Methodological Positions Research Articles

Самообразование студентов в дистанционном обучении: перспективы социологических исследований

The article presents theoretical and empirical analysis of the significance of distance learning system in solving the problems of self-education of students' personality, reflecting the sociological aspects of the study. It substantiates the significance of DLS in the long term as a learning platform and as a component of a mixed model, which, in the long term, involves a combination of full-time and distance forms of higher education. The positive and negative aspects affecting the formation of self-developing personal attitudes in the process of using distance learning technology are revealed. The conceptual provisions of formation of methodological basis of sociological research processes of self-education of students are offered. The research problem focused on the use of distance form of higher education as a factor forming skills of self-development, through the implementation of procedures of self-education, which is considered through the totality of its three types: intellectual, spiritual, physical is concretized. The structural model of sociological research indicators developed on the basis of objective-subjective paradigm and structural-functional analysis, where the set of objective indicators is designed to identify external factors and substantiate their impact on the self-development of students' personality, is presented. Subjective indicators, within the framework of the research model, diagnose the existing trends and form promising directions of development of self-education processes and its motivations in the context of distance learning. Recommendations are formulated, which will contribute to the formation of systematized scientific and methodological positions in the development of programs of complex sociological research, collection, processing, analysis and use of the obtained information.

CREATIVITY OF THE TEACHER’S PERSONALITY AS THE BASIS OF THE INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The article considers the urgency of the development and implementation of innovative pedagogical technologies that will ensure the effectiveness of the educational process. It was found that to ensure the high efficiency of the educational process, the most modern pedagogical technologies, tools and forms of education, is not enough, it is important that the teacher takes an active personal theoretical and methodological position. Creativity is considered to be the main factor in a teacher’s personal competence. It is more characterized by internal activity than external, which is manifested by the following main characteristics: willingness to take risks; impulsiveness; independence of judgments; a critical view of their own activities; boldness of imagination, thinking and expression. The article says that training in traditional technologies is a waste of time, because a person who has acquired only knowledge and experience gained by someone is not competitive in today’s labor market. A modern teacher must successfully master the value-normative experience of past generations, acquire, develop and improve their own technology of professional activity, creativity, communication. And innovative activity as creative serves as a driving force in the formation and acceptance of changes in both personal and professional life. That is why the creative potential of the teacher is decisive in the formation and application of an innovative approach to the educational process. It was found that the creative potential of a teacher is a defining component of his professional competence and ability to take an innovative approach in educational activities.

Yu. V. Knorozov: Studies of Proto-Indian Texts. To the Centenary of the Birth

Yu.V. Knorozov is known as a decipherer of the writing of the ancient Maya Indians. But his research included other historical writing systems, including Proto-Indian, much less is known about this. Yu.V. Knorozov began to study it in 1964 and continued with the Group of Ethnic Semiotics he created. Proto-Indian texts have preserved evidence of one of the greatest civilizations of antiquity, which existed in the III–II millennium BC in the northwest of Hindustan, in the valley of the Indus River. In proto-Indian writing, all the difficulties that are possible when studying a forgotten historical writing system were concentrated: neither the letter nor the language, a small number of texts, the absence of bilingualism, etc. are unknown. Nevertheless, in the study of proto-Indian texts, all the tasks necessary in such cases were consistently solved. After a deep analysis of the texts themselves, the type of writing was defined as hieroglyphic (morphemic-syllabic) with all its inherent features. On the basis of formal typological comparisons, it was proved that the language of the Proto-Indian inscriptions was Dravidian; a linguistic interpretation of a number of texts was proposed and a conditional phonetic reading of the signs of proto-Indian writing was established. Yu. V. Knorozov also studied images and symbols accompanying inscriptions on various archaeological sites. The main types of inscriptions were identified, described and analyzed. On this basis, it was possible to reconstruct some features of the religious and mythological ideas of the inhabitants of proto-Indian cities and their calendar and chronological system. The purpose of this article is to show all stages of the study of proto-Indian texts, methodological positions and main results obtained in the course of work under the guidance of Yu. V. Knorozov. The author’s task is to acquaint the scientific community with the significant contribution of Yu. V. Knorozov into work on the study of proto-Indian writing and thereby resurrect one of the facets of the multifaceted image of the great Russian scientist.

An innovative study of the history of the formation of the Belarusian and Ukrainian languages

The article is a review the book «“Native Word”. Belarusian and Ukrainian languages at school (Essays on the history of mass education in the middle of the 19th – the middle of the 20th century)». The collection of essays is devoted to the organization of education in the Belarusian and Ukrainian lands, which during the mid-19th – mid-20th centuries were part of various state formations (Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary, USSR, Poland). The authors of the essays (historians and philologists from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine) consider the national and cultural policy of the authorities towards Belarusians and Ukrainians from new theoretical and methodological positions. Scientists note that specific manifestations of educational policy depended on a complex set of interrelated factors (the representation of power and intellectual elites about the ethnic population; the need to combat unwanted cultural influences (for example, with Polish influence in the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire); the activity of representatives of the Belarusian and Ukrainian national movements; the reaction of Belarusian and Ukrainian inhabitance to educational practices). Most of the articles are distinguished by a high scientific level and have a solid source base. Many materials and archival documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. At the same time, the reviewers identified points that could be improved in the future editions of the book. For example, they note a simplified understanding by scientists of the influence of the ideology of Western Russianness (Zapadnorusizm) and the ethno-confessional character of the inhabitants of the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire. They pay attention to the lack of analysis of the activities of representatives of the Russophile trend in the national and cultural life of Galicia, insufficient attention to the study of the attitude towards activities in the educational sphere of the population of the Russian-Belarusian and Russian-Ukrainian borderlands during the period of Soviet indigenization (Korenizatsiya). The articles in the book under review can give impetus to further research into various aspects of the national and cultural life of the peoples of Eastern Europe.

Историко-философский (объективно-научный) метод юриспруденции С.А. Муромцева

The object of research is the methodological program of Sergey Muromtsev, on the basis of which a program for transforming legal science was developed. The aim of the article is to characterize the formation of Muromtsev's methodology, its sources and composite elements, the impact on the definition of the subject and objectives of legal science and its separation in the industry. Theoretical and methodological attitudes of Muromtsev were formed at the time when the need for reforms was certainly recognized in Russian jurisprudence. The historical and legal basis of the concept was made up of studies on the history and dogma of Roman law. Muromtsev's conception was built on the basis of a critical analysis of the main lines of development of German jurisprudence - Hegelianism, the historical school, taking into account the practical direction and active use of the works of R. Iering. The conception was formed on the basis of the German school of jurisprudence and later supplemented and improved based on the positivist philosophy itself. The transition from “historical-philosophical” to “objective-scientific” research reflected Muromtsev's greater attention to the Anglo-French positivism (in particular, the logic of J. St. Mill). From the point of view of positivist methodology, Muromtsev considered the addition and verification of the results of the historical-comparative study with a priori theses about the nature of man and society, the addition of induction by deduction from psychological and sociological laws. Muromtsev's psychologism was focused primarily on the explanation of the processes of legal education. Muromtsev can be considered a supporter of a multifactorial explanation of the origin of law. However, the immediate (final) source of law, according to his theory, is jurisprudence in the broadest sense of the word (legal thinking). The psychological characteristics of society and lawyers are a factor that determines the specifics of the law in a particular period of a particular society. This conclusion can serve as a guideline in sociological research of the legal education process even today. The distinction between science, politics, and dogma is based on a radical revision of the subject, tasks (goals), and methodology of jurisprudence from the standpoint of positivism and historicism. As a result, Muromtsev proposed to distinguish between dogma in the strict sense (study of current law in order to apply it in practice) and a new general dogmatic theory (“a systematic presentation of the principles of the current law of any country and any time”). It is not a study of laws in the scientific sense of the word, but it can be a preparatory stage for induction and deduction, which should be done by jurisprudence as a part of social science. The merit of Muromtsev is not the “invention” of new methodological techniques, but a consistent application of the positivist methodology to the study of legal material.

SOSİAL PROBLEMLƏRƏ YANAŞMADA OBYEKTİVİST VƏ SUBYEKTİVİST PARADİQMALARIN MÜQAYİSƏLİ TƏHLİLİ

The introductory part of the article distinguishes the micro and macro theories existing in sociology and shows the positions of these theories within the objectivist and subjectivist paradigms. The comparative analysis was mainly based on criticism of subjectivist views on social problems, interpretativism, constructivism and relativism. At the end of the article, it is argued that the positivist methodology for the study of social problems allows to produce more reasonable results.

Meeting on Psychology in 1952 (On the 70th Anniversary of the Event)

The authors made an attempt to take a fresh look and evaluate an event significant for Russian psychological science — the Conference on Psychology, convened on the initiative of the Presidium of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (June 30 — July 5, 1952), the seventieth anniversary of which is celebrated in 2022. The meeting was organized in two year after the Joint Scientific Session of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, dedicated to the problems of the physiological teachings of Academician I.P. Pavlov (June 28 — July 4, 1950), and psychologists were given the task of answering the question «what has been done to restructure psychology in the light of the teachings of I.P. Pavlov and the work of I.V. Stalin “Marxism and questions of linguistics”». An analysis was made of the speeches of its participants, published in specially published materials of the meeting, and articles from periodicals that preceded the start of this commemorative event were analyzed. For the first time, the reports of the speakers — lecturers of psychology who came from peripheral universities — were considered from the point of view of the problems that worried them: teaching psychology at school and university, questions of the continuity of psychological knowledge, i.e. the threshold of the history of psychology as a scientific branch, the expansion of the problematic field of psychological science. An important result of the analysis of the materials reflected in the materials of the meeting can be considered that both the texts of the speeches and the resolution of the meeting outlined realistic steps for the development of psychology, most of which were carried out. It is shown that the meeting aroused great interest of psychologists, contributed to the strengthening of the methodological positions of psychology and its scientific and organizational structures.

МЕЖДУ ВОСХИЩЕНИЕМ И ПРЕЗРЕНИЕМ: В.Т. СИРОТЕНКО КАК ПРОВИНЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ИСТОРИК

In this review of a book dedicated to the life and work of the historian of late antiquity and the early Middle Ag-es Vasiliy T. Sirotenko, the reviewer emphasizes the fundamental positive features of the study:the use of a wide range of literature and sources (many of which were first introduced into scientific circulation), the well-thought-out methodological position of the author (no bias in covering the hero of the book), and the publication of letters and memories of V.T. Sirotenko. Although post-Soviet historiography already has a number of works on the life and work of V.T. Sirotenko and special attention of researchers has already been paid to the issue of his confrontation with the “official” Soviet narrative of early medieval history, Venger managed to introduce both his own balanced view into this topic and provide the reader with a number of new documents, which eventually made it possible to discover historiographic facts that can largely supplement,partially correct, and generally make an incident of V.T. Sirotenko more useful for understanding the entire late Soviet historical scholarship. The reviewer also finds compar-atively insignificant shortcomings of the study: insufficient general analysis of memoir evidence, lack of explanations for readers about the peculiarities of the interaction of Soviet historians with each other, weak analysis of the scien-tific contribution of Sirotenko on the topic of barbarian invasions of Europe in the 4th–6thcenturies. Certain tech-nical flaws also fail to affect the overall positive impression of the book

ФОРМУВАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-АНАЛІТИЧНОГО СЕРВІСУ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВОМ ТОРГІВЛІ

The article substantiates the conceptual bases of formation of the system of information and analytical service of trade enterprise management. It is noted that in case of transformational changes, the need for rapid adaptation of business to the conditions of wartime and digitalization of business, the effectiveness of trade enterprise management depends on the quality of information used for management decisions. The necessity to ensure the efficiency of formation, sufficiency, proper fixation and appropriate analytical processing of the information array of data on the activities of the enterprise is recognized. It is proved that the most promising is an integrated approach to the formation of accounting and analytical information (financial and not financial) and its accumulation in a single circuit of the system of information and analytical service management of a trade enterprise. The scientific basis and theoretical and methodological positions of the formation of such a system (object, subject, principles, goals, tasks, functions, components, systems of provision) are formed. It defines the applied nature of the mechanism that through the development of the regulatory framework, on the basis of which the accounting policy, regulations and standards of analysis and controlling are formed, ensures the effective functioning of the system of information and analytical management service, and contributes to the complex solution of the problems of information support of management decisions on the functioning and development of a trade enterprise. The conceptual model of forming the system of information and analytical service management enterprise trade, which presents a set of views on the implementation of tasks to create the architecture of a single information space management, and provides verification of the outlined concept. A distinctive feature of the proposed concept is the recommendations for the creation in the management information system of a strategically oriented system of information and analytical service, which is formed under the influence of philosophical and branch theories and acquires signs of emergence through engineering technologies of accounting, analysis and controlling. The implementation of the proposed approach will allow combining in a single space-communicative and socio-cultural space information about the activities of trade enterprises, and through the formation of relevant databases of accounting and analytical data of financial and non-financial nature to satisfy the information requests of internal and external stakeholders.

The Crisis of the Sovereign State-Nation and the "Rational Discussion": the Liberal Discourse of the "Salvation" of Democracy and the "Common Good"

Relevance. The crisis of the modern European sovereign nation-state is defined as existential (not "technical"); therefore, we should talk about a socio-philosophical study of the "crisis of the foundations".The purpose of the article is to present the non-reality of the foundations of the nation-state in modern times, totally determined by the dominant liberal economic paradigm of the political (J. Agamben), and modern ways of removing the consequences of the political crisis in the liberal tradition.The objective is based on the interpretation of these statements - to determine the conditions and boundaries of the possibility of "response" from the perspective of "liberal metaphysics".Methodology. According to K. Schmitt, liberalism is "consistent metaphysics", the essence of which is defined as "endless free / public discussion"; a consistent liberal "response" to the challenge, therefore, can only be given on the basis of the named "essence" ‒ the main methodological position that determines the structure and content of this article.Results. It was revealed, that a nation as a form of political unity of a sovereign people, in the perspective of liberal metaphysics, cannot be relied on as a "substance of the state". That the people-sovereign is "split in itself" and the available ways of actualizing its real unity are no longer "valid". That the mechanisms of political representation that democratically legitimize the power institutions of a sovereign nation-state in its new European, that is, liberal, form, need radical reform. "Free discussion", stated in the article, is limited in the possibility of "answering" the "existential crisis"; this presupposes the need to reduce the "political" (Schmitt's "concept of the political" as an "existential solution" of the sovereign in the horizon of the existential opposition "friend – enemy") and "reduction" by means of such a reduction of the "essentially political" to technical issues of "governance" (M. Weber). Three main methods of "liberal reduction of the political" are distinguished: "logical-epistemological" by Y. Elster, "ethical" by J. Rawls, "aesthetic" by R. Ankersmit, and their characteristic "features" are determined.Conclusion. It is concluded that a consistent liberal political philosophy, losing in its understanding of politics as government, the distinction between auctoritas and potestas, is unable to thematize the "existential", that is, political, crisis of the foundations of a sovereign nation-state.

Communicative resources of socio-economic development and pedagogical activity in the context of globalization challenges

From the point of view of the theory of social systems, culture is rather a wide field of possibilities that are revealed in human communication. This is our main initial methodological position, which in the future we recommend for use in socio-economic and humanitarian studies not so much in the regime of a rigid method that formats research, but as a cross-cutting value and ideological setting. Communication, as a message, can always give a different meaning to a report, but this is immediately apparent in social relationships. What does not work in such cases is the principle of communication, namely the difference between information and a message, which gives the message itself the character of an event that requires a reaction. It is at the level of intimate social relations, where the fundamental dependence of the realization of social freedom in the external social instance is manifested – even if it is a loved person. While multifunctional itself, morality can limit the scope of a functional specification. In this case, social interpenetration cannot be distinguished without taking into account interhuman relations. In addition, morality imposes its own limitations on the sphere of intimate relationships. After all, it is also impossible to deepen between people if it is associated with public morality. The model of a unified and standardized world (single and uniform) is being replaced by new concepts of globalization, containing the idea of preserving cultural diversity in people’s lives.

Особливості утруднення під час розв’язання арифметичних задач здобувачами початкової освіти

The article reveals the issue of elementary school students’ ability to solve arithmetic problems while facing some difficulties, the nature of which has not been sufficiently studied yet. Trying to find out the reason for these difficulties it should be clarified what constitutes a simple problem as a subject of students’ cognition, and how it is understood by the students at their first stages of studying. For this purpose it is necessary to consider how the novice student relates to the task which the teacher offers him/her, how he/she subjectively “accepts” it. Today, the educational institution deals with the personality, identity of the individual, while the individual turns out to be the center of ethics and will act as the main methodological position in upbringing and education. In the systemic nature of education one of the important roles belongs to primary education, which lays the foundation of intellectual, ethical, emotional and volitional qualities of the individual. The mathematics education field is the midpoint for mastering the acquisition of mathematical knowledge, building proficiency and skills, and obtaining the full mathematics education. Arithmetic problems are of great importance in the study of mathematics. They, on the one hand, create a characteristic section of the typical program, the meaning of which the student must learn, and, on the other hand, could be interpreted as a learning material of training, education and development of the elementary school student. Among the system of tasks, which are the subject of studying mathematical field of knowledge, the main place is inherent exactly to the arithmetic problems. Their solution is aimed at the formation of students’ system of mathematical knowledge, development of their skills and abilities of mathematical modeling, calculation, intellectual activity. Arithmetic problems help to reveal the mediated connections with the world and practical activities of people, using ICT, implementing cognitive and educational functions of learning. Keywords: mathematics, arithmetic problems, solution, psychology, textbooks, ICT, Lego bricks.

New semantic-pragmatic load of Latin letters during the Russian-Ukrainian war

Scientific research is performed in the paradigm of the theory of linguistics, pragmalinguistics, discourse linguistics, lingua axiology and creative linguistics. The basic methodological position is the doctrine of the relationship between the content and form of expression of language units, especially sound-letters, and graphemes. It is shown that the letters of different alphabets can become the subject of respect, love, pride and other feelings, and, conversely, they can express contempt, hatred, shame and even aggression. In different linguistic cultures sound-letters can be filled with capacious semantic-pragmatic content, and the modelled meanings actualize axiologically opposite meanings. The originality of the semantic load of Latin letters actualized by Putin's ideology during the Russian-Ukrainian war (February-April 2022) and the process of verbalization of opposition to this ideology are considered. The letter Z, which has a complex history of symbolization that dates back to Nazi Germany as a prototype of the rune, which is the sign of the oldest German alphabet, acquires a special functional load. The modern interpretation of the letter symbols V and Z in Russian and Ukrainian discourses is traced. A certain conflict of the semantic-pragmatic load of these letters in different linguistic cultures in accordance with actualized ideological extralinguistic factors has been revealed. They are used to model (a) a graphic language game, linguo-creative manipulations associated with (a) capitalization (at the beginning, inside or at the end of a word), (b) graphohybridization (mixing of Latin and Cyrillic letters), (c) conscious graphic deviations (violation of uppercase and lowercase letters) to update the relevant connotations. Several neologisms of the Ukrainian language in the structure of which there is the letter Z is given. It is shown that the letter Z becomes a negative poetic image in the Ukrainian literary text. It is stated that legislative processes are underway to identify the Z sign with Nazi and communist symbols and its ban.

Practical in Organizational and Management Research

While there are different approaches to organizational and management research, although a naturally researcher is drawn to a specific type of modern research environments require flexibility. The nature of the study setting, the objectives sought by the researcher, and the researcher's philosophical beliefs all influence the research methodology used. As a result, researchers maintain a well-balanced perspective across many research orientations while maintaining their chosen philosophical and methodological positions.
 The objective of the study and the type of approach that best aids the achievement of the objectives are still the most important considerations. And research orientation may not be too focused for someone with diverse experience, exposing him or her to a variety of management and organizational environments. Depending on the method used, some people are positivists or explanatory. Others, however, see a central ground where the approaches to the two extremes are combined, creating a third edge from which researchers can choose. However, for other researchers, ideas about philosophy and attitudes are irrelevant. It is practicality that matters.

Evolutionary Theism of Henryk Levittoux in Polish and International Context

Henryk Levittoux (1822-1879) is currently best known as the model of Jan Matejko who posed for him as Nicolaus Copernicus. Less known, however, is his concept of evolution, which he presented as a part of his philosophical system and which caused a heated debates among Polish intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century. Levittoux's theory, which was trying to combine religious dogma with the achievements of contemporary science, breaks out of the popular historical narrative, in which it is assumed that the discussions about the evolutionism were dominated by creationists and pro-Darwinian positivists. The aim of this article will be to present Levittoux's theory of evolution and to show how he combined the ideas of evolution with the concept of Divine creation. Secondary focus of the article will be to place his theory in the broader context of scientific and philosophical changes, that took place in the nineteenth century. Attention will be paid to the way in which the professionalization of science affected natural philosophers, such as Levittoux, who were refusing to accept the rigorous positivist methodology. It will also be shown how Levittoux’s evolutionism became part of the so-called "developmental evolutionism" which promoted a completely different vision of evolution than Darwinism. The non-Darwinian nature of Levittoux's evolutionism was inspired by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s theory. Levittoux adopted his idea that species evolve thanks to the environmental stimulus which affects their ontogenesis. However, this idea will be extrapolated in Levittoux’s writings to the whole Earth. So, he will conclude that the Earth is the equivalent of the womb in which, like the fetus, all Life develops. All changes of species, in his opinion, are additionally controlled by a universal principle which he called the law of attraction-repulsion. This law was also the tool by which God created the world. The Levittoux’s concept is one of the first attempts to create a synthesis of evolutionism and religious thought in the Polish post-Darwinian philosophy of nature. Levittoux, as a continuator of Saint-Hilaire's thought, is also an interesting example of an attempt to instill in Polish philosophy French evolutionist thought.

Semantic and structural system of Abay’s works

The article presents an interdisciplinary analysis of the heritage of Abay in order to study the scientific foundations of knowledge, understanding and application of Abay studies for all spheres and levels of social interaction. The scientific foundations of knowledge, understanding and application of Abay studies have been laid for the development of semantic and structural models for each sphere and level of social life. The structural system and interdisciplinary fields of Abay’s teaching are justified. Abay’s creative heritage was studied in an interdisciplinary context in the system of categories psycho-poetics, lingua-poetics and traditional worldview. In order to identify and systematize the semantic and structural system of Abay’s works, attention was paid to the psycho-poetics and lingua-poetics of Abay’s works. In the course of interdisciplinary research, methodological positions within the framework of historical and Comparative Analysis, System Analysis, complex analysis, interdisciplinary analysis, logical and semantic modelling methods were used. On the basis of the psycho-poetics of Abay’s works, the semantic and structural system of combining the internal psychological state and external phenomena is analyzed. In the course of analyzing the semantics of the text of the poem, lingua-poetic conclusions were drawn.

Charting the Skies from a Moving Earth: Relativity and Position in Comparative Law

This article brings the insights produced by comparative legal analysis to bear on comparative legal discourse itself, in order instructively to recontextualize enduring methodological debates taken to concern the “philosophy” of comparative law. It grounds several such methodological arguments in fundamental positions of legal theory and philosophy, reflecting in doing so on the broader philosophical consequences of specific positions, and emphasizing the resulting problems of incommensurable positionality. It challenges the unvoiced but widely exhibited assumption within comparative law that sufficient reflection, abstraction and care can avoid the privileged reification of contingent legal concepts and categories. It explores the inevitable positionality of all comparative inquiry particularly in connection with the comparatist’s status as both product and reconstituter of legal facts and ideation. It introduces a focus on relative perspective, urging increased attention to how the axioms of general jurisprudence which ground methodological positions within comparative law express a system of law’s relative position within the legal historical process.

Professional self-determination theory of senior pupils in Russian psychology

The article analyses the psychological literature on the problem of senior pupils’ professional self-determination. The author’s theoretical and methodological position is elaborated and the results of its approbation are presented. It is shown that the available approaches can be divided into two main groups. Some researchers focus on the goal and end result of vocational self-determination, while others seek to reveal the algorithm of the process itself and/or its stages. Researchers are unanimous in their opinion that the choice of an occupation by senior pupils is the first and most responsible stage of professional self-determination for the individual as a whole. At the same time, the senior pupils’ professional self-determination concepts, which would reflect the unity of theoretical positions and methods of its study, are practically not presented in national psychology. To overcome the existing limitations, the article proposes to consider the senior pupils’ professional self-determination from the position of the activity approach as a special kind of activity with its own structure. The motivational component is the motives for choosing a career, while the operational component is the senior pupils’ professional identity status. The empirical study results of the of formation level of senior pupils’ professional self-determination are discussed on the basis of the activity methodology.

Conflict Management, a New Challenge in Workplace Case Study Hospital in North Lebanon

Nevertheless, whether managing organizational conflicts improves or degrades employee performance is a point of contention. The purpose of this study was to see how managing organizational conflict approaches, such as negotiation, mediation, cooperation, and denial, affected performance of employees in a private hospital in Lebanon. Human capital, human relations, and contingency theories were used in the research. On a daily basis, every organization faces conflicts. Conflicts are inevitable but they can be managed and detected early. It is vital to keep track of the organizational signals that indicate their presence on a constant basis. There are many ways to manage conflicts, relying on the reasons of conflicts, this study concentrates on communications role in managing conflict because it is considered to be a key element in solving conflicts. Conflicts are regional in the whole society. The research followed a positivist quantitative methodology, which is “a methodological process” that aims to record the results and generalize conclusions from different studies employing statistical means. The research embraced the research of descriptive design. The employees of this research were chosen from hospitals in Lebanon. Stratified and random sampling technique procedures were used to choose an 80-person sample.

Processes of reforming the educational policy of Ukraine and the countries of the European Union: a comparative analysis

A comparative comprehensive analysis of the socio-pedagogical problem field of modernization of the educational system of Ukraine and the EU in the context of administrative reform and taking into account economic needs and the establishment of universal democratic values has been conducted.
 A comparative pedagogical study of the theoretical, organizational, methodological and regulatory principles of reforming the educational system of Ukraine, which is currently acquiring national features and integrated into the world educational space, has been carried out.
 Conceptual principles of reforming the educational system of Ukraine as a basis for improving the quality of life of citizens from the standpoint of an innovative educational project in the context and professional psychological and pedagogical aspects of training in the field of educational policy have been theoretically substantiated. The provision is that education, like other institutions of public life, requires operational and strategic management actions, aimed at its modernization and renewal.
 A conceptual integral dynamic model of reforming educational policy in Ukraine with substantiation of methodological approaches and theoretical positions has been developed on the basis of comparative pedagogical research.
 A necessity of expansion and qualitative improvement of the network of preschool educational institutions has been proved.
 There are trends that Ukrainian secondary education will eventually become on a par with the world standards of secondary school.
 A need to create and coordinate a strong system of out-of-school education in Ukraine has been justified, as the mass unemployment of children and youth in out-of-school time entails huge negative consequences.
 Peculiarities of reforming the system of training of working professions and vocational education in Ukraine have been specified.
 A strategic issue is the state policy on teacher training.
 Ukrainian origins of the phenomenon of pedagogical skill as a fundamental basis of the theory and practice of educational policy to improve the quality of teaching and learning in EU countries have been revealed.
 A necessity of development of a target program of professional and pedagogical selection and preparation of experts in the field of educational policy for Ukraine and an algorithm of estimation of its efficiency on the basis of the comparative analysis has been proved.
 The content of the concept of "educational policy" has been clarified, knowledge of the regulatory framework for reforming educational policy in the EU has been deepened.