Positive-intrinsic-negative Research Articles

E‐ and H‐plane beamwidth‐reconfigurable MIMO antenna

AbstractA novel E‐ and H‐plane beamwidth‐reconfigurable Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna is presented here. The antenna consists of four two‐dimensional directional reconfigurable antenna elements that utilizes Positive‐Intrinsic‐Negative (PIN) diodes to achieve stable beamwidth reconfiguration in both the E‐plane and the H‐plane. Simulated and testing results of the fabricated prototype demonstrate that the operating frequency of the antenna ranges from 2.52 to 2.68 GHz across four different states. The beamwidth can switch between approximately 65° and 95° in both planes. The isolation between units exceeds 25 dB, and the radiation performance is stable with high efficiency. This antenna is particularly suitable for applications in 5G indoor communications.

A metasurface antenna with beam steering capabilities for radio frequency energy harvesting

Limited control over parameters within the realm of design complexity, it is noted that there are incomplete unit cells displaying slightly lower transmittance in transmissive metasurface antennas. However, traditional methods require time-consuming iterative processes to select unit cells with multiple variables. Therefore, a novel approach is proposed for designing metasurface superstrates on patch antennas operating at 12.5 GHz, focusing on achieving beam steering capabilities and Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting functionality. It utilizes a Skeleton-based Attentions Neural Network (SANN) to aid in the complex metasurface unit cell design, enhancing the antenna's flexibility and potential applications. This network is trained to generate patterns for the metasurface unit cell, facilitating accurate and efficient design. The key feature of this antenna is beam steering in multiple directions. Steering is achieved by rotating the metasurface plane in an anti-clockwise direction. Experimental results show that by rotating the metasurface plane at different angles, the beam is directed towards specific directions, such as 10°, 15°, 18°, 21°, and 23°. A load resistance of 8kᾨ and a full wave rectifier with a Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) diode are utilized to obtain a Direct Current (DC) output voltage of 1.1 V in the proposed rectifier. Copper material is used for the metasurface plane, and the antenna is measured using RT duriod.

Generation of Arbitrarily Programmable Vector Vortex Beams Based on Spin‐Independent Metasurface

AbstractVectorial structured beam, which possesses diverse inhomogeneous spatial field distributions, has been developed into an advanced technology for particle trapping, optical communication, and quantum information. However, most of the related studies are based on static devices that can only generate structured light with fixed field distributions. To break through this restriction, the study proposes and experimentally demonstrates a reflection‐type spin‐independent programmable metasurface (SIPM) that can generate arbitrary vector vortex beams (VVBs) dynamically in microwave frequencies. By controlling the working states of loaded positive‐intrinsic‐negative (PIN) diodes, the metasurface can realize real‐time and spin‐independent manipulations of amplitude and phase of the reflected waves. Therefore, any desired VVBs can be achieved by dynamically controlling the superimposition of left‐ and right‐handed reflected circularly polarized vortexes. The proposed SIPM exhibits powerful abilities in modulating the vectorial structured beams in the microwave band, and may bring potential technological innovations for the future spintronics, imaging display, optical computing, and wireless communications.

A Reconfigurable Single-/Dual-Bandstop Filter with Controllable Equal-Ripple Performance

Bandstop filters (BSFs) have many applications in suppressing interference signals and shielding specific bands. Among them, reconfigurable BSFs that cover more frequency bands by switching modes have great research value. In this paper, a novel synthesis approach for compact reconfigurable BSFs with controllable equal-ripple performance is proposed. By switching the ON/OFF state of the positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diode, the proposed reconfigurable BSF can be switched between single-BSF (S-BSF) and dual-BSF (D-BSF). Based on the synthesis approach, the equal-ripple levels of stopband and passband for S-BSF and D-BSF can be independently controlled. To verify, the equal-ripple levels of stopband and passband for S-BSF state and D-BSF state are independently controlled in four groups of examples. Finally, a reconfigurable BSF with a miniaturized size is designed and fabricated. The fabricated reconfigurable BSF behaves with 15 dB and 10 dB return loss (RL) in two different passbands of the D-BSF state, and 25 dB bandpass RL and controllable stopband rejection (SR) for the S-BSF state. The measured results are in good agreement with the electromagnetic (EM) simulation results.

High-accuracy beam generation and scanning using reconfigurable coding metasurface

Metasurface technology has attracted widespread attention, owing to its remarkable capability to control electromagnetic properties. In this paper, we design a reconfigurable reflective metasurface array operating at 5 GHz for beam generation and scanning based on coding metasurface. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) is equipped for switching the states of PIN (positive-intrinsic-negative) diodes loaded on the metasurface in real-time, resulting in a 180° phase difference. To obtain multi-beam radiation and high-accuracy beam steering, the coding sequence to produce the target radiation pattern is calculated by an algorithm program. We design the fitness function of a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the sequence corresponding to the target directions. The simulation result shows that with the accuracy of 1°, the proposed metasurface is capable of generating multi-beam and scanning two-dimensional beams within the 50° range. Further, we fabricate and measure a prototype sample of 15 × 15 elements, which is verified feasible by comparing the measured result and the simulation. This work demonstrates the great potential of applying this reflective metasurface to wireless communication or radar.

An Electronically Reconfigurable Highly Selective Stop-Band Ultra-Wideband Antenna Applying Electromagnetic Bandgaps and Positive-Intrinsic-Negative Diodes.

In this article, an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna featuring two reconfigurable quasi-perfect stop bands at WLAN (5.25-5.75 GHz) and lower 5G (3.4-3.8 GHz) utilizing electromagnetic bandgaps (EBGs) and positive-intrinsic-negative (P-I-N) diodes is proposed. A pair of EBG structures are applied to generate sharp notch bands in the targeted frequency spectrum. Each EBG creates a traditional notch, while two regular notches are combined to make a quasi-perfect, sharp, notch band. Four P-I-N diodes are engraved into the EBG structures to enable notch band reconfigurability. By switching the operational condition of the four diodes, the UWB antenna can dynamically adjust its notching characteristics to enhance its adaptability to various communication standards and applications. The antenna can be reconfigured as a UWB (3-11.6 GHz) without any notch band, a UWB with a single sharp notch (either at WLAN or 5G), or a UWB with two quasi-perfect notch bands. Moreover, the antenna's notch bands can also be switched from a traditional notch to a quasi-perfect notch and vice versa. To confirm the validity of the simulated outcomes, the proposed reconfigurable UWB antenna is fabricated and measured. The experimental findings are aligned closely with simulation results, and the antenna offers notch band reconfigurability. The antenna shows a consistently favorable radiation pattern and gain. The dimension of the presented antenna is 20 × 27 × 1.52 mm3 (0.45 λc × 0.33 λc × 0.025 λc, where λc is the wavelength in free space).

Photodetector with a metalens packaging module for visible light communication based on RGBY illumination LED light source

A novel, to the best of our knowledge, photodetector with a metalens packaging module used as the visible light communication (VLC) receiver is proposed and designed. An LED consisting of red, green, blue, and yellow chips (RGBY-LED) is adopted as the transmitter for intensity modulation direct detection VLC systems. A metalens array with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.707 used as a polarization-insensitive planar lens of the VLC system receiver is designed at wavelengths of 457, 523, 592, and 623 nm corresponding to blue, green, yellow, and red for high efficiency. Compared with a traditional Fresnel lens positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodetector module as the VLC receiver, the introduction of a metalens module can decrease the form factor of the VLC receiver module and, in particular, it is much thinner. The combination of the multi-color LED transmitter and photodetector metalens packaging module receiver can increase the modulation bandwidth due to four different wavelengths used for the VLC system. Finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations are performed to validate the performance of the photodetector with a metalens module. It is revealed that the corresponding efficiencies of 57.5%, 55.4%, 57%, and 56.3% were achieved at wavelengths of 623, 592, 523, and 457 nm, respectively, based on a metalens array with a 0.707 NA and 2.5 µm radius of the active area of the photodetector. It is a promising technology for indoor VLC systems such as those for smart phones and other Internet of Things devices due to the need for compact packaging for the receiver.

Notice of Violation: A Dual-Band Beam Steering Multifunctional Reconfigurable Antenna Optimized by Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) for Wi-Fi 6 Applications

Notice of Violation <br><br>“A Dual-Band Beam Steering Multifunctional Reconfigurable Antenna Optimized by Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) for Wi-Fi 6 Applications” <br> by Junlin Pu, Bing Zhang, Yanping Zhou, Kama Huang, Tiancang Zhang, and Juan Yang <br> published in the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/TAP.3209180 <br><br>The authors of this paper violated the IEEE’s Publication Principles. An author name was included in the Early Access version of this paper who did not contribute to the work and was added without their consent. The non-contributing author’s name has been removed <br><br> <br/> A design and optimization method to realize a beam steering multi-functional reconfigurable antenna (MRA) working at two independent frequencies with an octave range frequency span is proposed. While the conventional MRAs (multi-functional reconfigurable antennas) have lacked frequency reconfigurability, the proposed design and optimization method manage to realize a beam steering MRA at two operating frequencies. To verify, a dual-band beam steering MRA working at 2.45 GHz and 5.3 GHz is designed to be compatible with the IEEE 802.11 ax for Wi-Fi 6 applications. The proposed MRA consists of a feed layer, a dual-band aperture-coupled driven patch, and a parasitic pixel layer. The driven patch is designed to ensure sufficient coupling with the parasitic layer at both two frequencies. The parasitic layer consists of a 6×6 planar array of rectangular pixels interconnected by positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diode switches. By optimizing the switches’ modes with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), the MRA’s beams are regulated at directions of θ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">_xz</i> =0°, ±30° for both 2.45 GH and 5.3 GHz. This work manages to explore the potential of the traditional MRA for frequency reconfigurability applications, besides its widely-reported radiation pattern reconfigurability. The proposed MRA is a capable candidate as a Wi-Fi 6 router antenna. The design and optimization method of the MRA based on NSGA-II by Python are summarized systematically in an easy-to-follow manner, which is instructive for MRA designers.

Multifunctional Spoof Plasmonic Transmission Line with Dynamically Switchable Modes

AbstractA multifunctional transmission line (TL) based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) is proposed for dynamical switching features among bandpass, band‐stop, and dual‐band phase shifting functionalities. Different operating modes can be controlled in real‐time by changing the states of the Positive Intrinsic Negative (PIN) diodes synchronously. The dispersion properties of the spoof plasmonic unit cell and transmission characteristics of the tunable PIN‐diodes‐loaded spoof plasmonic TL are investigated to highlight the basic theory and method. A prototype of the proposed TL composed of five cascaded unit cells is fabricated and tested for proof‐of‐concept validation. In the ON state of the PIN diodes, the measured −3 dB transmission frequency bandwidth ranges from 3 to 8.1 GHz for the bandpass characteristic. In the OFF state, the measured −10 dB rejection band spans from 3.7 to 5.6 GHz for the bandstop characteristic. When the diodes are switched between ON and OFF states, the measured dual‐band phase shifts vary from 192° to 203° and 248° to 292° in the 3.1–3.4 GHz and 6.1–9.4 GHz frequency bands, respectively. The validated switchable features of the TL pave the way for applications of tunable SSPPs in large‐scale integrated circuits and smart wireless communication systems.

A reconfigurable multifunctional polarization converter based on active metasurface

In this paper, we report a reconfigurable multifunctional polarization converter (RMPC) based on positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes, enabling to achieve different functions in different bands and states. The simulations and experiments show that when the PIN diode is off, it acts as a broadband linear polarization (LP) converter at 9.12–15.93 GHz. Simultaneously, when the PIN diode is on, the LP incident wave is converted into a left-handed circular polarization wave at 8.69–11.41 GHz and a cross-polarization wave at 13.40–14.97 GHz, whereas full reflection is obtained at 12.05–12.54 GHz. The RMPC consists of two dielectric plates and three layers of metal copper plates. Finally, a sample was fabricated and measured, the simulated and experimental results were in good agreement. Compared with other works, the RMPC has more working states and wider operating frequency bands, which has an application potential in the field of radar stealth and satellite communication.

Design of programmable beam splitting metasurface

Metasurface has been applied as one critical platform for electromagnetic modulation devices. Here, a programmable metasurface loaded with positive-intrinsic negative (PIN) diodes is proposed to realize dynamic switching of arbitrary multi-beam. Furthermore, the multi-beam coding sequence is optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA) to achieve dual- to nine-beam with different scattering directions. As a proof of concept, a programmable metasurface prototype that operates around 8 GHz is designed and fabricated to be tested in far-field measurements. The beam splitter has been verified by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to have a power efficiency of over 70%. In the measurement system, multi-beam splitting phenomena are obtained using DC control of the PIN diodes “on” and “off”, which is consistent with the simulation results. The proposed beam splitter can be designed with real-time multi-beam switching and intelligently provides coding sequences with multiple directive angles, thus providing potential benefits for next-generation antennas.

A Novel Silicon Forward-Biased PIN Mach-Zehnder Modulator with Two Operating States.

In this paper, we demonstrate a silicon forward-biased positive intrinsic negative (PIN) Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), which has two operating states of high efficiency and high speed. The two operating states are switched by changing the position where the electric signal is loaded. The modulator incorporates a PIN phase shifter integrated with the passive resistance and capacitance (RC) equalizer (PIN-RC), which expands the electro-optic (E-O) bandwidth by equalizing it with modulation efficiency. The fabricated modulator exhibits a low insertion loss of 1.29 dB in two operating states and a compact design with a phase shifter length of 500 μm. The modulation efficiencies are 0.0088 V·cm and 1.43 V·cm, and the corresponding 3 dB E-O bandwidths are 200 MHz and 7 GHz, respectively. The high-speed modulation performance of the modulator is confirmed by non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation with a data rate of 15 Gbps without any pre-emphasis or post-processing. The presented modulator shows functional flexibility, low insertion loss, and a compact footprint, and it can be suitable for applications like optical switch arrays and analog signal processing.

Reconfigurable Transmission‐Reflection‐Integrated Coding Metasurface for Full‐Space Electromagnetic Wavefront Manipulation

AbstractReconfigurable metasurfaces exhibit the capability of flexibly controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves, and the real‐time manipulation of tailored EM wavefront in full‐space is one of the steadily increasing interests. This paper proposes a reconfigurable transmission‐reflection‐integrated (TRI) coding metasurface, combining the functionalities of reconfigurable transmission and reflection metasurfaces. The meta‐particle is composed of a multilayer structure integrated with three positive‐intrinsic‐negative (PIN) diodes. By dynamically controlling the states of these diodes with the direct‐current (DC) bias voltage from a field‐programmable‐gate‐array (FPGA), meta‐particles achieve switching between transmission mode and reflection mode and independently modulate phase response. Metasurfaces can manipulate the reflected and transmitted wavefront by array encoding, allowing for full‐space control of the EM wavefront. Additionally, this paper demonstrates various functions implemented on this metasurface, including mode switching, beam scanning, shaping, focusing, and spatial scattering. As a proof of concept, a metasurface array prototype is fabricated and experimented. The simulation and measurement results agree well, confirming the effective ability of reconfigurable TRI metasurfaces to manipulate EM waves throughout full‐space. The proposed reconfigurable TRI coding metasurface opens the door for flexible wavefront control in the full‐space domain, with broad application prospects in areas such as microwave imaging, EM stealth, and smart radomes.

Digital coding Fano resonance based on active plasmonic metamaterials.

A novel approach that employs active plasmonic metamaterials to create a digital coding Fano resonator is proposed, to the best of our knowledge. The meta-device consists of three concentric spoof localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonators and three positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes positioned at three slits located in the middle and inner LSP resonators. Four Fano resonant modes can be independently switched by controlling the biased voltage applied to the three diodes. This provides a means for encoded modulation of multiple Fano resonances in metamaterials, which could have broad applications in fields such as multiway sensing, plasmonic circuits, and switching. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, which offers promising potential for practical implementation.

One‐bit wideband reconfigurable reflectarray with stable beam‐scanning gain for X‐band application

AbstractA wideband and electrically reconfigurable reflectarray (RRA) is presented for X‐band application. The unit cell is composed of two heterogeneous resonators, that is, a split resonator ring and a metallic patch, and two positive‐intrinsic‐negative (PIN) diodes integrated between these two resonators. A bias circuit on the bottom layer is designed to achieve the switching of the two states via properly placing the PIN diodes on the resonators with minimal electric field. One‐bit phase quantization is obtained by switching two different resonant mode via controlling the ON or OFF state of two PIN diodes. The simulated results show that the proposed unit cell can achieve one‐bit phase quantization with 180° ± 20° and reflection coefficients of ‐1 dB from 9.5 to 10.8 GHz, corresponding relative bandwidth of 12.81%. In addition, a fully functional 12 × 12 RRA fed by a linearly polarized horn is theoretically designed, simulated, and fabricated. The measured results show that the main beam can be steered from −50° to +50° at operating frequency, for example, 10.1 GHz with 1.5 dB gain loss within the scanning range and 20.34% aperture efficiency. In addition, the measured average gain is about 17.5 dBi and 3 dB gain bandwidth is about 15.68% from 9.4 to 11 GHz. In virtue of wide bandwidth, stable radiation gain, and good beam scanning capability, the proposed RRA is promising for future wireless communication and radar.

A quad-port multiple-input-multiple-output system for underlay or interweave cognitive radio

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;This paper presents a four-element frequency reconfigurable antenna system that is novel in terms of gathering both underlay and interweave cognitive radio in a single multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) design. Built on a 50×38×0.8 mm3 Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate, this system is constructed of two scanning elements to sense ultra-wide band (UWB) with controllable band notching capabilities and two elements act as communication antennas. Eighteen MIMO modes can be provided depending on the state of the five positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes in each sensing antenna and the four PIN diodes in each communication antenna. These include a scanning UWB mode, fourteen modes to notch WiMax/Cband/&lt;a name="_Hlk120169348"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;wireless local area network (WLAN)/Xband/ITU in single/dual/triple/quad band rejection states and three interweave modes where each targeting one of the regions of WiMax/Cband/WLAN. Simulated by CST v.10; results like input reflection coefficient and realized gain verify system's capability to work in each operation mode. Moreover, mutual coupling, envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain all evidence the performance of the proposed system as a MIMO system. Results, simple and compact profile, wide and flexile range of MIMO operation modes in line with the novelty to handle both underlay and interweave cognitive radio all nominate this system as promising to fulfill the needs of modern wireless communications.&lt;/span&gt;

Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna Using Low-Profile Electric and Magnetic Radiators

A compact antenna based on low-profile radiator pairs with high pattern reconfiguration diversity is proposed in this letter. The antenna consists of four hybrid radiator pairs and a reconfigurable feeding network. By switching the <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on/off</small> states of four positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes, which are integrated into the reconfigurable network, the activation states of the four radiator pairs can be separately controlled. Each pair employs one low-profile electric radiator (monopole) and one low-profile magnetic radiator for stable directional radiation and structural compactness. As a result, the radiation beam can be electrically and directionally scanned in the horizontal plane ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ϕ-</i> plane). Eight different radiation modes can be obtained within an overlapped bandwidth. A prototype is designed, fabricated, and tested. Good impedance matching and stable directional radiation patterns are achieved over the entire operating band from 3.4 to 3.70 GHz in the measurement. The fabricated antenna features a compact size of 0.46 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ_g</i> × 0.46 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ_g</i> × 0.13 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λg</i> ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ_g</i> represents the guided wavelength at 3.5 GHz). The proposed antenna is well-suitable for space-limited Sub-6 GHz smart and intelligent applications.

A reconfigurable dual port antenna system for underlay/interweave cognitive radio

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;An antenna system that is reconfigurable in frequency is presented in this paper as a novel dual port design that serves both undelay and interweave cognitive radio. This 25×40×0.8 mm3 system is composed of two wide slot antennas: the first is designed as an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with controllable band rejection capabilities, while the second antenna is reconfigurable for communication purposes. Three slots are etched into the patch of the UWB antenna to obtain band notching in wireless local area network/Xband/International Telecommunication Union bands (WLAN/Xband/ITU) bands which can be controlled by a positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diode across each slot. The configuration states of these three diodes are all useable that produces seven band rejection modes plus the UWB operation mode. The second antenna is configured by five PIN diodes to operate either in Cband, WLAN or Xband regions which results in three interweave modes when setting the first antenna for UWB sensing. The design is simulated by computer simulation technology (CST) v.10. S21 results shows good isolation while input reflection coefficient and realized gain results prove system’s scanning, filtering and communication capabilities. This system is new that it gathers the undelay/interweave operation in a single design and when considering its large number of operation modes it looks adequate for many cognitive radio applications.&lt;/span&gt;

Reconfigurable Bidirectional Beam-Steering Aperture With Transmitarray, Reflectarray, and Transmit-Reflect-Array Modes Switching

The design and experiment of an electronically reconfigurable bidirectional spatially-fed array are presented, which combines the functionalities of reconfigurable transmitarray (TA), reflectarray (RA), and transmit-reflect array (TRA). First, we demonstrate a novel bidirectional unit cell composed of a tunable resonant layer between a pair of orthogonally oriented metal gratings. Two positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes are integrated into the tunable resonant layer to achieve the 1-bit phase resolution in either transmission or reflection mode. Based on the proposed unit cell, a 16 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -element array arranged in a square grid, which can be controlled independently by a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based digital control circuit, is excited by a linearly-polarized horn to show the beam steering ability of reconfigurable TA and RA. To realize TRA function integration with the bidirectional beam independent steering simultaneously, the method based on superposition of the aperture fields (SAF) on the aperture is used. In SAF design, the entire aperture is divided into transmission and reflection modes co-existing, and the arrangement and phase distribution are optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to achieve minimum sidelobe levels (SLLs) and peak gain of bidirectional beam. The measured results of the prototype demonstrate that the antenna can steer bidirectional beam both in simultaneous and time division operating modes, which is not reported to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Our proposed method opens a new avenue for the design of high-performance multifunctional reconfigurable antenna systems.

Enhancement of short-wavelength range responsibility for PIN silicon photodetectors using additional fluorescent carbon quantum dots nanoparticles

We demonstrate a hybrid Si photodetector structure by employing an additional layer of fluorescent carbon quantum dot (CQD) nanoparticles constructed on the surface of a Si positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodetector. The experimental studies reveal that the optimized hybrid device can efficiently enhance short-wavelength range responsibility between 300 nm to 600 nm without inducing any deteriorated photodetection performance beyond the short-wavelength region, and thereby achieve broadband sensitivity across the UV–vis-NIR spectra region. The measured photoresponsivity of the optimized device can achieve ∼0.088 A W−1 (@500 nm), which was ∼25% higher than that of a commercial blank PIN Si photodetector.