Interpretation Of Attitudes Research Articles

Methods, Methodologies, and Perspectives in the Humanities and Social Sciences with Particular Reference to Islamic Studies: A Critical Rationalist Interpretation by Ali Paya

Methods, Methodologies, and Perspectives in the Humanities and Social Sciences with Particular Reference to Islamic Studies: A Critical Rationalist Interpretation by Ali Paya

THE CONCEPTS OF TEACHING, UPBRINGING, EDUCATION AND THE QUESTION OF THEIR CORRELATION

The concepts of education, teaching and upbringing, as well as the question of their correlation are relevant for modern philosophical research. One of the terminological problems is the use of the word «education» as a synonym for «upbringing» or a synonym for «teaching». The purpose is to provide a logical systematization of the main variants of the definition of the concept of education in its relation to the concepts of teaching and upbringing. The authors identify three main characteristic variants of the correlation between the concepts of education, teaching and upbringing. The first option is a one-component scheme, for which the concepts of teaching, upbringing and education are identical. Education is teaching or upbringing. This scheme is quite common at the everyday and theoretical levels. The authors analyze the historical origins of such identifications. Firstly, it is the New European rationalist interpretation of human nature, which considers the formation of man as a primarily intelligent and knowledgeable being. Secondly, it is the Soviet heritage, which viewed education as a systemic pedagogical concept. The equation of education, teaching, and upbringing also has an etymological basis, as it is similar to the multivalent Greek term paideia and the Latin word discipline. The second option is a two-component scheme. In this scheme, education is a broader concept that includes teaching and upbringing without leveling or identifying them. Teaching reflects the meanings of education in the professional and intellectual sphere, and upbringing in the worldview and moral sphere. The third option is a three-component scheme that includes training, education and development as components of education. This scheme, although interesting, is still in the process of its terminological formation.

Evolusi Gerakan Salafisme: Dari Masa Ibnu Taymiyyah Sampai Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahab

Salafism, a reformist movement that follows a school of Islamic understanding unaffected by Hellenism. Its aim is to maintain the views of the salaf scholars. The author uses the historical method by collecting data through library research sourced from books, articles, and other related information. The results of this study discuss various Salafi schools that emphasize three main characteristics in their teachings, namely placing Islamic law (sharia) above reason, avoiding rationalist interpretations, and upholding the text of the Quran and Hadith. Of course, this is closely related to the influence of thinkers such as Ibn Taymiyyah who was the main thinker, followed by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab as his successor

The traditional and rational in the exegetical methodology of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (839–923)

It is generally believed that the commentary of the Qur’ān (tafsīr) by the medieval Muslim theologian Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (839–923), who is the first systematizer of classical Qur’ānic exegesis, “Jā mi‘ al-bayā n ‘an ta’wī l ay al-Qur’ā n” (“The Comprehensive Exposition of the Interpretation of the Qur’ān”) definitely belongs to the genre of commentary based on traditions (tafsīr bi-l-ma’thūr), which is usually opposed to the genre of rationalistic interpretations (tafsīr bi-r-ra’y), rejected by a number of literalist movements of Islam. However, the analysis carried out in this study shows that Ṭabarī not only cites the traditions of the “ancient fathers of the Ummah”, while often representing different opinions, but also expresses his own point of view, based in most cases on the basis of linguistic analysis. The exegetical formula “tradition + language” formulated by him, where the latter element is decisive, is a peculiar combination of the traditional with the rational. This approach of “the lead of the Mufassiers”, among other things, opens up wide opportunities for future generations to reveal modern interpretations of the Qur’ānic text.

Wordsworth, Ecocriticism, and Natural Education

ABSTRACT This essay argues that Wordsworth reinvents the Enlightenment’s concept of natural education in ways that resonate with theories of ecology in a time of global warming. In book 5 of The Prelude, Wordsworth launches a scathing satire against the modern educator, whose scheme of natural education resembles rationalist interpretations of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Wordsworth questions the naturalism of Enlightenment educational theory, arguing that modern education is rooted in a desire to control the course of both nature and human development. He reimagines natural education as a process that entails unpredictable and irreversible change. For Wordsworth, natural education is not a highway that leads directly towards a better future but is instead a broken and winding passage from one stage of life to another. Ecocritical scholars have embraced Wordsworth’s attack on rationalistic, anthropocentric conceptions of nature, but his ecological sensibility continues to be defined in relation to an outdated vision of pastoral renewal. This essay maintains that the sense of discontinuity that characterizes Wordsworth’s lyric narration of natural education approaches much more closely to twenty-first-century experiences of ecological chaos, estrangement, and loss.

Economic and Ideological Reasons for the Use by the Third Reich of Forced Labor of “Eastern Workers”

The analytical part of this work consists in a special emphasis on the relationship and interdependence of ideological “justification” and economic “expediency” in the exploitation of forced labor by Ostarbeiters. The article notes the consonance of the ideas about the special status of the German worker and total mobilization put forward by the leaders of the Third Reich with the subsequent software and practical actions of the National Socialists in Germany on the issue of labor exploitation of millions of civilians and prisoners of war of countries — military opponents. These actions were not just aimed at reducing pressure on the German worker and maintaining a high level of production, but were accompanied by the imposition of ethnic myths and alien values on foreign workers, moreover, by “cleansing” territories from people during the retreat and destruction through back-breaking and often senseless labor of “racially — inferior” categories. An analysis of the views of modern researchers of the problem showed that rationalistic interpretations of the actions of the Nazi authorities in relation to foreign labor, especially “Eastern workers”, dominate. The ideas of war and domination, the priority of Germany and its interests, formulated by the leaders of the NSDAP, became dominant in the ideology and politics of the Third Reich, where the forced labor of citizens of the occupied states became an integral element.

Book Review on Methods, Methodologies, and Perspectives in the Humanities and Social Sciences: With Particular Reference to Islamic Studies - A Critical Rationalist Interpretation (by Ali Paya)

Book Review on Methods, Methodologies, and Perspectives in the Humanities and Social Sciences: With Particular Reference to Islamic Studies - A Critical Rationalist Interpretation (by Ali Paya)

Multi-factor Analysis of Option Pricing (BSM) and Prediction of Pricing Direction Under the Convergence of Phenomenal Worlds

In the development involving options pricing, models with data-based predictions of future volatility at their core have dominated, with their inclusion of elements such as implied volatility and the implication of Brownian motion, normal distributions under a variety of programmatic analyses acting to generate range values, structuring models that are evidence of the gradual formation of pricing concepts as trading researchers uncover predictions of asset values, and surfacing impediments to moving their pricing ranges to specificity. The development of the BSM is widely regulated by the mutual proximity between the acceptance of the model concept by traders in this period and the degree of sophistication in dealing with limited rationality. Facilitating efficient control of options markets and outlining later pricing directions. The initial understanding of the various interpretations of finite and infinite rationality of information, influenced by the complexity of specific value manipulation. The extension of uncertainty in its role generates the form of the scientific matrix of opposing terms - related phenomenal world concepts, regulated by the role of complex financial markets (the scientific matrix brought by the economists at the beginning of the market development contains its pricing model development), embodied by the transfer of the phenomenal world. The alternative phenomenal world model formed by the extension will be justified by considering the integration of feedback with external financial markets.

ПРАВОВОЙ РЕАЛИЗМ КАК ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЮЩАЯСЯ НОРМАТИВНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ И РАЗНОВИДНОСТЬ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ. РАЗМЫШЛЕНИЯ О ПРАВОВОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ

The article deals with the generalized concept of legal realism as the normative communication of people being carried out through the variety of normative systems used by them and a kind of legal thinking, understood as summing up practical phenomena under a legal norm, which is one of the variants of the rational understanding of law, not ascending to the comprehension of its essence, stopping at the direct perception of visible normative communication of people as a valid law, the process of formation of which in this case remains unknown. The substantiation of the transition from the positivist interpretation of the concept of legal realism to the philosophical-legal one, made in the doctrine of law by G. Hegel and R. Iering, is given.

On the Multidimensionality of Scientific Rationality and Scientific Progress

In the polemic with T.D. Sokolova’s article the issue is discussed addressing the question whether there is anything new that we can get from the methodology of interdisciplinarity and trans-disciplinarity for determination of scientific rationality and scientific progress. The solution of this question is connected with the intensions of a historical and social-cultural epistemologies. These intentions consist in a complex or “multidimensional” approach to the creation of conceptual designs that define the application of these concepts. None of the "measurements” (methodological, psychological, social, etc.) provides them with a universal definition, but a “stereometric” image “restored” from them is capable to approximate to real use of these concepts of an epistemology and philosophy of science. It is necessary to remember that progress in science in one dimension can be regression in another just as the scientific rationality in a sociological dimension can be in no correspondence with the interpretation of rationality given to it by a certain methodological conception. Philosophy of science must avoid a dogmatic universalization of the criteria of rationality as well as the extremes of of relativism in this question.

Различность подходов в исследовании феноменологии сакрального в условиях постсекулярного времени

This study includes the search for new ways to understand the phenomenon of the sacred and its impact on the social sphere based on a comparison of selected philosophical concepts of certain authors, revealing the insufficiency of positivist interpretations, the most popular in the practice of the era of secularism. Since the rational projects of Modern times have failed to resolve the internal contradictions of humanity and deprive it of its craving for the irrational, today researchers and analysts are paying more and more attention to the study of the sacred. In this article, having analyzed various philosophical interpretations, we will try to substantiate the spiritual dominant of the sacred phenomenon, prevailing over its positivist interpretations. At present, when the scientific paradigm overcomes the secular format, and the status of a sociologist is no longer replaced by the status of a theologian, for the study of religion as a phenomenon of reality, and not a phenomenon of society, an opportunity opens up to take a fresh look at the real reason for the formation of society from the sacred. This study, through comparative analysis, reveals the limitations of an exclusively sociological view of the sacred and the need to expand the framework in its cognition by shifting the focus to the superintelligent beginning. The latter will allow, in the conditions of post-secular time, to fully and fully explore not only the sphere of the sacred itself, but also its influence on the development of society precisely in the root cultural and historical aspect, in addition to applied ideological falsification.

Guarantees of an independent tribunal in administrative proceedings in the context of the implementation of the human right to a fair trial

The purpose of the article was to identify problem areas to ensure an independent court in administrative proceedings in the context of the implementation of the human right to a fair trial. The research was conducted using general scientific (induction, analysis, synthesis) and special legal (formal-logical, dogmatic, comparative-legal) methods. The authors have determined relevant areas of court staffing, such as: providing judicial power; providing administrative positions for the court and judicial staffing. It is stated that the improvement of legislation in the judicial sphere must be carried out from the inadmissibility of its exclusively positivist interpretation. It is concluded that, in order to guarantee the immunity of a judge in a broad context, it is important to prevent cases of unjustified disciplinary proceedings against judges. An important guarantee of the legality of the disciplinary liability of a judge is the observance by the subject of disciplinary liability of the due process established by law. It is emphasized that this is an assessment by the administrative court of the circumstances on which the plaintiff bases his claims in cases of appeal against these acts of the High Council of Justice.

Aristotle’s Empiricism

<i>Aristotle’s Empiricism</i>

Evaluation of Some Recent Debates on Scientific Progress

At first glance, what scientific progress means seems to be a quickly answered question. It is not easy to think of the sciences without progress; sciences and the notion of progress seem identical in general. Describing the nature of scientific progress is an important task that will have practical and theoretical consequences. The approach, which argues that the background on which sciences are based does not have a historical or cultural character following the positivist interpretation, accepts sciences as testing the validity of observation and experiment data to a large extent. On the other hand, the tendency that emphasizes that the complex functioning of the history of science has an indelible mark on scientific theories prefers to build sciences on a historical and social basis. How both major approaches ground the idea of scientific progress profoundly affects both our understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge and the way we do science. This paper aims to evaluate scientific progress based on the views of prominent philosophers of science in the twentieth century.

Бродский и Клио: профиль скептической философии истории

In the wake of mounting disasters of the last century, poets and philosophers de­veloped the notion of the total arbitrariness of history. In the wording of Karl Löwith, “the skeptic and the believer have a common cause against the easy reading of history and its meaning. Their wisdom, like all wisdom consists not the least in disillusion and resignation, in freedom from illusions and presump­tions”. The Hegelian claim that history has an ultimate meaning, or final pur­pose, or goal was vehemently rejected, as well as Plato’s utopia of a “just city”. In his essays and poems, Brodsky postulates the randomness of history. He bor­rowed the notion of randomness from the book by Lev Shestov “The Apotheosis of Groundlessness”. Shestov promoted the idea of mental nomadism, or freedom from causal thinking and scientism. For Brodsky, being a nomad mentally meant to escape from both rationalist interpretation of history and the theological idea of Providence. He believed that rationalism’s greatest casualty was individual­ism. Besides, the doctrine of historical determinism and the notion of Provi­dence’s general benevolence translated itself into a patient waiting for a Storm Trooper. Seeing problems with such patient waiting in place, such as deportation of Jews to death camps, Brodsky suggested that it would be much better to be­come a nomad. Brodsky developed his ideas against the foil of the Bible, the Re­public of Plato and Hamlet by Shakespeare. He described nomadism as Israel’s Exodus from Egypt and the expulsion of poets from Plato’s Just City.

A laicização da educação na transição do Império para a República no Brasil: ensino leigo ou religioso?

ABSTRACT This study deals with the process of secularization of education in Brazil. It aims to analyze the discussion on the nature of lay teaching, in the chronological arc between the end of the Empire and the beginnings of the Republic. It is a bibliographic research that discusses the political, economic, social and cultural transformations that Brazil went through and that had repercussions on the historical conformation of a secular status. The results point to the presence, since the Empire, of conceptions of lay teaching whose legal foundations were applied to educational laicization in the early years of the Republic. They show that the proposals of secularism presented by Rui Barbosa were central in defending the American legal matrix that was included in the 1891 Constitution, despite clashes with the positivist interpretation of secularism and the Catholic Church. On the other hand, followers of positivism conceived secularism based on the French matrix, lending it anti-clerical or anti-religious connotations.

AMINA WADUD MUHSIN GENDER THINKING IN THE HERMENEUTIC PERSPECTIVE OF HANS GEORG GADAMER

The purpose of this study is to find out the gender thinking of Amina Wadud Muhsin in the view of Hans Georg Gadamer's Hermeneutics. This research is library research using a research approach, namely: philosophical, grammatical, linguistic and phenomenological approaches. Then the source of this research data is taken from books, articles and journals related to the thoughts of Amina Wadud with Gadamer. Furthermore, the data analysis method used is descriptive method, content analysis, interpretation method, comparison, taxonomy. The results of this study indicate that: First, related to Amina Wadud's gender thinking, namely: 1. The creation of humans. According to Amina Wadud that the origin of humans, both male and female, comes from one nafs which is part of the paired system. 2. Leader. Amina Wadud strongly rejected Qawwamun to be limited to the position of men compared to women. However, there must be harmony, so Amina Wadud proposes a new idea, namely the "functionalist" concept. 3. Polygamy. For Amina Wadud, the concept of polygamy is not supported in religion, because there is no justice for women. Amina's gender thinking in the perspective of Hans Georg Gadamer's hermeneutics, in this case the interpreter's position. Amina Wadud places great emphasis on text priors and context. In this case the prior text concerns the background of an interpreter, his views and circumstances. Because an interpreter must dialogue with the text in accordance with any conditions and at any time. Likewise with Gadamer, the concept of language is the most important. This is what Gadamer calls "the influence of history".

Where’s the Love? Recentering Indigenous and Feminist Ethics of Care for Engaged Climate Research

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Across a range of environmental change and crisis-driven research fields, including conservation, climate change and sustainability studies, the rhetoric of participatory and engaged research has become somewhat of a normative and mainstream mantra. Aligning with cautionary tales of participatory approaches, this article suggests that, all too often, ‘engaged’ research is taken up uncritically and without care, often by pragmatist, post-positivist and neoliberal action-oriented researchers, for whom the radical and relational practice of PAR is paradigmatically (ontologically, epistemologically and/or axiologically) incommensurable. Resisting depoliticised and rationalist interpretations of participatory methodologies, I strive in this article to hold space for the political, relational and ethical dimensions of collaboration and engagement.&#x0D; Drawing on four years of collaborative ethnographic climate research in the Peruvian Andes with campesinos of Quilcayhuanca, I argue that resituating Participatory Action Research (PAR) within a feminist and indigenous ethics of care more fully aligns with the radical participatory praxis for culturally appropriate transformation and the liberation of oppressed groups. Thus, I do not abandon the participatory methodology altogether, rather this article provides a hopeful reworking of the participatory methodology and, specifically, participatory and community-based adaptation (CBA) practices, in terms of a feminist and indigenous praxis of love-care-response. In so doing, I strive to reclaim the more radical feminist and Indigenous elements – the affective, relational and political origins of collaborative knowledge production – and rethink research in the rupture of climate crises, relationally. The ethico-political frictions and tensions inherent in engaged climate scholarship are drawn into sharp relief, and deep reflection on the responsibility researchers take on when asking questions in spaces and times of ecological loss, trauma and grief is offered.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Late Tolstoy’s Perception of Law

ABSTRACT Tolstoy’s literary works, as well as a number of events in his life, leave no doubt about the writer’s deep familiarity with law in both the theoretical and practical spheres. In his later years, this served as a basis for his sharply critical position in relation to law as such. Tolstoy interprets law as a pseudoscience written in an unnatural language, aimed at allowing the ruling classes to oppress the people and justify violence. Law (pravo) replaces evident moral law with pseudo-law in the form of an arbitrary legal establishment. Pseudo-law distorts the true relationship among morality, religion, and legal institutions. Part of Tolstoy’s critique stems from his clash with positivist interpretations of law that reject natural law. Tolstoy asks a number of important questions regarding the foundations and premises of law: What is a human court, according to positive laws adopted at the whims of legislatures, without the absence of the prospect of the Last Judgment? What can be considered genuine law? Are there laws more important and more binding than juridical ones? Instead of having his questions answered, Tolstoy is still reproached as an anarchist and legal nihilist.

Outside The City of Grace: appraising dystopia and global sustainability

'The City of Grace: An Urban Manifesto' (Wadley, 2020) models an ecotech settlement, aiming to achieve economic and social sustainability over a substantial period. The City is intended to be anti-dystopian and non-exclusive, with the possibility of replication in receptive settings. In this rejoinder to the book, the potential for dystopia attending population and sustainability issues in the outside world is appraised. Foundations are established in general systems, complexity and chaos theories, and an interpretation of procedural and substantive rationality. Two possible global failure modes are examined, one contained within the human sphere involving the future of capital and labour, and an external one founded in the familiar problematics of the human-environment nexus. Dilatory responses in advanced societies to these dilemmas are outlined. The subsequent prognosis regarding population and sustainability co-opts a meta-theory from environmental management to assess the viability of possible counterstrategies to dystopia although, in conclusion, its existence is instantiated.