficiently incorporating it into their professions, particularly in Klang Valley. Therefore, this research study aims to assess the level of comprehension among construction industry players in the Klang Valley regarding the environmental impact of construction activities. It also seeks to identify the challenges they face in implementing effective project management in construction projects and determine the most efficient approach to implement project management from the pre-construction stage to the post-construction stage, with the goal of minimising environmental impacts. Interviews were conducted with seven experienced experts who specialise in diverse construction projects. The findings indicated that they aware of the advantages, but they faced major hurdles in putting those advantages into action. Despite their awareness of the advantages, they were unable to successfully implement them.

Water infrastructure sustainability in Nigeria: a systematic review of challenges and sustainable solutions

Abstract Using the PRISMA method, this systematic literature review synthesized findings from 15 studies to elucidate the key factors contributing to water infrastructure failure in Nigeria and propose evidence-based sustainable solutions. The study identified technical, financial, environmental, social, political, and institutional factors as predominant challenges in achieving water infrastructure sustainability. In response to these challenges, the researcher proposes a comprehensive ‘Sustainability Framework for Water Infrastructure’. This framework is designed to guide every stage of water infrastructure development, starting from pre-construction with an emphasis on inclusive project planning, followed by the construction phase where suitable techniques are utilized, and extending to the post-construction stage, focusing on efficient monitoring and management mechanisms. The study highlights the complexity of water infrastructure sustainability in Nigeria and underscores the urgent need for a structured and comprehensive approach to address this pressing issue.

Analysis of Risk Components of Building Construction Projects in Construction Companies: Case Study of Projects in Jabodetabek

Risk management is very important for a construction company to carry out all company activities and especially to run a construction project. As is known, the project is carried out through stages in which it is very loaded with unwanted events, ranging from the tender process to get the project, the design stage, the pre-construction stage, the construction stage, and the post-construction stage. It is determined that risk categories are divided into operational; Financial; legal; & marketing. Causative factors consist of external; legal; human; process; & system. Areas of cause determined: design &; marketing; legal; implementation; therapy. Risk treatment strategies are determined: eliminating sources of risk; maintaining risk with the right decision; changing the possibilities; and Changing consequences. Based on secondary data obtained on seven projects that have been completed in the Jabodetabek area by one of the construction companies in Indonesia, qualitatively it was found that operational risk occupies the top position, the category that most often arises unwanted events. Process factors are the highest factors as the cause of an unwanted event. Process factors are the highest factors as the cause of an unwanted event. Then the construction period is the highest area, and often an unwanted event occurs. Naturally, the construction period has the longest duration compared to other stages. It further eliminates sources of risk, transforms consequences and turns possibilities into the most frequent ones in the process of managing risks in the project. Meanwhile, based on the level of risk identified from 38 risks that occurred in seven projects, the level of extreme risk occurred in as many as 10 events and as many as 19 events, then after follow-up, the level of extreme risk became as many as 2 events and high to 19 events, this indicates that these unwanted events affect the profit target of the project being worked on. Thus, ERM becomes very important for a construction company in order to achieve the company's goals and objectives and ERM is an important part of good corporate governance

Improvement of sound insulation on the modular housing

The modular construction method is an architectural technique in which buildings are produced in factories and then assembled on construction sites to complete the construction process. This method has two main advantages. First, since the construction takes place in factories, it can reduce construction waste. Second, it can shorten the construction period on the site. So there is considerable interest in using the modular construction method for the construction of residential buildings. In this study, the purpose of the modular construction method in the case of residential buildings is to improve the indoor sound insulation. For this purpose, first, the sound insulation performance of the walls and floor structures has been predicted through simulations at the design stage. Second, the sound insulation performance of the walls and floor structures has been measured using mock-ups in the factory and compared with the simulation results. Third, the sound insulation performance of the walls and floor structures in the actual completed building has been measured and compared with the performance of the simulations and mock-ups. As a result, we have compared the performance of modular construction from the design stage to the completion of the building. Through this process, we have presented procedures for improving the sound insulation performance of the building and quality management, from the design phase to the post-construction stage.

Hysteresis and streamflow-sediment relations across the pre-to-post dam construction continuum in a highly regulated transboundary Himalayan River basin

Worldwide more than 16 million reservoirs of dams have trapped 65 Gt of fluvial sediment each year, affecting river ecosystems and human livelihoods. It is important to understand the effect of dam construction and possible shifts in hydrologic regimes. This study aims to create a conceptual framework to explore the interdependent streamflow and suspended sediment load (SSL-Q) shifts across the natural-to-post dam construction continuum in a transboundary Himalayan river basin. We study the sediment supply, erosivity, and hysteresis for sediment provenance and transportation to answer whether the changing patterns of the SSL-Q relationships can explain the cascading effects from natural to operational dam phases during the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. Results indicate the disruptive effect of dam construction on increasing sediment loads. Such effect contrasts with the sediment trapping in the post-construction stage, which is exacerbated during the non-monsoon season. However, during the monsoon season, dam-released sediment-starved streamflow leads to increased erosion in the basin. Natural and dam-construction hysteresis evidenced an anticlockwise and clockwise figure-eight pattern with variability in SSL-Q scattering, respectively. The regime shift responds to the underlying processes that the natural sediment regime shifted to sediment-surplus and sediment-deficit conditions during the construction and post-construction phases, respectively. In the post-construction phase, the relationship between streamflow and SSL-Q creates a quasi-linear hysteresis pattern, implying that the dam-controlled discharge altered the carrying capacity in the basin. These patterns can help build resilience in systems affected by the increase in dam construction and the inherent hydropower demand.

A conceptual framework for integrating QSHE in construction

Construction accidents become catastrophic in infrastructure development. Evidence shows that quality failures such as system, services, procedural, materials, equipment, and human failures within the business process of project delivery systems are contributing causes of construction accidents that negatively impact worker safety, public safety, building/asset, and environmental safety. The standardized quality management systems and safety management systems in construction are fragmented. The Indonesian authorities have integrated the Quality Safety Health and Environment (QSHE) management system since 2018, but the implementation of the integrated QSHE system is still questionable. This paper aims to propose a framework and methodology for integrating QSHE implementation. The framework is based on the literature review of international standards and the UK Construction Design & Management Regulation. This proposal is a part of research currently formulated to develop an operating system to integrate quality and construction safety best practices in the project delivery systems. This paper addresses the quality management framework, safety management framework and, the proposed conceptual framework for integrating quality and safety management systems. The development of an integrated QSHE management system has the potential to save resources and eliminate redundancy significantly. Thus, an organization’s net production, profitability, and efficiency can significantly be increased. The results of this paper are 51 key points that are needed for integrating QSHE in construction projects. In the pre-construction stage, there are 24 key points, which are the largest portion. During the construction stage, there are 19 key points, and during the post-construction stage, there are 8 key points. So, it is very important to carry out the QSHE integration during the pre-construction stage to minimize the defects and accidents in construction projects.

Analisis Program Sanitasi Pedesaan dalam Pemanfaatan Jamban di Desa Simpang Lancang Kabupaten bener Meriah

<em>Community understanding of clean and healthy living behavior is still lacking, especially in the use of latrines. The research objective was to analyze rural sanitation programs in the use of latrines in Simpang Lancang Village, Bener Meriah Regency. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with a case study design. There were 9 research informants. Data collection techniques with interviews, observation, and visual images. The research results obtained are the community's seriousness in planning the construction of quality, sustainable, and environmentally sound sanitation infrastructure and facilities as well as increasing public awareness of Clean and Healthy Behavior (PHBS). The conclusion of the research is that the rural sanitation program has succeeded in making use of latrines in the village through several important stages of activity starting from the preparation stage, the construction implementation stage, and the post-construction stage. The recommendation of this research is that it is hoped that there will be continuity of programs in the same or other similar forms that are community-based in order to improve public health status</em>

Energy optimization based on project life cycle (PLC): a literature review

The occurrence of global climate change is caused by the rising temperature of the earth as a result of high CO2 emissions due to excessive energy consumption in the construction sector. Energy consumption in construction activities starts from the pre-construction stage, then the construction stage and finally the post-construction stage. This study aims to find assessment indicators in reducing energy consumption based on literature studies within the scope of the project life cycle (PLC). The method applied here is a qualitative approach by identifying and reviewing some of the literature on reducing energy consumption in construction projects. The literature study found that there are 5 parts in the building life cycle that can be used to identify sources of energy consumption in construction projects, namely the building materials production stage, the construction process, the building use stage, the end of the building's life and disassembly stage. We identified that there are 3 stages of energy calculation in buildings, namely the stages of Manifest Energy, Operational Energy and Demolition Energy. We find that optimizing indirect energy at the production and planning stage has a significant impact on reducing energy consumption at a later stage through building policy and design. While direct energy optimization can be carried out at the construction and operation stages through energy efficiency in each activity.

Assessment of quantity surveyor’s perception on risk management practice in construction projects in Ebonyi state

The roles of Quantity Surveyors, who are the construction economists is to support cost effectiveness of construction projects planning through the pre-construction stage to post construction stage of projects. Despite being recognized as a professional discipline, Quantity Surveyors are not immune to the threats and risks in their operating environment. Consequence of which when poorly managed may be detrimental to Quantity Surveying practice and overall performance of construction project. Therefore, the study assesses the risk management techniques of the Quantity Surveyors in construction projects with a view of enhancing a better performance in project delivery. The construction industry is subject to more risk than any other industry. Risk management has become an integral process in managing construction projects. To complete most construction project on time, minimizing cost and wastages proper risk management techniques must be employed. Some authors of journals, conferences, text written by professional were consulted and datas were collected with the aid of well-structured questionnaires administered to forty six (46) respondents. The data generated were further analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as percentages, frequencies and mean index score (MIS). The research findings identified that most Quantity Surveyors understand and practice risks management in construction industry while very few practice it unknowingly (i.e they do not really understand it) financial, design and physical risk were discovered as some of the most sources of risk in construction projects. Also risk reduction is most popular among the professional Quantity Surveyors as methods and tools for managing and mitigating risks respectively in construction projects. The study concludes that the most sources of risk in construction project delivery often experienced by the Quantity surveyors are financial and design risks. The recommendations suggest that the client should consult competent and qualified professional Quantity Surveyors from the early stage through the completion stage of a construction project. The professional Quantity Surveyors should continue to acquire new skills through training and retraining to meet the changing nature of construction environment.

Effects of forest ropeway construction on bird diversity and its seed dispersal mutualism for endangered Taxus chinensis, southeast China

The mechanism by which different types of human disturbance (fragmentation, urbanization, hunting, and selective logging) affect bird seed dispersal is well established. However, knowledge about how seed dispersal responds to forest ropeway development is still unknown. Here, we studied the influence of the forest ropeway construction, ranging from the pre-construction to the post-construction stage, including the construction stage, on bird diversity and its seed dispersal mutualism for endangered Chinese yew, Taxus chinensis. Our results first showed how bird diversity response to the disturbance of ropeway construction. Species number and Shannon-Wiener diversity decreased from pre-construction to construction stage, and then increased in the post-construction stage. Body size was an important indicator to explore the foraging pattern of birds across all stages. Furthermore, the network in three stage showed a random structure with a high connectivity and low specialization. Moreover, weak value of species degree, species strength and partner diversity was found in the construction stage. Most importantly, Hypsipetes leucocephalus was the most important disperser species in the whole stage due to its high value of species strength. Our results fills important gaps in our identification of how bird diversity and its seed dispersal mutualism response to the disturbance of forest tourism development. Our study also has relevant implications for the conservation of these increasingly disturbed ecosystems

Prediction of Post-Construction Settlement of Road Embankment on Soft Soil Deposits

Organic soils are often considered problematic soils around the world due to several reasons. Excessive settlement is one of the main concerns when constructing infrastructure on soft grounds with organic soil deposits. Ground improvement is mainly carried out on the sub surfaces that lack the strength and stability to bear the structure to be constructed and undergo large settlement during operation. Different soft-ground treatment methods must be applied based on the soil properties to reduce the expected settlements during construction and operation periods. In this context, it is essential to know the behaviour of the subsurface after the ground improvement process. This study mainly investigates the accuracy of the settlement prediction methods during the post-construction stage of the Colombo-Katunayake Expressway Project in Sri Lanka. Settlement prediction was done for the Defect Liability Period using the hyperbolic method, the Mesri method and the Ladd method. A comparison of the predicted settlement with the measured field settlement was done to assess the accuracy of the settlement prediction methods. The comparison showed that the hyperbolic method was more accurate and convenient for predicting the settlement of the embankment. KEYWORDS: Soft ground treatment methods; Preloading; consolidation settlement; Asaoka method; hyperbolic method

Green Building Construction: A Systematic Review of BIM Utilization

As a multi-function method, Building Information Modeling (BIM) can assist construction organizations in improving their project’s quality, optimize collaboration efficiency, and reduce construction periods and expenditure. Given the distinguished contributions of BIM utilization, there is a trend that BIM has significant potential to be utilized in the construction phase of green buildings. Compared with traditional buildings, green buildings have more stringent requirements, including environmental protection, saving energy, and residents’ comfort. Although BIM is deemed an effective method to achieve the abovementioned requirements in the construction process of green buildings, there are few systematic reviews that explore the capabilities of BIM in the construction phase of green buildings. This has hindered the utilization of BIM in the construction of green buildings. To bridge this research gap and review the latest BIM capabilities, this study was developed to perform a systematic review of the BIM capabilities in the construction phase of green buildings. In this systematic review, the PRISMA protocol has been used as the primary procedure for article screening and review. The entire systematic review was performed from January 2022 to April 2022. In this process, 165 articles were included, reviewed, and discussed. Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus were adopted as the databases. Through this systematic review, it can be identified that BIM capabilities have significant advantages in project quality improvement, lifecycle data storage and management, collaboration optimization, planning, and schedule management optimization in the construction phase of green buildings. Through the discussion, it can be concluded that BIM utilization can be adopted from the pre-construction phase to the post-construction stage in the green building construction process. Besides these, the barriers to BIM utilization in the green building construction phase are also revealed in the discussion section, including the non-uniform data format, insufficient interactivity, ambiguous ownership, insufficient BIM training, and hesitation toward BIM adoption. Moreover, the challenges and future directions of BIM utilization in green building construction are identified. The findings of this study can facilitate construction personnel to be acquainted with BIM capabilities in the construction of green buildings to promote the utilization and optimization of BIM capabilities in the green building construction process.

Effect of Column Shortening in Tall Structure

In our country population growth increses day by day, increase in the land costs to satisfy large population specially in urban cities have made a door for construction of tall buildings. To economize land area, building height increased & the construction of reinforced cement concrete structure increases, during which shortening of column is reported which is become more significant with increase in height and impact the strength design and serviceability of the building. If column shortening is not addressed properly, it can impact the serviceability of the building as it impact on structural and non structural elements. So study of shortening of column in tall structure is importanat. In this paper the effect of column shortening in tall structure, in post construction stage analysis in which all loads applied in a single step, construction stage analysis and construction stage with time dependent effect analysis in which dead load, live load are released on building gradually as the construction progresses is carried on different strucutural system like frame, frame-shear wall and tube in tube system using ETABS software. In the analysis dead load, live load, lateral load due to wind load, earthquake load should be considered. The result obtained from this study gives idea about effect of column shortening in different method of analysis with different structural system and varying height of the structure.

Impact of urban railway announcements on housing market: Preponderance of pre-construction and post-construction phase effect of urban railway projects

The increasing concerns arising from measuring the effect of metro railway line projects on the sale prices of surrounding housing within urban spaces have been addressed in a vast number of related studies. However, potential changes in these effects with regard to short-run and long-run equilibriums have not been studied satisfactorily in developing countries. Therefore, this paper measures the effect of metro railway line investments on housing sale prices with respect to two different stages of related projects: pre-construction stage and post-construction stage, in two similar study areas in İstanbul, Turkey. The prices of houses are modeled using hedonic price models. The results indicate that housing sale prices before construction (announcement) of the metro railway line projects increase almost twofold after construction. In addition, the paper employs a before and after analysis to measure the effect of the different stages of metro railway line investments on housing sale prices. The results reveal that the average price increase of a housing unit in the pre-construction phase of the metro railway line project is 86,756.37 TL greater than the average price increase in the post-construction phase. Thus, the validity of the speculated effect of such urban railway investments on housing sale prices is justified.

Effects of multifunctional weir construction on key water quality indicators: a case study in Nakdong River, Korea

In this study, changes in water quality characteristics were compared before and after the construction of eight multifunctional weirs in the Nakdong River Basin in South Korea. A cluster analysis of spatial variation showed that the locations classified as Cluster 1 pre-construction (sites ND7 and ND8) shifted into Cluster 2 post-construction, indicating that spatial cluster types changed after the construction of multifunctional weirs. Principal component and factor analyses revealed that nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients at the pre-construction stage (total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and phosphate-phosphorus) and electrical conductivity were extracted in principal component 1, while biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, pH, and chlorophyll-a were extracted in principal component 2. However, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and chlorophyll-a at the post-construction stage were extracted in principal component 1, while total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen were extracted in principal component 2. The key water quality indicators transitioned from nutrients to organic pollutants after the construction of the multifunctional weirs. A water quality trend analysis with seasonal Mann–Kendall testing and locally weighted scatter plot smoothing methods showed that organic pollutant indicators such as chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon tended to increase after the construction of multifunctional weirs. Therefore, the key quality indicators for water quality improvement and management should be chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon.

Analisis Biaya Pemeliharaan Bangunan Gedung Dengan Konsep Green building Dan Bangunan Gedung Dengan Konsep Non Green building

The concept of green building must also consider the cost of building maintenance in the post-construction stage so as not to reduce the large company costs each year. Green building is defined as a high-performance building that is made environmentally friendly, economically beneficial and healthy for life and workplace. This study intends to analyze the cost of building maintenance using the concept of green building non-green building. The data used in this study is the data on the maintenance costs of green buildings and non-green buildings. This data was taken by surveying the building management directly. Based on the analysis, the difference in the cost of maintaining green buildings and non-green buildings is Rp 10,283.22/m2/year. Based on the calculation, the maintenance costs of green building and non-green building still conform the standards of the Minister of Public Works Regulation and the standard of the Minister of Finance Regulation.

Building Operation and Maintenance: A Framework for Simplified Building Information Modeling (BIM) Digital Mobile Application

Managing maintenance cost data is one of the issues due to difficulties in identifying the accurate cost for maintenance and repair of specific components. This is because of the accounting systems used by majority of building managers. The introduction of Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a tool for facilitating information and knowledge sharing through digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility has seen wide application in the construction industry, spanning over the entire life cycle of a facility, i.e., planning, design, pre-construction, construction and post-construction. In post-construction stage, BIM is used for transferring the data of building (spaces, systems and components) into maintenance management operations, keeping track of building assets, and enable scheduled maintenance and provides information of building maintenance history. However, the current BIM rather complex and requires a huge amount of data to develop, which make the system is difficult to adopt for the existing buildings. This study therefore aims to investigate the implementation of BIM for Operation and Maintenance Management (O&M) in Malaysia by identifying the information that should be prioritized to enable BIM mobile application at O&M phase. The study makes used of qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. Three (3) rounds of expert discussion using Delphi techniques were carried out with 10 to 15 selected respondents (experts in O&M and BIM). The framework validated by a case study via on-site data collection, which used site measurement, building modelling using appropriate software i.e., Revit and AutoCAD. Most of the experts agreed that technology could improve the efficiency of service delivery and interested in implementing BIM in O&M practices. Simplified BIM for O&M that consists of the critical information includes location, dimension asset information, asset capacity, specification, manufacturer, statutory, condition and cost was developed. For the O&M element and items, information varies and can be modified according to the needs. All this information was systematically organized in a data matrix. A simplified BIM model has been developed to demonstrate how the information is stored, shared, and utilised. Majority of the stakeholders agreed that the Simplified BIM system is useful, flexible, least complex, and effective in managing and monitoring maintenance operations of their building.

Surface settlement in saturated loess stratum during shield construction: Numerical modeling and sensitivity analysis

During shield construction of Xi'an metro, saturated loess stratum with loose soil structure and poor engineering properties is often encountered, which is prone to cause excessive surface settlement (SS) and risk to the safety of upper infrastructures. Six factors that affect SS during shield construction and post-construction stages in Xi’an metro were focused, including shield tail grouting pressure ratio δ, eccentric over-excavation ratio α, groundwater decline, shield earth chamber pressure λ, shield tail grout filling ratio ξ, and leakage position of lining. According to Peck's formula, two characteristic parameters of SS were defined, i.e., maximum surface settlement (MSS) and settlement trough width (STW). Based on the Biot's theory, the computation of fluid–solid coupling during shield construction in saturated loess stratum was realized. Local sensitivity analysis indicates that SS of saturated loess stratum is more sensitive to shield tail grout filling ratio, eccentric over-excavation ratio, groundwater decline and grouting pressure ratio. In order to reduce the SS and its influence range, the following standards should be satisfied, i.e., ξ > 60%, α ≤ 0.5%, 1.0 ≤ δ ≤ 1.1 and 0.9 ≤ λ < 1.6. Moreover, in the post-construction stage, the closer the leakage position to the bottom of the tunnel, the greater the induced MSS and the wider the STW, and waterproofing measures for the lining near the bottom plate should be taken to ensure that the relative permeability coefficient of the lining β ≤ 0.001. The groundwater level should also be maintained in the overlying stratum.