Possible Sources Of Pollution Research Articles

Chemometric analysis for pollution source identification and human health risk assessment of water resources in Ojoto Province, southeast Nigeria

This paper quantified the level of heavy metals contamination, identified possible sources of pollution, and assessed the human health risks associated with drinking water resources in Ojoto Province, Nigeria. The study’s gross findings revealed that the suitability of some water sources for consumption purposes in this province is questionable. Based on water quality index, 57.14% of the total samples are within acceptable limits, while 42.86% are unsuitable for drinking. It was observed that the northwestern and southern parts of the study area have more of deteriorated water quality. The health hazard index revealed that 25% of the samples predispose their consumers (both adult and children populations) to high chronic health risks. Moreover, heavy metal pollution index, contamination index, and probability of cancer risk (CR) revealed that about 25% of the total samples were unsuitable and off the CR standard acceptable range of ≤ 1 × 10−6–1 × 10−4. Correlation and component factor analyses linked the origin of major ions to geogenic processes and that of the heavy metals to both natural and anthropogenic processes. Cluster analysis divided the samples into two equal classes (50% each): poor and excellent quality waters. This study indicated that Pb is the priority pollutant impacting the water quality. The various assessments revealed that waters from hand-dug wells and deeper boreholes are the least contaminated and hence best suited for drinking than waters from springs, streams, and shallow wells.

Multivariate assessment of groundwater quality in the basement rocks of Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria

Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in many rural and urban areas of developing nations. Pollution of groundwater from diverse sources is an issue of concern due to inherent health problems. This study assessed the possible contamination source to groundwater quality in the basement rocks of Osun State, South-Western Nigeria using multivariate analyses of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). The secondary data from 536 wells across the 30 Local Government Areas in the State were collected from the Rural Water and Environmental Sanitation Agency (RUWESA). The groundwater data include pH, temperature, turbidity, oxido-reduction potential, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, magnesium hardness, calcium hardness, total hardness, free chlorine, total chlorine, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, iron, manganese and zinc. The data were subjected to simple and inferential statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS vs. 21.0). The mean results of groundwater parameters such as nitrate and Mn were higher than the World Health Organisation (WHO) limits of 0.4 and 10 mg/L, respectively. The results of the PCA and CA revealed possible sources of pollutants to the groundwater quality as weathering of bedrocks, leachate from septic tanks and dumpsites, runoff of materials, hardness, nutrients from agricultural lands, and chlorine pollution.

One Health Approach in Traditional Milk Production as a Part of Steps towards SDGs

The production of milk and cheese assumes activities in the field of agricultural production, veterinary health, and the use of milk and dairy products has public health significance, and can be viewed through the "one health" concept. The aim of the paper is to underline public health and sustainability significance of interconnection among agriculture, veterinary and technology. Production of hard cheese with added value from milk produced in organic and self-sustaining systems research the risks, advantages and possibilities of traditional cheese production and focused on creating conditions for organic milk and hard cheese with added value production, with precisely defined conditions: isolating land plots, livestock farms and processing facilities from possible sources of pollution, water quality, harmonized development of plant and animal production and the capability of producers for organic agriculture with the obligation to constantly innovate knowledge. The new products ensure the employment and livelihood of people in the countryside, the economic prosperity of small family farms, link the activities in the field of veterinary health and agricultural production, contribute to the development of risk-management technology, healthy chooses and compatible with SDGs. 
 Keywords: One Health approach, Traditional Milk Production, sustainability, Healthy Choices, SDGs

Submarine groundwater discharge as a source of pharmaceutical and caffeine residues in coastal ecosystem: Bay of Puck, southern Baltic Sea case study

Even though the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the water environment is thought to be a potential problem for human health and aquatic organisms, the level of knowledge of their sources and presence in the marine ecosystem is still insufficient. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the emergence of sixteen pharmaceuticals and caffeine in groundwater, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), rivers and coastal seawater in the southern Baltic Sea. It has been recognized that chemical substances load associated with SGD can affect coastal ecosystems equally or even greater than surface runoff. Hence, the Bay of Puck, which is an active groundwater discharge area, has been chosen as a model study site to assess the preliminary risk of pharmaceutical and caffeine residues supply in coastal ecosystem. A special focus was placed on tracing the possible sources of pollution for groundwater and SGD based on the composition of collected samples. Five pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, ketoprofen and diclofenac) and caffeine were detected in varying concentrations from below the detection limit to 1528.2 ng L−1. Caffeine and diclofenac were the most widespread compounds. Groundwater was mostly enriched in the analysed compounds and consequently SGD has been recognized as an important source of identified pharmaceutical and caffeine residues to the Bay of Puck. A predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was determined in order to perform an environmental risk assessment of five pharmaceuticals and caffeine detected in water samples. Finally, future challenges and potential amendments in monitoring strategies are discussed.

Evaluation of water quality state through regulations and physicochemical indicators for the administration of water resources in the Integrated Management District of Salto del Tequendama

Water resources are of great importance in the administration of protected areas. This is linked to the quality of surface water bodies that pro-vide different eco-systemic services, since they shelter different species of fauna and flora. In relation to Resolution 1596 of 2006 adopted by the General Direction of the CAR, which states the Management Plan for the Integrated Management District (DMI by its abbreviation in Spanish) in the area of Salto del Tequendama - Cerro Manjui, attached to the Water Cycle Management program and in relation with the "Water Quality Control" project, states the evaluation of the conditions of the different water sources in relation to water collection given by the communities as one of its objectives, and at the same time exposes the determinants of the conditions that take place in the surface water bodies. In this article, a correlation of the uses that are stated in the management plan will be performed in order to com-pare the results, which are obtained by means of the environmental monitoring that is evaluating the control and management of the "Water Quality Control". Based on the evaluation of water quality, it was possible to determine whether the uses that are defined in the Management Plan are appropriate, by linking them to the Water Quality Control program. Calculations were also made conducive to obtain indicators that would allow us to estimate the quality of the water and possible sources of pollution.

Characterization of the mineralization of the Groundwater in high Basin of Guir (Morocco) by geochemical and geostatistical

Due to over-exploitation of water resources, the high basin of Guir posed an alarming risk of elimination in terms of quantity and quality. Therefore, this study intends to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of groundwater in the high Basin of Guir and to identify possible sources of pollution in order to map the quality of the Jurassic groundwater. During May 2018, thirty water points, distributed in the high basin of Guir, were sampled and analysed to determine concentrations of sevenchemical elements: K+, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, HCO3-, SO4-. In addition, EC (Electric Conductivity), pH,T° and the piezometric level (PL) weremeasured.To study and compare, we treated statistically all data by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and SIG.Analysis of the overall quality of water displayed results that range from good to poor quality. The degradation of water quality in the aquifer of the high basin of Guir could be geological and anthropic.

Evaluation and risk Assessment of potentially toxic trace metals in water, sediment and fish from the City of Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia

Because of fast urban expansion and increased industrial activities, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes contaminated by trace metals are released into the nearby water bodies situated in Addis Ababa. Greater Akaki River (GAR) and Little Akai River (LAR), which join at Aba Samuel Reservoir, are the main rivers draining the city. Eleven (11) water, 11 sediment and 18 fish samples were taken and tested for the level of trace metals content, distribution, pollutionlevel, bioaccumulation, possible sources of pollutants and associated ecological risk. Trace metals were tested using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). USEPA guideline values, geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, and pollution load index were used to evaluate contamination levels and eco-toxicity. The results indicated that the mean concentration of Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni in water samples and Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn insediment samples exceeded their respective background values. Besides, the levels of Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb in the muscle of Clarias gariepinus were above the permissible limits for human consumption. Furthermore, ecological risk assessments using sediment samples revealed the widespread pollution by Cd and Pband moderate pollution by Mn, Ni and Zn. A comparison with similar studies revealed that sediments from the study area had the highest average value of Pb. Generally, the study indicated that Akaki River catchment and Aba Samuel Reservoir were found to be moderately to strongly contaminated by heavy metals and thus posed high ecological risks.

English

Rivers Wouri and Meme are surrounded by streams and wells and serve for irrigation, fishing, domestic purposes and transportation. Water samples were collected from the rivers in February (dry season) and August (wet season) of 2012 at different sites and at different depths and analyzed for some physicochemical properties. This was to study the effect of seasonal changes on the properties and also infer the possible sources of pollution. Water from the other sources was also analyzed. All analyses were done using standard methods. The properties were generally higher during the dry season. Both rivers were acidic. The Electrical conductivities (E.Cs) of River Wouri were generally much lower than those of River Meme with mean values of 2943.0 and 5703.0 μS/cm respectively during the dry season. Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios for upstream in River Meme were greater than 3 during the dry season. During the dry season, in Wouri at site WO1, Cations and anions decreased with depth, while at site WO7, the same properties increased with depth. For River Meme at site ME1, there was no significant (p<0.01) variation of cations and anions with depth. On the contrary, at site ME8, the anions increased with depth while the cations decreased significantly (p<0.01) with depth. The streams were weakly basic with average pH of 8.3 for those of Wouri and 9.0 for those around River Meme. The streams around River Wouri generally had higher physicochemical properties. Physicochemical properties of the wells of Wouri were generally higher than those of the streams during both seasons. There was a very significant correlation (p < 0.01) between nitrate and choride ions in both rivers during the dry season. Most of the properties were within the levels set by World Health Organization and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The water sources are exposed to increases in anthropogenic activities, such as industrial and municipal waste disposal and farming practices. A more stringent legislation about water management, as well as studies about the biological content of the water sources is recommended.   Key words: Physicochemical, properties, Meme, Wouri, rivers, dry season, wet season.

Determining Indoor Air Quality in Gymnasium for Indoor Recreation Activity at University Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam

This study is conducted to determine the indoor air quality in the Faculty Sport and Recreation’s gymnasium, UiTM Shah Alam. The objective of the study is to determine possible type and cause of pollutant, determining the health and performance of occupants and assess whether the IAQ parameters comply with the standards set by DOSH. The study consists of questionnaire survey, walkthrough assessment and reading measurement. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed to the gymnasium users and a walkthrough assessment were conducted at the surrounding area of the gym in order to identify the possible sources of pollutants as well as the reading of selected parameter of IAQ. Several criteria of indoor air quality parameter are identified and measured. Result indicated that concentration of carbon dioxide increases in relation with the number of the occupant. As a conclusion, indoor air quality in the gymnasium is merely complying with DOSH standards. Thus, relevant actions should be taken pertaining to the quality of indoor air in a gymnasium for the betterment of healthy lifestyle.

Challenges in Environmental Health Research and Sustainability in a Less Developed Country: a Case Study From Jordan.

Environmental health research covers many aspects of the complex natural world and how environmental hazards, mainly caused by human activities, can affect population health. Researchers in this field have investigated environmental risks dose or exposure-response relationship, challenged hypotheses and interpreted data and results to solve problems. Researchers investigating environmental issues support the concept of environmental justice (EJ) and understand that they bear more responsibilities because they work to influence the policymakers' decisions in order to minimise hazardous exposure on populations. The environmental justice term has been widely used to describe unequal exposure of anthropogenic pollution or environmentally hazardous exposure to a group of people based on race, colour, national origin or income. The term has been defined and disseminated in many countries through governmental and non-governmental organisations. In Jordan, the government has carried the responsibilities to reduce the disproportionate exposure to environmental pollution between citizens and to promote the concepts of EJ. This review has highlighted the role of non-governmental organisations and the laws and regulations that prohibit assault to the environment and ensure the compliance of private and public organisations to minimise the effect of the undesirable environmental actions. Moreover, it addressed and discussed different possible sources of pollution and areas of heavy hazards exposure. In this review, we highlighted the main causes of lack of research on the EJ in Jordan and the effect of income and ethnicity background. We also recommended applying the responsible conduct of research principles and guidelines to commence researches that can affect policymakers in this field in Jordan.

Antibiotics and antidepressants occurrence in surface waters and sediments collected in the north of Portugal

To our knowledge, this is the first study in Portugal for the analysis of both antibiotics and psychiatric drugs in river waters from Douro and Leça rivers and its sediments. Samples were extracted using solid phase extraction and QuEChERS procedures and the analysis was performed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.Higher number of pharmaceuticals and higher concentrations were found in the Leça river for the two matrices under study. The highest detection frequency for the twenty-seven pharmaceuticals was observed for fluoxetine with 83.3% in both matrices. None of the studied antibiotics were detected in water collected in the Douro river however six antibiotics (azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and trimethoprim) were found in the Leça river. Further, the analysis of sediments exhibits the occurrence of sulfamethoxypyridazine in the Douro river and azithromycin in the Leça river. The highest concentration was observed in Leça river for azithromycin in the river water (2,819 ng/L) and sediments (43.2 ng/g). Carbamazepine, citalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, trazodone, and venlafaxine were the psychiatric drugs detected in river waters and sediments with more diazepam as water river contamination. Concentrations ranged from <method detection limit (MDL)) to 2.0 ng/L (river waters) and <MDL to 0.251 ng/g (sediments) in Douro river and between < MDL to 354 ng/L (river waters) and <MDL to 6.35 ng/g (sediments) in Leça river. To identify the possible sources of pollution more monitoring studies should be performed along the studied rivers.

Current Status of Marine Pollution and Mitigation Strategies in Arid Region: A Detailed Review

Coastal pollution is becoming a significant threat for both marine ecosystems and humans. Marine pollution and coastal degradation are severely exacerbated by anthropogenic activities involving the discharge of industrial and domestic effluents, ballast water and brine wastes, accidental spillage of oil and radioactive wastes, and the modification of coastal structures. Understanding the sources of marine pollution and their possible impacts allows us to measure the current mitigation and conservation strategies aimed at protecting marine ecosystems from further deterioration. This review assessed the status of marine pollution based on the literature with a focus on the sea in arid regions over the last four decades. The review also summarized the degree of contamination of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons that accumulated in marine water, sediments and living organisms. In addition, the review critically suggested several mitigation strategies to alleviate the impacts of such pollutions. The key findings indicated that the oil and gas production and processing industries, desalination industries, sea traffic, urban development, and discharge of treated wastewater and ballast water along with seasonal upwelling, and climate change were the main contributors of marine pollution in these regions including the Sea of Oman. The major identified pollutants were heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine, tar, harmful algal blooms, marine debris, non-native species, and sediment that are posing severe threats to marine biodiversity and ecosystems. The occurrence of radionuclides in these regions seems to be smaller compared to the World Ocean because of the insignificant disposal of nuclear waste due to strict law enforcement and monitoring. However, marine litter, micro-plastic, radionuclides, greenhouse gases, and non-point pollutant sources have not been investigated properly. Therefore, efforts to identify the possible sources of pollution, estimate their impacts based on field data and numerical modeling, and understand ocean dynamics with regard to the transportation and deposition of sediments and pollutants need to be undertaken in order to protect the coastal and marine environment and ecosystems. Furthermore, integration of robotic aircraft along with satellite surveillance can be an additional measure deployed for the purposes of monitoring oil spillage, illegal ballast water discharge, harmful algal blooms, and beach utilization.

Characterization of bio-oil and bio-char produced by low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of olive pruning residue using various absorbers.

Olive pruning residue is largely formed during cultivation, and is usually disposed through open-air combustion directly in the field, but this habit is a possible source of pollution. The pyrolytic conversion of olive pruning residue has been run in a new and very appealing way using microwave as a heating source and different microwave absorbers in a multimode batch reactor. In this way, olive residue is converted into interesting bio-chemical products with a short pyrolysis time, ranging from 15 to 36 min, and with a peak temperature ranging from 450 K to 705 K according to the different microwave absorber. Thus, a very efficient and selective system was realized, which was able to address the process towards the formation of a large amount of bio-char (up to 61.2%) or a high formation of bio-oil (56.2%) and gas (41.7%) with a very low formation of bio-char (2.1%). However, when carbon and iron were used as microwave absorbers, it was possible to obtain an intermediate amount of bio-char (26-30%) and bio-oil (40 wt%). Bio-oils were collected as dark-brown liquids with low viscosity and density. A bio-oil with a low water concentration was obtained using carbon or iron as the microwave absorber. The bio-oils formed in all experiments contained a very large amount of acetic acid, even when NaOH was the microwave absorber. Furthermore, a large amount of aromatics were present in the bio-oil obtained using carbon as the microwave absorber.

Comparison of phytoplankton assemblages in two differentially polluted streams in the Middle Vaal Catchment, South Africa

Phytoplankton is an important role player in the ecology of rivers and streams, and sensitive to changes in water quality. This study aimed to determine how pollution influenced phytoplankton composition in two streams and to confirm the dominant phytoplankton Classes and genera at each stream as indicators of the water quality. The water from the Vaal River in the Middle Vaal Catchment of South Africa is heavily polluted by the time it is abstracted for treatment by Midvaal Water Company. The Koekemoerspruit is an upstream tributary of the Vaal River and is considered a possible source of pollution. Physical and chemical water quality data were collected for 21 variables together with phytoplankton samples at five strategically selected sites over a two-year period (November 2012 to October 2014). The Vaal River showed extreme total chlorophyll concentrations associated with high pH levels compared to the Koekemoerspruit in which high ammonia, nitrate and nitrate and orthophosphate concentrations confirmed severe organic pollution. A total of 86 algal genera were identified and grouped into seven phytoplankton classes. Average phytoplankton cell concentrations of 1,410,069 cells/mL and 417,931 cells/mL were determined for the Vaal River and the Koekemoerspruit respectively. A redundancy analysis summarised and confirmed that water quality had a definite effect on the phytoplankton assemblages for the Vaal River and the Koekemoerspruit (p-value of 0.08). Both streams were eutrophic but Chlorophyceae dominated in the Vaal River (49%) and Cyanophyceae were predominant in the Koekemoerspruit (44%). The dominant presence of phytoplankton genera such as Scenedesmus spp. (42%) and Nitszchia spp. (84%) confirmed the main water quality characteristics of the two streams.

Possible sources of pollution by oil products of water body in karst area

This article is devoted to the study of the content of petroleum products in surface and groundwater in the karst area. The hydrological and hydrochemical features of the Yasyl river, the dynamics of oil content in three hydrological phases in the period from 2016 to 2018 are considered. The time and spatial features of the distribution of petroleum products along the length of the water stream are revealed. The hypotheses of the origin of oil products in a water body were put forward.

Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals pollution from the Shalateen coastal sediments, Red Sea, Egypt

To assess the contamination and ecological risk assessment of the Shalateen coastal sediments, Red Sea, Egypt, 35 samples were collected to analyze Cu, Sr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and total organic matter with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Several indices were calculated to estimate the contamination levels. The results indicated the following order of metal concentrations: Fe > Sr > Mn > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Co > Cd, and revealed that the investigated sediments are highly enriched and contaminated with Sr, Cd, Pb and Zn. Statistical analyses subdivided the elements into Fe and Mn from natural sources, Sr, Cd, Pb and Zn from anthropogenic sources, and Ni, Cu and Co from combined natural and anthropogenic sources. The average Pb and Cd concentrations are considerably higher compared to the Caspian Sea, Indian Ocean, northern Red Sea, background shale, and continental crust. Possible sources of pollutants are fishing operations, antifouling paints, runoff, desalination plants, industries and dissolution of carbonate sediments.

Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Groundwater of the Barcellona-Milazzo Plain (Italy): Contributions from Geogenic and Anthropogenic Sources.

We collected and analysed 58 samples of groundwater from wells in the Barcellona-Milazzo Plain, one of the most important coastal aquifers of Sicily (Italy), to determine major, minor, and trace element concentrations. In this area, geogenic and anthropogenic sources of heavy metals and other pollutants co-act, making the individuation of the main pollution sources difficult. Our work was aimed at the application of geostatistical criteria for discriminating between these pollution sources. We used probability plots for separating anomalous values from background concentrations, which were plotted on maps and related to possible sources of pollutants. Our results indicate that hydrothermal fluid circulation and the water–rock interaction of country rocks that host mineralized ore deposits generate a significant flux of heavy metals to groundwater, as well as anthropogenic sources like intense agriculture and industrial activities. In particular, NO3, F, and Ni exceed the Maximum Admitted Concentrations (MACs) established by the WHO and Italian legislation for drinking-water. The spatial distributions of geogenic and anthropogenic sources were so deeply interlocked that their separation was not easy, also employing geostatistical tools. This complex scenario makes the implementation of human health risk mitigation actions difficult, since the flow of pollutants is in many cases controlled by simple water–rock interaction processes.

Pollution Assessment of Trace Elements in Agricultural Soils around Copper Mining Area

Agricultural soils from Dongchuan copper mining area were sampled and analyzed to determine the concentrations of selected trace elements, namely As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn. The main objectives of this study were: (1) To determine the levels of trace elements and their spatial distribution in soils; (2) to evaluate the potential ecological risk; and (3) to identify the main sources of risk element pollution. The environmental risks were assessed using five different contamination and pollution indexes. Descriptive and exploratory statistical analyses were performed to identify the relations among the trace elements in soils and possible sources of pollution. Although the values of As, Cu and Zn in the soils were significantly higher than Yunnan background values and exceeded the limits of the Chinese national standards in several sampling points, the most serious threat for the ecosystem and human health was represented by Cd. The main sources of Cu and As were identified mining activities, airborne particulates from smelters and the weathering of tailings, and partly also agricultural fertilizers. The major source of Cd was agricultural fertilizers and partly sources associated with mining and smelting activities.

Идентификация местоположения возможного источника загрязнения в акватории Гераклейского полуострова на основе метода сопряженных уравнений

Model estimates of the concentration field are obtained on the basis of a model of passive impurity transport in the Black sea with a high degree of discretization. The results of calculations based on the MGI model taking into account the real atmospheric forcing for 2016 according to the SKIRON reanalysis are the input parameters of the passive admixture transfer model. The method of conjugate equations is used to identify the location of the source of pollution. As an example, the transport of suspended matter in the area of Cape Chersonesos is considered. As a result of the integration of the conjugate problem, it is shown that a possible source of pollution was located in the area adjacent to the Blue Bay area, where the initial concentration distribution was set when integrating the basic model of passive impurity transport. As a result of numerical experiments, it is shown that the concentration in the study area to some extent may have other sources of pollution.

Análise temporal da qualidade da água do Rio Tramandaí/RS

A qualidade da água está intimamente relacionada as suas características físicas, químicas e biológicas e estas são função dos diferentes usos consuntivos dos mananciais. Cientes disto este trabalho objetivou identificar as possíveis fontes de poluição do rio Tramandaí/RS. Para isto foram utilizados dados secundários de qualidade da água, disponibilizados pela Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler. Para isto foi aplicada a análise fatorial seguida da análise de componentes principais. Como resultado foi possível observar que as variáveis CE, ST, TH, OD, TH2O, TAR e ST da água apresentaram maiores coeficientes de correlação. E com a decomposição da matriz de correlação obteve-se a formação de duas componentes principais, através das quais foi possível identificar as principais possíveis fontes de poluição. Através deste estudo foi possível concluir a analise fatorial/ análise de componentes principais são ferramentas que pode ser utilizada para fins de monitoramento da qualidade da água quando se busca investimentos de baixo custo com resultados confiáveis e rápidos.