Positive Temperatures Research Articles

New Biodegradable Materials for Re-Thought Packaging from Pre-Consumer Wastes by Controlling the Storage Time as Method to Increase the Mechanical Recycling Efficiency

The influence of storage conditions on the mechanical recycling of pre-consumer waste (PRE-CW) from the manufacture of multilayer packaging films starting from starch compounds using a renewable-based polymer with PCL and PBAT, which are biodegradable conventional-based polyesters, was studied. It was found that, unlike materials based on conventional-origin polymers that accumulate in the environment for hundreds of years, the studied compounds degraded, even in the solid state, duringstorage in unventilated spaces and during the rainy hot summers with alternatingheat and rain. The degradation of the mechanically recycled compounds obtained from PRE-CW stored in such conditions was highlighted by the comparative analysis with the primary compounds, which proved the following: specific FTIR spectra changes; 2-3-times higher melt fluidity than for primary compounds; melting in successive processes over the entire positive temperatures range, up to 115 °C, such as in cases of compositional de-mixing of incompatible blends, faced to a single melting endotherm with a maximum at around 120 °C for the primar thermal degradation with the movement of the main destruction stages towards higher temperatures; a high quantity residue at 750 °C in air; dispersed mechanical resistance properties y compounds; crystallization at temperatures 10 °C-15 °C higher. The elimination of storage before the mechanical recycling of the pre-consumer waste from this type of polymeric compound fabrication is a way to increase the mechanical recycling efficiency while obtaining new materials with functional properties required by the applications.

Micropropagation of belarusian cultivars of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L. var. kamtschatica)

For blue honeysuckle cultivars of Belarusian selection (Zinri and Sinyavokaya), a method of micropropagation for the production of high-quality planting material is proposed. Initiation of in vitro culture: in the period of intensive growth of shoots – the first decade of June. Explants were apical points isolated from the apical and axillary buds of green shoots. The nutrient medium was WPM supplemented with 6-BA at a concentration of 1.0 mg/l. Micropropagation stage: MS medium containing double strength iron chelate with 1.5 mg/l of 6-BA. In vitro rhizogenesis: in MS medium the concentration of macroand microsalts and iron chelate was reduced to half strength, the sucrose concentration was reduced to 20 g/l, IBA – 1.5–2.0 mg/l). Ex vitro adaptation: substrate – perlite. It is possible to reduce the cost of obtaining the planting material by eliminating in vitro rooting stage from micropropagation scheme. Simultaneous direct ex vitro rooting and adaptation of microplants should be carried out on the substrate of Sphagnum L. moss with a surface layer (0.5 cm) of peat. Long-term storage (up to 12 months) at low positive temperatures (+3–4 °C) in refrigerator should be carried out at rooting stage (in MS medium the concentration of macro- and microsalts and iron chelate was reduced to half strength, the sucrose concentration was reduced to 20 g/l, IBA – 1.0 mg/l).

Effects of mineral supplementation on qualitative beef parameters

Correct nutrition with sufficient amount of optimal doses of microelements efficiently supports high levels of beef production and health of the animals throughout the feeding period. In the sphere of beef production, microelements are needed as additional supplements to play an important role in the productivity of cattle and the quality of the products made from them. Providing cattle with a more bioavailable source of deficient microelements could increase the metabolic process of the main nutrients, which would affect the intensity of bull growth and slaughter meat parameters. It has been revealed that organic complexes of deficient microelements have greater bioavailability. Throughout the experiment, Ukrainian Black Spotted bulls of 175–200 kg live weight were fed with diets enriched by chelate compounds of microelements with lysine and methionine. Animals of the second group were fed a diet with methionates of microelements in the following doses, mg/kg of live weight: iron – 0.05, cobalt – 0.04, iodine – 0.05 and selenium – 0.02; the third group received lysinates in the same doses of microelements; and the fourth group was given lysinates and methionates in a complex with half-doses of microelements. The studies were carried out using the following methods: zootechnical (productivity), biochemical (chemical blood composition), morphological (weight and sizes of certain tissues and internal organs), physical-chemical and sanitary meat parameters and statistical (mean arithmetic value and its error, significance level of difference between parameters). We found evidence and confirmed the benefits of using microelement supplemention with essential aminoacids in the bulls’ diet. Feeding chelate supplement to animals during the second feeding period improved hematological parameters, the productivity and nutrition value of beef. We determined that the best outcomes resulted from feeding bulls with lysinates and methionates in complex with microelements (Fe, Co, Se and I) during the second feeding period. The animals had 26.0% higher mean daily increments and 11.1% greater growth rates, and they grew 25.8% more intensively than the others that consumed only the main diet. The animals of this group had 5.2% higher slaughter yield and 4.8% higher carcass yield. The experimental groups were observed to have lower number of microorganisms in the longissimus layer in one field of view when analyzing impression smears. After 14 days of beef storage, qualitative reactions in the control group were positive with formaldehyde, sulphuric-acid copper, Nessler’s reagent and negative with benzidine. The reactions in the samples from experimental groups were doubtful. Less deterioration of beef stored at low positive temperatures (0…+2 ºС) was observed for the samples of experimental groups.

Ecological and physiological parameters of Myotis dasycneme (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Urals

Understanding the evolution of bat homeostasis and the formation of an adaptive strategy of animals to climatic fluctuations and pathogens determine the need for further laboratory and modelling studies devoted to the ecology and physiology of bats. This study was aimed to assess the hematological and biochemical parameters of homeostasis of Myotis dasycneme, a protected endemic bat species of the Urals. Animals (n = 65) were caught in the zone of mass habitation of bats in the Southern Urals (Chelyabinsk Region) and the Middle Urals (Sverdlovsk Region). We used samples from M. dasycneme populations in the Ilmensky State Nature Reserve (Russia). Multivariate non-parametric analysis of variance has shown no significant sex differences in red blood parameters in bats (p > 0.05). The blood of bats was characterised by high levels of hemoglobin (167.9–187.2 g/L), hematocrit (47.2–51.5%), erythrocytes (9.6–11.5 × 1012/L), platelets (136.8–271.3 × 109/L). In the autumn-winter period of hibernation, under hypoxic load on the body and prolonged exposure to low positive and near-zero temperatures, an increased content of agranulocytes (50.6–53.6%) was noted in the blood of females and males. The spring process of awakening and exit from deep hypothermia is accompanied by the reactivity of the innate immune system in males and females (granulocytes: 53.2–54.2%). During the winter period of hypobiosis in bats, the basal metabolism increases and the concentration of glucose in the blood increases to 4.7 ± 0.5 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The absence of statistically significant sex differences in the content of glucose and triglycerides (p > 0.05) in the blood plasma of animals has been noted. This ensures metabolic processes (carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) in all seasonal periods of their annual life cycle. The amino acid fund of blood plasma of bats is represented by 22 amino acids. In the blood plasma of males and females, the fund of free amino acids decreases during the year in the following direction: summer ≥ autumn ≥ winter > spring (p < 0.05). There were no sex differences (p > 0.05) in the content of amino acid metabolic groups, namely glycogenic (GGAA), non-essential (NEAA), branched carbon chain (BCCA). A significant accumulation of metabolically active glucoplastic alanine in autumn (3.1 times) and winter (2.3 times) in the blood of females, and in autumn and winter (2.0 and 1.9 times) in males indicates its role as a low-temperature adaptogen. Under conditions of low positive temperatures, in the blood plasma of M. dasycneme, the disappearance of the essential amino acid tryptophan was observed (p < 0.05). This suggests a high demand for serotonin synthesis as one of triggers actively involved in maintaining hypothermia and hypometabolism in bats. Thus, the biochemical and immunohematological parameters, obtained in the course of the study, make it possible to expand and systematise the available information on the mechanisms of participation of the blood system in the regulatory processes in bats. They can be used for long-term monitoring in solving problems of conservation and abundance of healthy populations of bats that adapt both to seasonal modulations and biotic factors, and to stressors of zoonotic significance.

Pedo-climatic changes of drained floodplain soils within the forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia)

The article provides an assessment of climatic characteristics and changes in floodplain soils after the implementation of a drainage system. The study was conducted in the northern forest-steppe zone of the East European Plain (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia). Through the analysis of long-term meteorological observations from 1961 to 2020, it was found that there was a steady increase in air temperature in all months and throughout the year, an increase in the period with positive temperatures, a slight increase in annual precipitation, and a reduction in precipitation during certain months of the warm season. Over the past 40 years, the drainage system has transformed the soil cover from Gleysols to Anthrosols, due to a decrease in the level of groundwater, agricultural use, as well as warming of the climate in the region. Thus, the transformation of soil cover can potentially contribute to climate change through the depletion of soil organic carbon stocks and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, currently, the natural and climatic conditions, morphological, water-physical, and agrochemical properties of Anthrosols allow for the production of two harvests of fodder crop (Bromus inermis L.) during the vegetation period. In general, the change in climatic indicators in the study area is consistent with the global trend. Our results underscore the sensitivity of soil systems to climatic variations and human activities, highlighting the need for local studies to understand regional and global environmental changes.

ТУМАН ТА ПОВ’ЯЗАНІ З НИМ МЕТЕОРОЛОГІЧНІ УМОВИ В РАЙОНІ АЕРОДРОМУ КИЇВ/АНТОНОВ-2

The State Enterprise “Antonov” Airport in the town of Hostomel occupies a strategic position due to its proximity to Kyiv, being less than 30 kilometers away. Moreover, it is capable of receiving and servicing large and specialized aircraft, making it a vital asset for aviation activities. One of the most important factors that significantly impact the aviation industry is meteorological conditions. This article examines fog and weather conditions that led to its formation in the vicinity of the Kyiv/Antonov-2 airport over a period of more than a decade from 2010 to 2020. Through careful analysis, not only the average and maximum frequencies of fog occurrence on a monthly, seasonal, and annual basis are considered, but also the characteristics of air temperature, wind, and visibility during fog episodes. The data source is information meticulously collected from the weather logs of AV-6 at the Kyiv/Antonov-2 airport during the specified period. The conclusions drawn are based on well-established methods of climatological analysis of meteorological data. The research has shown that fog is a meteorological phenomenon that is not frequently observed during the summer months in this region. However, as autumn sets in, their cumulative frequency steadily increases, reaching approximately 15% of the total number of fog occurrences. Interestingly, fogs are mostly observed at positive temperatures, although occasional exceptions occur when fog forms even in significantly cold conditions. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that fogs at the Kyiv/Antonov-2 airport can occur independently of wind direction. It should be noted that fogs are most commonly observed with visibility ranging from 100 to 500 meters. The results of this study provide valuable information about the climate characteristics of the airport, which can be extremely useful for various stakeholders. For meteorologists and forecasters, these findings can serve as a valuable tool to improve the accuracy of fog-related forecasts at the airport, thereby promoting safer and more efficient aviation operations. The conclusions drawn from this research not only deepen the overall understanding of local weather conditions, but also hold practical significance for those involved in aviation and weather forecasting. Furthering such studies contributes to ensuring safer skies and more efficient airports.

ТЕРМИЧЕСКИЙ РЕЖИМ ВЕРХНИХ ЛАНДШАФТНЫХ ПОЯСОВ СЕВЕРА ПРИМОРСКОГО ХРЕБТА (ПРИБАЙКАЛЬЕ) В 2021-2022 ГГ.14

Monitoring of the thermal regime of the atmospheric surface layer in the conditions of the mountainous relief ofthe Baikal region has been a relevant issue for many years. In 2015, catastrophic fires occurred in the Western Pribaikalye. As a result, the native vegetation was strongly disturbed, its environment-forming and environment-protective functions changed or weakened significantly. In 2021, monitoring of the thermal regime of the upper landscape belts of the Primorsky Ridge was organized in order to study the restoration dynamics of the geosystems against the background of climatic changes. The observation period covered 2021-2022. Monitoring sites were organized in the podgoltsovyi (1280 m ASL) and mountain taiga (1040 m ASL) belts of the southeastern macroslope of the Primorsky Ridge. The thermal regime of the surface air layer was monitored using autonomous temperature recorders Thermochron iButton DS1925L-F5 installed at a height of 2 m. The temperature was recorded eight times a day synchronously with the measurements of meteorological network stations. There were obtained comparative data on the temperature dynamics of the podgoltsovyi and mountain taiga belts in the north of the Primorsky Ridge, including areas subjected to pyrogenic effects. The sums of positive and active temperatures, the duration of the vegetation and cold periods were determined; the annual variability and the seasonal daily dynamics of the atmospheric surface layer temperature were analyzed; the influence of the terrain height and the type of vegetation cover on the thermal regime of high-altitude belts was established. The study revealed the features of the thermal regime of pyrogenic impact areas in the mountain taiga belt, which are caused by a change in the reflectivity of the underlying surface due to destruction of the vegetation cover. Further studies will make it possible to identify the duration of the post-pyrogenic recovery of microclimatic parameters to background values for different topogeosystems in the northern part of the Primorsky Ridge. The obtained data, together with the materials of field physical-geographical studies, can be used as a scientific basis for planning economic activities (including environmental protection) in areas with special conditions of natural resource management.

Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the Eskimo-1 line on the effect of low positive temperatures

Low temperatures are a significant stressor that adversely affects plant growth and productivity. They cause mechanical damage to the aerial parts of the plant, while salinity and drought disrupt the ionic and osmotic balance of the cell. Cold damage can also occur due to extremely low temperatures that lead to irreversible damage to plant organs. Consequently, low temperatures are a limiting environmental factor for agricultural productivity. This study aimed to investigate the response of cotton seedlings (lines ESKIMO1 and Coker-312) at the 2-4 true leaf stage to low temperatures. The content of free proline and endogenous salicylic acid was measured after the plants were exposed to temperatures below the critical threshold (+4 0 С, +10 0 С, +15 0 С, and +24 0 С) for 24 and 48 hours in climatic chambers. Analysis of the results revealed changes in the amino acid and phytohormone content after 24 hours of exposure to low temperatures. Based on these findings, we conclude that these substances participate in the adaptation process, protecting plants from the damaging effects of abiotic temperature factors. These results have implications for improving plant growth and productivity under low temperature conditions.

Комплексные полимерные препараты для защиты семян зерновых культур сельскохозяйственных растений

Pre-sowing treatment of seeds of cultivated plants with agrochemicals can significantly reduce crop losses. A promising technology for increasing the yield of spring crops in arid zones characterized by moisture deficiency in the summer is winter sowing. However, this method carries the risk of large losses as a result of premature germination of grain in the event of prolonged positive temperatures in the fall or severe thaws. Special grain processing chemicals can prevent such losses. Complex polymer preparations have been developed to protect grain seeds from premature germination and damage by phytopathogens. It has been shown that compositions based on polyvinyl acetate dispersions and polyacrylamide most effectively prevent premature germination of barley grains. At the same time, treatment with a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate significantly reduced plant germination. It has been shown that when barley grains are treated with compositions based on polysaccharides with a fungicidal preparation, fungal infection is completely absent, and there is no significant inhibition of seed germination. This composition for treatment against fungal spoilage of grain and seedlings seems promising for practical use.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ КЛИМАТА И РИСК ДЕГРАДАЦИИ ПОЧВ В ЗАУРАЛЬСКОЙ СТЕПИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

The article presents data on climate change in the Trans-Ural steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan over the past 23 years, during which there has been an increase in water reserves in snow by 3.8%, precipitation by 18.9% and temperature by 30% (during the snowmelt period); an increase in the number of days with dust storms by 15% in the presence of 44% deflationary-dangerous winds, as well as a decrease during the growing season in the amount of precipitation by 19.2% and an increase in the average air temperature by 6.2%, as well as the sum of positive temperatures for the year by 5.2%. These factors increase the risks of soil erosion and salinization processes in the Trans-Ural steppe, during the development of which the thickness of humus-accumulative horizons, the content and reserves of organic matter decrease, and its quality changes.

PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENTS FOR ANIMAL SPERM: EVOLUTION OF METHODS AND TOPICAL ASPECTS (REVIEW ARTICLE)

A retrospective review of domestic and foreign sources of literature is presented, as well as data of published own research on cryopreservation of animal sperm. The main historical stages of the creation of protective environments for deep freezing of sperm are given. In the 30s of the last century, a phenomenon characterized by the death of spermatozoa upon sharp cooling in the range of positive temperatures was discovered. It is called temperature shock of sperm. To prevent it, it is proposed to add substances containing phospholipids to the composition of diluents. Such environments can contain both simple components - native chicken egg yolk or milk, and high-tech - lipoproteins, isolated phospholipids of various origins. To stabilize protein-lipid complexes of plasma membranes and acrosomes of sperm during the cooling process, carbohydrates are added to the diluents. Sugars are components of energy supply for sperm and, along with salts, they are the main osmotic regulators. A combination of two or three carbohydrates in the medium was traditionally considered necessary. However, the Kharkiv school of reproductive specialists has proven the possibility of creating effective protective environments using only one sugar - sucrose or lactose - based on considerable practical experience. The effectiveness of germ cell freezing is shown depending on the cryoprotectants used. Glycerin is the first known endocellular cryoprotectant, which is still unsurpassed in sperm cryopreservation. Our own experimental data on the effect of combinations of glycerol with substances from the amide group on the main biological indicators of sperm after deconservation are presented. Cryoprotectants dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and dimethylformamide (DMF) were tested in own experiments on stallion semen. The experiments studied the effect of different concentrations of the above-mentioned penetrating cryoprotectants both on the main physiological characteristics of stallion sperm (motility, survival), and on the degree of damage to the membrane apparatus of sperm. The effectiveness of certain combinations of these substances has been proven. Methods of preventing the negative impact of oxygen and the development of lipid peroxidation processes in sperm during cryopreservation are presented. The concept of using additional hormonal components in diluents, in particular prostaglandin F2a, is revealed. The materials related to the effect on the quality of reproductive cells of healing preparations are displayed. Keywords: artificial insemination, environments, semen, animals, bulls, stallions, cryoprotectants, freezing.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ МОРОЗОСТІЙКОСТІ ДОРОЖНІХ БЕТОНІВ ЗА РАХУНОК ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ВТОРИННОГО ЗАХИСТУ

The production of road cement-concrete mixtures, their transportation, laying and compaction usually occurs during periods of high positive temperatures and the presence of wind. When cement concretes harden under such conditions, moisture evaporates from them. This can lead to air shrinkage, which causes to the cracking and collapse of concrete. Therefore, to protect the hardening cement concrete from shrinkage and cracking, film-forming materials are applied to its surface. However, the practice of using road surfaces shows that such protection is not sufficient to ensure the durability of cement concretes. Therefore, to increase the resistance of concrete to aggressive environments, it is proposed to use secondary protection. Secondary protection of concrete consists in applying impregnating compounds to the surface of the pavement. The article presents the results of studies of the effect of impregnating compositions on water absorption and frost resistance of concrete of strength class B30 (C32/40). It is shown that the use of impregnating compositions improves the water resistance of concrete. However, such surface treatment does not lead to an increase the frost resistance of road concretes. It was found that some formulations increase the hardness of the concrete surface and do not reduce the resistance of concrete under the simultaneous action of negative temperatures and chloride salts. The article presents the results of studies of the effect of impregnating compositions on water absorption and frost resistance of concrete of strength class B30 (C32/40). It is shown that the use of impregnating compositions improves the water resistance of concrete. However, such surface treatment does not lead to an increase in frost resistance of road concretes. It has been found that some impregnating compositions increase the surface hardness of concrete. At the same time, they do not reduce the resistance of concrete under the simultaneous action of negative temperatures and chloride salts. At the same time, there are compositions, the use of which leads to peeling of the concrete surface when tested for frost resistance. Such peeling leads to destruction of the protective layer of concrete and can reduce the frost resistance of concrete. The reasons for the low efficiency of secondary protection of road concrete when using impregnating compositions are given. It is shown that such compositions should be used selectively for the protection of road concrete. It is indicated for which strength classes the impregnation is an effective means of protection. The use of impregnation for concretes of other strength classes leads to a decrease the resistance of aggressive environments. Keywords: frost resistance, secondary protection, impregnating compounds, concrete protective layer, water absorption.

Агробиологическая оценка коллекционных сортообразцов пайзы (Echinochloa Frumentacea) в условиях Нижнего Поволжья

In the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region, paiza is a promising forage crop. Due to the complex of biological and economically valuable signs and properties, the paiza has a direct relationship between the yield of green mass and precocity, on the one hand, and between the yield of this mass and tallness and foliage, on the other. This choice is also determined by its relative drought resistance and the ability to withstand extreme positive temperatures in arid climatic conditions of Russia without loss of yield and grain quality, which allows it to be grown in many regions of the Russian Federation. The article presents the results of the yield and nutritional value of aboveground biomass in the phase of milk ripeness. Keywords: PAIZA, SELECTION, VARIETY PATTERN, YIELD, ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS

Productivity of corn as affected by the accumulation of heat units and different nitrogen fertilizers

Purpose. To establish the effectiveness of the application of different fertilizers in corn cultivation technologies in the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, depending on the weather conditions of the years of research.
 Methods. Field research was conducted in the years 2019–2021 in dark grey podzolized soil. The results of the study were calculated using the SAS 9.4 software package. Analysis of variance was performed using the Duncan rank criterion.
 Results. Calculations of the accumulation of heat units showed a significant difference by year, which largely determined the level of corn productivity. During vegetation, the sum of active temperatures in the conditions of the northern regions of the Left Bank Forest Steppe varied, on average for 2019–2021, from 3235 (May–September) to 3731 (April–November). The largest range of difference between the sums of heat units was for the period April–October, from 3550 in 2019 to 3845 in 2021, which indicates the potential for earlier corn sowing dates in this region under favorable weather conditions. Corn hybrids ‘EU Concord’ and 'EU Asteroid' are quite plastic and respond positively to optimization of nutrition. Application of N22Р57К57 in the form of diamophoska provides an increase in the yield of their grain by 0.99–1.01 t/ha, or 16.3–16.4%. Additional application of nitrogen fertilizers against the background of diammonium phosphate provides an increase in yield from 0.57 to 1.33 t/ha, or by 8.0–18.6%. With the introduction of potassium ammonium nitrate (KAN 32), the yield increase in ‘EU Concord’ was 2.19 t/ha and in ‘EU Asteroid’ 2.34 t/ha compared to the control.
 Conclusions. The sum of the accumulated heat units during vegetation more objectively characterizes the thermal resources of the area compared to the sums of positive, active and effective temperatures, which makes it possible to more accurately determine the optimal dates for sowing and the end of the crop vegetation season in the conditions of the research region. Applying nitrogen in several ways optimizes the nutrition of corn plants, ensuring an increase in individual productivity and grain yield up to 18.6%.

Power of a Quasispin Quantum Otto Engine at Negative Effective Spin Temperature

A negative-temperature quantum heat engine is experimentally implemented with a single Cs atom in an Rb bath, demonstrating how negative temperatures can both enhance the output power and reduce fluctuations in comparison to positive temperatures.

INVESTIGATION OF INDICATORS OF COLD RESISTANCE AND CRACK RESISTANCE OF WHEELS MANUFACTURED BY JSC EVRAZ NTMK FROM DIFFERENT STEEL GRADES ACCORDING TO GOST 10791‒2011 AT PROLONGED LOW TEMPERATURES UP TO ‒60 °C

The Northern Latitudinal Railway is a railway in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, which is aimed at developing the main oil and gas region of the country. The railway will connect the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District with the Urals and Central Russia, as well as the south of the country, but first of all, the Northern Latitudinal Railway is considered in close connection with the Northern Sea Route. At present, the solid-rolled wheels are manufactured according to GOST 10791‒2011 and used on Russian railways. At the same time, with regard to the whole-rolled wheels of wheel sets of railway rolling stock, there is data on their basic characteristics that allow them to be reliably operated in temperate climates on most railways. The list of controlled parameters of the whole-rolled wheels is contained in GOST 10791‒2011, GOST 4835‒2013, GOST 11018‒2011, however, it is not exhaustive, as it is directly linked to the production technology and the available operational practice in relation to this manufacturing technology. At the same time, the existing regulatory framework does not practically contain requirements for the properties of wheels at low temperatures. The reliability of the whole-rolled wheels under these conditions has been confirmed empirically. In this connection, the evaluation of the low-temperature reliability of serial whole-rolled wheels according to GOST 10791‒2011 produced by JSC EVRAZ NTMK and the possibility of their use under operating conditions on the Northern Latitudinal Railway was carried out. The comparative studies of the behavior of the metal of whole-rolled wheels made of steel grades 2 and T with the determination of the degree of change in the properties and parameters of destruction under dynamic, static and cyclic loading under conditions of positive and negative temperatures are presented. The serial curves were constructed for changes in the impact strength and in the crack development of rims and discs of the whole-rolled wheels made of grades 2 and T at positive and negative temperatures. The risks of failures during work of railway wheels were assessed under operating conditions with prolonged low temperatures

RESPONSES OF SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF DIFFERENT MAIZE HYBRIDS TO LOW POSITIVE TEMPERATURE STRESS

The article presents an assessment of the resistance of various maize hybrids (Por. 180, Bemo 203, Por. 374, Por. 427 and Por. 310) to the shock of low positive temperatures based on changes in the germination and growth rates of seedlings. Six low positive temperature levels were used, including 1, 2, 4, 9, 16, and 26°C. Shock with low positive temperatures for 24 hours did not cause significantly changes in the final rate of germination.Treatment of seeds of maize hybrids with shock of positive low temperatures of 4°C, 2°C and 1°C for 24 hours had a significant impact on the radicle’s length and epicotyl’s height. These low positive temperatures predominantly influenced the growth of the epicotyls. According to the ratio between the biomass of roots and epicycles, it was shown that under the action of shock with low positive temperatures for 24 hours, Por 310 had the highest, and Por. 427 - the lowest root viability.

Цифровое сканирование роста и развития древесных растений

The paper presents a photometric device and a procedure for quickly recording the characteristics of organs or parts of woody plants during their growth in the field conditions with maximum detail and accuracy. The procedure was tested in the study of seasonal dynamics of Viburnum lantana L. introduced in Middle Taiga and a species of local flora V. opulus L. The research results show that there are differences in the species seasonal dynamics rhythm associated with the influence of the current and previous environmental conditions. Air temperature explains the greatest dependence of the beginning of growth and the majority of phenodates. It was found that early beginning and end of vegetation is typical for V. opulus. The growth and development of the introduced V. lantana occur in a warmer environment. Shoots of V. opulus begin to grow on May 18–21, after 11 days growth is observed in V. lantana. The earliest terms of shoot growth cessation were found in V. opulus (June 19); V. lantana shoot growth ends 7 days later. The longest shoots of the current year (101 mm) were formed in V. lantana, which is 26 mm longer than in V. opulus. The beginning of shoots growth in V. opulus is observed at +4.7 °C average daily air temperature and the sum of positive temperatures 187 °C, in V. lantana this process begins at +8.8 °C and 308 °C, respectively, and the species requires 6 days with average daily temperature above +10 °C to start growing. Thus, the studied Viburnum species can be conditionally divided into 2 groups: early (V. opulus) and late (V. lantana) beginning and ending seasonal development. Cultivated in the taiga zone V. lantana belongs to the highly promising introduced species, so it can be recommended for introduction into cultural cenoses and landscaping of settlements in the taiga zone. Acknowledgments: The research was supported by the Karelia Innovation Business Startup MVP within the framework of the Program for Support of Applied Research and Development of Students and Postgraduate Students of the Petrozavodsk State University. For citation: Kabonen A.V., Gavrilova O.I., Kishchenko I.T. Digital Scanning of Woody Plant Growth and Development. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 6, pp. 55–70. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-6-55-70

Агроклиматические условия на территории Республики Татарстан в период 1966–2021 гг.

The state of agroclimatic resources in the Republic of Tatarstan during 1966–2021 is considered. Using daily meteorological observations at 13 meteorological stations located on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan and reanalysis data, the radiation characteristics (direct, total, and photosynthetic radiation), the sum of positive temperatures of the active phase of the growing season (the period average daily temperatures above 10 °C), the dates of 10°C average daily temperature crossing in spring and autumn (for Kazan СGMS station, the dates of 0, 5, 10 and 15°C average daily temperature crossing), the duration of the growing season are calculated. The characterization of the degree of aridity and waterlogging of the region is given using the Budyko dryness index, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, and Sapozhnikova moisture index. An assessment of the biological effectiveness of the climate is given. A significant trend toward the aridity growth in the republic since 1976 has been revealed. Keywords: solar radiation, average daily air temperature, growing season, sum of positive temperatures, climate change trend, dryness and waterlogging indices

Заражаемость сорго грибковыми заболеваниями в Саратовском Правобережье

Currently, there is a certain tendency in Russia to increase the acreage occupied by sorghum crops. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, 90.0 thousand hectares of sorghum for grain were sown in 2021, and by 2022 the acreage under sorghum increased by 129.0%, which amounted to 116.0 thousand hectares. The choice of this crop, of course, is determined by its tolerance to soils, high drought resistance, the ability to withstand extreme positive temperatures in arid climatic conditions of Russia without loss of yield and grain quality, which allows the crop to be cultivated in many regions of the Russian Federation. However, the increase in the area of sowing is restrained by insufficient attention of production workers to the requirements of agricultural technology, biological features of culture. Sorghum has a complex of protective properties in relation to diseases, pests and unfavorable conditions: the presence of wax plaque, the content of alkaloids, silica and other substances that provide a high degree of resistance of this culture. Permanent sowing on the same areas leads to the accumulation of a large number of pathogens. Obtaining healthy seed material is one of the main agronomic requirements in ensuring high and stable yields. In this regard, the dependence of the initial growth indicators on the germination of sorghum seeds exposed to pathogens has been analyzed. The degree of damage to sorghum plants by smut diseases has been revealed. Keywords: SORGHUM, FUNGAL DISEASES, SEEDS, PATHOGEN, INFECTION