Positive Substance Research Articles

Prevalence and clinical implication of adverse childhood experiences and their association with substance use disorder among patients with schizophrenia

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use disorder (SUD) are well-known risk factors for psychosis and dramatically affect schizophrenia. In this research, we aimed to measure the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and substance use disorder in patients with schizophrenia and assess the effect of ACEs on the clinical presentation and overall functioning and the association between them and SUD in patients with schizophrenia. A cross-sectional study included a random sample of 165 schizophrenic patients who were examined by doing drug screen in urine, structured questionnaire to collect Socioeconomic characteristics, history of schizophrenia, structured clinical interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fifth edition, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, compliance rating scale, addiction severity index fifth edition (ASI) for individuals with positive urine drug screen.ResultsOnly 14.4% of the studied patients had no adverse childhood experiences. The prevalence of positive substance abuse screening was 18.2%. There were statistically significant negative correlations between total ACE score and educational level, socioeconomic level, and the onset of schizophrenia. On the other hand, statistically significant positive correlations were found between the total ACE score and PANSS score and ASI score. The first most frequent ACE was significantly associated with female gender, lower education levels, low and middle socioeconomic classes, lifetime substance use, smokers, and positive drug screening. Emotional neglect and contact sexual abuse were significantly associated with positive drug screening. At the same time, Physical abuse was significantly associated with both lifetime substance use and positive drug screening.ConclusionThe current study’s findings indicate that childhood adverse experiences and substance abuse are prevalent problems in patients with schizophrenia. Given that there is an association between both issues, they may affect the symptomatology of the disorder, the prognosis, and the therapeutic plan. It is advised that a greater emphasis on and identification of childhood trauma and drug use disorder may be a necessary step in assessing patients with schizophrenia.

Criminal Poisoning: A Hospital-Based Survey in an Academic Center of Iran

Background: One of the most common medical emergencies worldwide is deliberate or accidental poisoning. The ever-increasing consumption of toxins and fatal drugs is getting more critical by the time. The purpose of intentional poisoning is to harm self and others. It includes objectives like robbery, sexual abusing (rape). The perpetrators of sedative and hypnotic drugs could sedate patients and make them sleepy. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study investigated the suspected Drug-Facilitated Crime (DFC) admitted patients and Outpatient Department (OPD) in the emergency room and toxicology ward. A researcher-made questionnaire was completed for each patient. The biological samples (urine, blood) were provided to a clinical toxicology lab. Results: The information of 40 suspected DFC patients was analyzed. 70% of intoxicated patients were men, and 30% were women. The patients’ mean age was 31-43 years; 42% were low in education, and 37% were self-employed. Furthermore, 75% of total intoxicated patients had a sedentary level of consciousness. Approximately 92.5% had one positive substance test, and 7.5% had negative lab test results. The most used drug was diazepam, by 70%. The motivation for poisoning was 80% robbery, 12.5% for rape, and 7.5% were no diagnostic. Conclusion: The prevalence of poisoning, especially deliberate poisoning, is dramatically growing in this part of the world. Accordingly, this study reveals the flexibility of criminals in Tehran Province, Iran. Thus, the Ministry of Health should seriously control legal and illegal drugs purchase.

166. Congenital Syphilis in Minnesota, 2016-2020

BackgroundNationally, cases of congenital syphilis (CS) have increased over the past 5 years. We reviewed CS cases in Minnesota from 2016-2020.MethodsAll cases of syphilis, including CS, are reported to the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), including accompanying data on maternal age, baby’s sex, race, test results, maternal stage and treatment of mother and child. Medical records and case interviews were reviewed; the 2018 national case definition was used to classify cases.ResultsDuring 2016-2020, there were 47 CS cases from 45 mothers, peaking in 2020 at a rate of 3.2/10,000 live births. 43 (91.5%) cases of CS had no clinical signs, 1 (2.1%) CS case was inadequately treated, and there were 2 deaths.The median maternal age was 28 (IQR 9, range 18-38). 13 (28.9%) identified as Black, non-Hispanic, 13 (28.9%) as American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), 9 (20.0%) as White, non-Hispanic, 3 (6.7%) as Hispanic, 2 (4.4%) as Asian/Pacific Islander, and 5 (11.1%) Other/Unknown. Twenty-four (51.1%) cases occurred in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area. 2 (4.4%) cases were primary, 1 (2.2%) was secondary, while 18 (40.0%) maternal cases were staged as early non-primary, non-secondary (ENPNS) and 24 (53.3%) were late unknown duration. 14 (31.1%) of mothers had their initial prenatal visit in the first trimester, 6 (13.3%) in the 2nd trimester, 11 (24.4%) in the 3rd, and 14 (31.1%) unknown. None of the maternal cases were HIV+, 2 were identified as positive for hepatitis C. 18 (40.0%) mothers had no or limited prenatal care, 21 (46.7%) had inadequate treatment for syphilis, and 18 (40.0%) had inadequate maternal testing. No cases reported substance use, but one case had a positive substance screen at delivery, and case interviews also documented a role of substance use and home instability in several other cases. ConclusionCase rates of CS are the highest ever seen in MN. There is disproportionate impact in persons of color and indigenous Minnesotans. Lack of access to prenatal care, missed opportunities for testing, and incomplete or insufficient treatment were found in maternal cases. More work needs to be done with communities at risk and with prenatal care providers to ensure adequate testing, identification and treatment for syphilis in women of child-bearing age.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Service Needs Inventory: Development, reliability, and preliminary validity.

Although measures for assessing mental health functioning and criminogenic need exist independently, there remains a need for an integrated measure that assesses both constructs simultaneously. The Service Needs Inventory (SNI) was developed to identify aspects of mental health functioning and criminogenic needs of criminal justice-involved persons with mental illness (CJ-PMI). In this multistudy series, Studies 1 (n = 66 male probationers) and 2 (n = 185 male probationers) conducted item analysis and reliability analysis of the eight SNI subscales: Criminal History, Antisocial Attitudes and Associates, Positive Psychotic Symptomology, Social Functioning, Social Networking, Substance Abuse, Negative Affect, and Traumatic History. The SNI was reduced from 197 to 158 items and internal consistency values for the subscales ranged from .76 to .93 in Study 1. In Study 2 the SNI was further reduced from 158 to 94 items; all original subscales were retained, and internal consistency values for the subscales ranged from .60 to .84. Test-retest reliability for the measure over a 2-week interval was high (r = .91). Study 3 (n = 66 participants from Study 1) provided preliminary examination of concurrent validity with Pearson's correlation coefficients demonstrating medium to large associations (r = .41-.67) with their respective reference measure. It is anticipated that the SNI can be used for research as well as clinical use in a variety of forensic and correctional settings to increase the efficiency of assessment procedures and effectively identify service needs of CJ-PMI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Greater loss of face and family honor values are associated with greater positive expectancies and substance abuse among Middle Eastern/Northern African U.S. college students

ABSTRACT Background Traditional cultural orientation is protective against substance use for Asian Americans and Latinos. However, little empirical research has examined traditional cultural values and substance use among Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) individuals. MENA cultures tend to emphasize maintaining family honor and personal social integrity, which may influence substance use cognitions and behavior. Objective Test whether loss of face and family honor influenced risky alcohol/cannabis use via positive expectancies. We expected that greater loss of face and family honor values would predict lower positive expectancies and risky substance use. Methods MENA college students (N = 246; 58.6% women) were recruited via Qualtrics Panels and completed an online survey. We tested path models, estimating direct and indirect effects of cultural predictors, adjusting for age, gender, generation status, marital status, and living situation. Substance use was modeled as risk categories (low- versus high-risk) and as count-type outcomes using zero-inflated models. Results Greater family honor values predicted higher positive alcohol and cannabis expectancies (b = .24-.32, p < .001). Greater loss of face values also predicted more positive expectancies (b = .22-.24, p < .001). Mediation analysis generally indicated that cultural factors were indirectly associated with risky use via positive expectancies. Conclusion MENA college students’ greater family honor and loss of face values are associated with greater alcohol and cannabis use, in part through positive expectancies. Cultural pressures may enhance the perceived benefits of alcohol and cannabis use. Substance use intervention programs should integrate MENA college students, and address family honor and loss of face as culturally-salient risk indices.

Diosmetin Ameliorates Vascular Dysfunction and Remodeling by Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and p-JNK/p-NF-κB Expression in Hypertensive Rats.

Diosmetin is a citrus flavonoid that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study examined the effect of diosmetin on blood pressure and vascular alterations and its underlying mechanisms in experimentally hypertensive rats. Male Sprague rats were administered Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester L-NAME for five weeks and were given diosmetin at doses of 20 or 40 mg/kg or captopril (5 mg/kg) for two weeks. Diosmetin alleviated hypertension, improved endothelial dysfunction, and suppressed the overactivity of sympathetic nerve-mediated vasoconstriction in aorta and mesentery hypertensive rats (p < 0.05). Increases in plasma and aortic tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and carotid superoxide generations and reductions of plasma superoxide dismutase, catalase, and nitric oxide in hypertensive rats were ameliorated by diosmetin (p < 0.05). Diosmetin increased the protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in hypertensive rats. Furthermore, diosmetin mitigated hypertrophy and collagen accumulation of the aortic wall in L-NAME rats. It exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing interleukin-6 (IL-6) accumulation and by overexpressing the phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinases (p-JNK) and the phospho-nuclear factor-kappaB (p-NF-κB) proteins in the aorta (p < 0.05). Captopril was a positive control substance and had similar effects to diosmetin. In summary, diosmetin reduced blood pressure and alleviated vascular abnormalities in L-NAME-treated rats. These effects might be related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as to the modulation of the expression of the Nrf2/HO1 and p-JNK/NF-κB proteins.

Review and Recent Advances of Oxygen Transfer in Li‐air Batteries

AbstractThe development of high performance and low weight energy storage devices has been recently geared towards new energy batteries for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Li‐air batteries are considered as an emerging energy source for electric cars because of their attractive theoretical specific energy of 11,400 Wh kg−1. Oxygen, as the positive electrode reaction substance of Li‐air battery, predominantly affects the dynamic performance of the battery and its diffusion is an important factor limiting the discharge process. Based on the resistance of oxygen transmission, the characteristics and influence of the Li‐air batteries are reviewed in this paper. The research on oxygen selective membrane, oxygen dissolution and transfer in positive electrode and electrolyte, structure of positive electrode and oxygenated additive in electrolyte are discussed to narrow down the internal mechanism factors that influence the Li‐air battery performance and service life. By discussing pathways to reduce the oxygen transmission resistance and hence improve the performance and life of the battery, we provide future perspectives on the application of Li‐air battery in electric vehicular power systems.

Self-reported and Documented Substance Use Among Adolescents in the Pediatric Hospital.

Adolescent substance use is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. A hospitalization represents an opportunity to identify and address substance use. We sought to describe self-reported and documented substance use among hospitalized adolescents. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years old admitted to two pediatric hospitals between August 2019 and March 2020. Using previously validated questions, we assessed the proportion of adolescents reporting ever, monthly, and weekly use of alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and other illicit drugs and nonmedical use of prescription medications. We reviewed medical records for substance use documentation. Among 306 respondents, 57% were older (16-18 years old), 53% were female, and 55% were of non-Hispanic white race and ethnicity. The most frequently reported substances ever used were alcohol (39%), marijuana (33%), and electronic cigarettes (31%); 104 (34%) respondents reported ever use of >1 substance. Compared with younger adolescents, those aged 16 to 18 years were more likely to report ever use of alcohol (29% vs 46%; P = .002), marijuana (22% vs 41%; P < .001), and ≥2 drugs (26% vs 40%; P = .009). A positive substance use history was rarely documented (11% of records reviewed), and concordance between documented and self-reported substance use was also rare. In this study of hospitalized adolescents, the most commonly reported substances used were alcohol, marijuana, and electronic cigarettes. Positive substance use documentation was rare and often discordant with self-reported substance use. Efforts to improve systematic screening for substance use and interventions for prevention and cessation in hospitalized adolescents are critically needed.

Lockdown during COVID-19 Pandemic: The Psychological Responses and Coping Strategies among Medical Students in a Public University in Malaysia

World Health Organization (WHO) had promulgated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic in the early year 2020. Following that, the National Security Council of Malaysia had announced the implementation of the Movement Control Order (MCO) in March 2020 to curb the disease. This social distancing measure had inevitably induced undesirable psychological responses among the public, including medical students. In this study, we aim to determine the psychological responses of medical students during the MCO period and their coping strategies. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 245 medical students of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) from 24th to 30th April 2020, using an online questionnaire comprising demographic data, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Brief COPE questionnaire. Nearly 30% of medical students experienced stress, anxiety, or depression. Among all, 9.4% had reported severe anxiety. There were significant differences between avoidance coping strategies and negative psychological responses. In general, the medical students preferred approach coping strategies (M = 29.19, SD = 9.27). Religion (M= 5.62, SD =2.10) was the most favored coping strategy while the least had abused substance (M=2.16, SD.77). A significant statistical difference was revealed in the choice of coping between the genders, for positive reframing, religion, humour, and substance abuse. Pre-clinical students were noted to have significant stress and anxiety levels and more inclined to use avoidance coping strategies. Psychological interventions are essential to address the mental health problems among university students during current and future disasters based on the understanding of their coping strategies.

Nothing Is Not Something

Abstract With the advance of secularization in numerous countries and the growth of those who report no religious affiliation, more attention is being given to individuals who are not religious. Various scholars have proposed names for the individuals who report no religious affiliation and researchers have created categories for such individuals. The de facto term is now “nonreligion” or “nonreligious.” However, even when the term “nonreligious” (Lee 2012) was put forward, there were serious reservations about labeling a group of people by what they are not. In this article, we detail why this is such a serious problem, and how this is only going to become more of a problem as this segment of national populations grows. We propose that we discontinue referring to such individuals as “nonreligious” and instead focus on the positive substance of their identities.

Childhood sexual abuse in patients with severe mental Illness: Demographic, clinical and functional correlates.

ObjectiveTo use data from electronic health records (EHRs) to describe the demographic, clinical and functional correlates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in patients with severe mental illness (SMI), and compare their clinical outcomes (admissions and receipt of antipsychotic medications) to those of patients with no recorded history of CSA.MethodsWe applied a string‐matching technique to clinical text records of 7000 patients with SMI (non‐organic psychotic disorders or bipolar disorder), identifying 619 (8.8%) patients with a recorded history of CSA. Data were extracted from both free‐text and structured fields of patients’ EHRs.ResultsComorbid diagnoses of major depressive disorder, post‐traumatic stress disorder and personality disorders were more prevalent in patients with CSA. Positive psychotic symptoms, depressed mood, self‐harm, substance use and aggression were also more prevalent in this group, as were problems with relationships and living conditions. The odds of inpatient admissions were higher in patients with CSA than in those without (adjusted OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.64–2.33), and they were more likely to have spent more than 10 days per year as inpatients (adjusted OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.07–1.62). Patients with CSA were more likely to be prescribed antipsychotic medications (adjusted OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.69–3.66) and be given over 75% of the maximum recommended daily dose (adjusted OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.44–2.04).ConclusionData‐driven approaches are a reliable, promising avenue for research on childhood trauma. Clinicians should be trained and skilled at identifying childhood adversity in patients with SMI, and addressing it as part of the care plan.

A potential of methoxpropamine to be a widespread recreational drug: it blocks NMDA receptors and inhibits NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in a brain preparation of mice

The activity of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the central nervous system is affected by many psychoactive drugs, such as 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexan-1-one (ketamine) and its analog 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(amino)cyclohexan-1-one (methoxetamine, MXE). Recreational use of MXE can cause acute toxicity, such as dissociative state and tachycardia. After MXE use, confusion, agitation, ataxia, and nystagmus are induced. Moreover, MXE-related deaths have been reported, and this compound is banned in many countries. Recently, MXE’s derivative, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(propylamino)cyclohexan-1-one (methoxpropamine, MXPr), was reported as a new psychoactive substance and sold online as a designer drug. The aims were to determine how MXPr affects NMDA receptors in neurons and to compare the potency with MXE. Cartwheel cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of mice were used as a model of NMDA receptor-expressing neurons, and patch-clamp method was performed for the recordings. NMDA-induced inward current was initially evoked by microiontophoresis application of NMDA onto the cartwheel cells, and the effects of MXPr, MXE, and (5R,10S)-( +)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801, as a positive control substance) on NMDA-induced response were examined. Moreover, the effects of MXPr on NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents were also investigated. The IC50 of MXPr, MXE, and MK-801 on NMDA-induced response decreased in the following order: MXPr (1.647 μM) > MXE (0.841 μM) > MK-801 (0.060 μM), indicating that MXPr and MXE act as potent antagonists of NMDA receptors. MXPr suppressed NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission in a dose-dependent manner. MXPr, which may cause health and social damages to humans by blocking NMDA receptors, is a serious concern like MXE.

Positive emotional intensity and substance use: the underlying role of positive emotional avoidance in a community sample of military veterans

ABSTRACT Background: Military veterans are at greater risk for substance misuse. Positive emotional intensity is one well-established antecedent of substance misuse in this population. Positive emotional avoidance, or attempts to alter the form, frequency, or context of positive emotions, may help to explain this association. While clinical practice typically aims to increase positive emotions, such approaches may have iatrogenic effects, as high-intensity positive emotions may be experienced as distressing and prompt avoidance for some populations. This suggests a need to better understand responses to positive emotions to inform clinical practice. Objectives: The goal of the current study was to advance theory, research, and clinical practice by exploring the role of positive emotional avoidance in the associations between positive emotional intensity and both alcohol and drug misuse. We hypothesized that positive emotional intensity would indirectly influence alcohol and drug misuse through positive emotional avoidance. Methods: Participants were a community sample of United States military veterans recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n = 535, Mage = 37.45, 71.8% male, 69.5% White). Results: Correlations among positive emotional intensity, positive emotional avoidance, and alcohol and drug misuse were significant and positive (rs range from.13 to.41). Further, positive emotional avoidance was found to account for the relations of positive emotional intensity to alcohol (indirect effect: b =.04, 95%CI [.01,.08]) and drug misuse (indirect effect: b =.01, 95%CI [.01,.02]). Conclusions: Results provide preliminary support for the potential clinical utility of targeting avoidance responses to positive emotions in interventions targeting alcohol and drug misuse among military veterans.

Systematic comparison of the male reproductive tract in fetal and adult Wistar rats exposed to DBP and DINP in utero during the masculinisation programming window

This study investigates possible effects of in utero exposure of rats to a low dose (125 mg/kg bw/day) and a high dose (750 mg/kg bw/day) of Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) during the masculinisation programming window (MPW) which is embryonic days 15.5–18.5 (e15.5 - e18.5). Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was used at a high dose level (750 mg/kg bw/day) as an established positive control substance for anti-androgenic effects on the developing male reproductive tract.We focussed on the MPW and measured a multitude of biological endpoints at various life stages and applied state of the art histopathology staining techniques to refine the characterization of potential changes to the testis, beyond what is currently available with DINP. If DINP can mediate testicular dysgenesis (TDS) disorders, this exposure window would be sufficient to induce androgen impacts and alter male reproductive tract development as shown earlier in this validated experimental model with DBP.Overall, the results of this systematic comparison provide convincing evidence on the differences between the effects occurring with DBP and DINP. In contrast to what was seen with DBP, DINP did not cause cryptorchidism or hypospadias, had no effect on anogenital distance/anogenital index (AGD/AGi) and Leydig cell aggregates on e17.5 and e21.5 did not increase. With DINP no reduction of intratesticular testosterone, no effects on sperm motility and sperm count and no effect on adult testosterone or luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were seen. Our results demonstrate that DINP does not cause the adverse reproductive effects known to occur with DBP, a well-established endocrine disruptor.

The moderating role of positive peers in reducing substance use in college students

Objective Young adulthood (18–25) is the peak age for substance use, but friends who engage in positive behaviors may be protective. The present study examined the direct relation between positive peer affiliation and substance use, and whether positive peer affiliation moderated the relation between self-reported sensation-seeking, future orientation, self-regulation and substance use. Participants: Participants were 382 college students (M age = 19.25, SD = 1.33). Method: Participants completed questionnaires assessing substance use, peer affiliation, sensation-seeking, future orientation, and self-regulation. Results: In structural equation models, positive peer affiliation was negatively associated with drunk driving, cigarette use, and marijuana use; and moderated relations between sensation-seeking and substance use, but not cognitive control in the predicted direction. Conclusions: Substance use remains a salient public health concern for college students, but the current study found that having friends who generally engage in positive activities is an important buffer against socioemotional risk factors.

Autonomy, competence and relatedness and cannabis and alcohol use among youth in Canada: a cross-sectional analysis.

There has been increasing attention on preventing problematic youth substance use in light of concerns about rates of use and policy changes in Canada. Strengths-based approaches that emphasize protective factors, including positive mental health, are at the forefront of current prevention recommendations. However, there is a dearth of research on the association between positive mental health and substance use among youth. This study examines the associations between cannabis and alcohol use among youth and positive mental health as measured through the lens of self-determination theory. Secondary analyses of the 2014/2015 Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CSTADS) were conducted. Participating Grade 7 to 12 students residing in Canada completed the Children's Intrinsic Needs Satisfaction Scale (CINSS), which measures autonomy, competence and relatedness, and answered questions that measure past 30-day and more frequent cannabis use, alcohol use and binge-drinking. The associations between autonomy, competence and relatedness and substance use, stratified by sex, were examined using logistic regression. Fully adjusted models revealed that relatedness and competence were associated with lower odds of 30-day and more frequent cannabis use, alcohol use and binge-drinking. Higher autonomy was associated with higher odds of these behaviours. All associations were significant with the exception of competence and more frequent cannabis use among boys, and autonomy and more frequent alcohol use among girls. The findings offer new evidence on the associations between positive mental health and substance use among youth, specifically how autonomy, competence and relatedness are associated with cannabis use, alcohol use and binge-drinking. This evidence can be used to inform health promotion and substance use prevention programs.

Substance use disorder: Screening adolescents in primary care.

Adolescence is a time for experimentation, often leading to impulsive decision-making and risky behavior that can cause harm. Many primary care clinicians lack training in managing positive substance use screens. Screening adolescent patients in primary care can help identify, prevent, and treat substance use disorder.

ANALISIS KRITIS PROBLEMATIKA HAK BERAGAMA DAN BERKEYAKINAN DALAM KEBIJAKAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA DI INDONESIA

Religiosity is an essential entity of Indonesian society. Only 0.04% of Indonesians do not choose official religion. This religious fact gives the government confidence that religion is determinant in the lives of Indonesian people. Then, the government poured that belief in the Law on the National Education System (No. 20/2003) Article 12 Section 1a. But then it ran into a problematic crucial. Incorporating religion in education can provide hope for social cohesion and become a cornerstone of morality. Still, on the other hand, it can be a laboratory for the transmission of extremism. Therefore, the state policy in SISDIKNAS Article 12 Section 1a needs to be evaluated critically to understand and describe the substance of the policy, implementation, and impact, both planned and unplanned. For this purpose, this article tries to browse the literature to obtain the required data. This research provides some images. First, the Law generally has a positive substance but is very prone to causing social and legal problems caused by disproportionate and dilemmas derivatives of regulation. Second, the policy of religious rights and belief in the scope of education has not entirely led to the inclusive meaning of religion, resulting in several violations of human rights to the practice of exclusivism. Third, the orientation of religious significance can be the spirit of Indonesian national education.

New Insights into the Toxicokinetics of 3,4-Dichloroaniline in Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

In the fish embryo toxicity (FET) test with zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) is often employed as a positive control substance. Previous studies have characterized bioconcentration and transformation of 3,4-DCA in this test under flow-through conditions. However, the dynamic changes of chemical concentrations in exposure media and embryos were not studied systematically under the commonly used semi-static exposure conditions in multiwell plates. To overcome these limitations, we conducted semi-static exposures experiments where embryolarval zebrafish were exposed to 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 mg L−1 of 3,4-DCA for up to 120 hpf, with 24-h renewal intervals. During each renewal interval, concentrations of 3,4-DCA were quantified in water samples at 0, 6, 18, and 24 h using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Levels of 3,4-DCA in larvae were measured after 120 h exposure. Concentrations of 3,4-DCA in the test vessels decreased rapidly during exposure. Taking these dynamics into account, bioconcentration factors in the present study ranged from 12.9 to 29.8 L kg−1, depending on exposure concentration. In summary, this study contributed to our knowledge of chemical dynamics in the FET test with embryolarval zebrafish, which will aid in defining suitable exposure conditions for future studies.

Difficulties Regulating Positive Emotions and Substance Misuse: The Influence of Sociodemographic Factors

Background: Alcohol and drug misuse present significant public health concerns due to their high prevalence and deleterious outcomes. A growing body of research provides support for the role of difficulties regulating positive emotions in alcohol and drug misuse. However, research is needed to better understand for whom difficulties regulating positive emotions are most strongly associated with alcohol and drug misuse to inform assessment and treatment efforts. Objectives: The goal of the present study was to examine potential sociodemographic moderators (i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, race, income, and educational attainment) in the relations between difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse. Methods: Participants were 373 trauma-exposed adults (57.1% female, 75.8% White) recruited from the community. Results: Significant differences were identified across sociodemographic groups regarding difficulties regulating positive emotions (i.e. gender, ethnicity, race, and income) and alcohol use (i.e. gender). Moderation analyses revealed a significant interaction between difficulties regulating positive emotions and gender on drug misuse (b = 0.08, p < .001), such that the association was significant for females (b = 0.11, p < .001) but not males (b = .03, p = .05). Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of developing gender-sensitive recommendations for the assessment and treatment of substance misuse, and of incorporating techniques focused on addressing difficulties regulating positive emotions.