Post-branchial Blood Research Articles

The respiratory and cardiovascular changes associated with the emersion response ofCarcinus maenas (L.) during environmental hypoxia, at three different temperatures

1. When exposed to progressive hypoxia in shallow seawater,Carcinus maenas partially emerged into air and aerated its branchial chambers by reversing the direction of their irrigation. Emersion took place at a meanPI, O2 of 18 mm Hg at 6 °C, 21 mm Hg at 12 °C and 59 mm Hg at 17 °C. 2. At low oxygen tensions submerged crabs underwent a progressive bradycardia. Heart rate first became significantly lower than the rate in normoxia below aPI O2 of 30 mm Hg at 6 °C, 40 mm Hg at 12 °C and below 60 mm Hg at 17 °C. The proportion of total time spent irrigating the gills in a reversed direction increased in hypoxic seawater (PI, O2< 50 mm Hg), but respiratory rate was unchanged. 3. Emersion into air always occurred during a reversal of irrigation and was accompanied by prolonged reversals, with consequent aeration of the branchial chambers, and by an immediate and maintained tachycardia back towards the rate in normoxic seawater. Crabs emerging into a hypoxic atmosphere (\(P_{O_2 } \) < 10mm Hg) showed neither a maintained reversal of irrigation nor a maintained tachycardia. 4. The oxygen tension of the postbranchial blood (Pa,O2) was 94 mm Hg in crabs submerged in normoxic seawater (PI,O2 146 mm Hg) at 12 ° C. During progressive hypoxiaPa, O2 fell in direct proportion to the drop inPI,O2. Emersion caused no significant increase inPa, O2. 5. The mean oxygen content of postbranchial blood (Ca, O2) was 0.96 vol. % at aPI,O2 of 145 mm Hg.Ca, O2 fell to 0.19 vol.-% in submerged crabs at a meanPI,O2 of 25 mm Hg but rose to 0.45 vol.-% following 10 min emersion into air at a meanPI, O2 of 22 mm Hg. 6. The results provide evidence of a respiratory role for the emersion response and also of an adaptive role for the high affinity of the blood pigment inCarcinus.

Comparison of ventilatory and circulatory flow rates between animals in various physiological conditions

When one has to compare in different animals or under different conditions the ventilatory flow rates of air or water, or the circulatory flow rates of blood, absolute values of air-, water- or blood flow rates becomes more meaningful when they are related to the flow rates per unit of oxygen consumed. These quantities are denned by the ratios air btps/o 2 stpd, w/o 2 and b/o 2 which can be called air-, water- and blood-convection requirements. Since an exact amount or mass of O 2 molecules is contained in a given stpd volume, these ratios have the dimension of volume of air btps, of water or of blood per unit quantity of O 2 molecules. Air-, water- and blood-convection requirements in different classes of warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates and in certain Crustacea and mollusks are compared as functions of the O 2 concentration of the inspired medium (water or air) or of the post-pulmonary or post-branchial blood or hemolymph. The relative ventilatory requirements vary in the proportion of 1 in air breathers to 30 in water breathers. The circulatory requirements also vary greatly with the blood's capacity to carry oxygen. Applications of this concept in comparative studies of ventilatory and circulatory activities are suggested.

Sampling blood from freely swimming fish.

ArticleSampling blood from freely swimming fish.W F GareyW F GareyPublished Online:01 Nov 1969https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.27.5.756MoreSectionsPDF (517 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat "Sampling blood from freely swimming fish.." Journal of Applied Physiology, 27(5), pp. 756–757 Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByUse of Online Microdialysis Sampling to Determine the in Vivo Rate of Phenol Glucuronidation in Rainbow Trout17 April 2008 | Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Vol. 36, No. 7Collection of Body FluidsDynamics of renal excretion of phenol and major metabolites in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 45, No. 4Respiratory–cardiovascular physiology and xenobiotic gill flux in the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Vol. 123, No. 1Respiratory-cardiovascular physiology and chloroethane gill flux in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatusJournal of Fish Biology, Vol. 44, No. 3Dual Cannulation of Free-Swimming Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salarCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 3Continuous Evaluation of In Fish: Recording and Data ProcessingJournal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 82, No. 1Drug Effects on Pre-and Post-branchial Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in a Free-swimming Marine Teleost, Gadus morhua 1Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 88, No. 4Blood lactate concentrations in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) before and after spawningComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 42, No. 4Circulatory Function of Pink Salmon at the Spawning Grounds25 February 2012 More from this issue > Volume 27Issue 5November 1969Pages 756-7 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.27.5.756PubMed5360460History Published online 1 November 1969 Published in print 1 November 1969 Metrics

Effect of temperature and hemoglobin concentration on solubility of O2 in blood.

Effect of temperature and hemoglobin concentration on solubility of O2 in blood.

OXYGEN-HEMOCYANIN RELATIONSHIPS IN THE LAND CRAB, CARDISOMA GUANHUMI

1. The hemocyanin of the land crab, Cardisoma guanhumi, under physiological conditions, possesses a high oxygen affinity. 2. The oxygen equilibrium curve is sigmoid, with a fairly high degree of interaction occurring between the oxygen-combining sites of the hemocyanin molecule. 3. As in all other crustacean hemocyanins investigated, a normal Bohr effect is present. 4. Van Slyke analyses of the oxygen content of pre-branchial and post-branchial blood samples indicated that nearly all of the oxygen present was in combination with the hemocyanin; consequently the oxygen partial pressures throughout the circulatory system were very low. The hemocyanin did not become saturated with oxygen during passage through the gills. These results are similar to those previously found for three other species of decapod crustaceans. 5. The carbon dioxide content of the blood was very high, averaging almost 50 volumes per cent. 6. It is shown that the low half-saturation value of the hemocyanin confers a stability of loading pressure in the face of changing environmental temperature. It is speculated that the high oxygen affinity may also represent an adaptation tending to counter the effect of water-conserving measures on the rate at which oxygen diffuses through the respiratory surfaces into the blood. 7. Zuckerkandl's studies on the crab, Maia squinado, are discussed and it is tentatively concluded that, though the hemocyanin of the decapod Crustacea may serve several functions and may not always be essential for respiration, its primary function is that of a blood respiratory pigment.