Positive Square Research Articles

Analysis of Factors Affecting on Saving Intention in Islamic Bank: The Case in Indonesia

This study aims to investigate the effects of religiosity and service quality on saving intention in Islamic banks towards Muslim communities in East Java Indonesia. In addition, this study also wants to find out whether there is an influence of gender, educational background, Islamic education, and geography on the intention to save in Islamic banks. This study uses a positive approach and structural equation modeling-partial least square (SEM-PLS) analysis technique. The sampling method used in this study is convenience sampling, with a total of 100 respondents. The results reveal that religiosity does not affect the saving intention of Muslim communities, while the service quality has a significant impact on the saving intention of the Muslim communities in East Java Indonesia. This result indicates that the better the service quality of Islamic banks, the more people's saving intentions will increase. Educational background and Islamic education affect the intention to save in Islamic banks, while gender and geography have no effect. The practical implication is the Islamic banks may focus on improving service quality, the financial capability of the bank, customer attraction through employee behavior, focusing on the reputation of the bank, and offering variant services.

A Contribution to Thermal Ageing Assessment of Glass Fibre Insulated Wire Based on Partial Discharges Activity

This paper aims to evaluate a Type-II insulated wire (i.e., Glass fibre insulated wire) as a function of thermal ageing time based on partial discharges (PD) activity. Partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV), partial discharge extinction voltage (PDEV), and repetitive partial discharge inception voltage (RPDIV) measurements have been performed on both unaged and thermally aged specimens. Each specimen modelled the turn-to-turn insulation; hence it was made by a pair of Glass fibre wires wrapped in PTFE tape for a mechanical purpose. The PD tests have been carried out under positive and negative unipolar square waveform excitations using different rise times: 80, 400 and 800 ns. The trend of PD quantities vs exposure time demonstrates that the effect of space charge accumulation under unipolar excitation must be taken into account when unaged and thermally aged specimens are compared. Results revealed that although sometimes thermally aged samples might show a temporary superiority in the short run, unaged ones always present a better performance after space charge accumulation, as expected. Following the statistic postprocessing of the collected data, shape/slope parameters of the Weibull distribution relevant to PDIV can be used as an ageing indicator for Glass fibre insulated wire. Finally, the permittivity evaluation vs thermal and electrical stresses have been performed, relying on the measured capacitance of each specimen just after every PD test. Such analysis revealed that thermal ageing increases permittivity in the long run. However, electrical stress has different impacts on permittivity depending on the rise time, polarity, and magnitude of the applied voltage.

Impacts of Land Use Change on Water Quality Index in the Upper Ganges River near Haridwar, Uttarakhand: A GIS-Based Analysis

The water quality of rivers is deteriorating due to human interference. It is essential to understand the relationship between human activities and land use types to assess the water quality of a region. GIS is the latest tool for analyzing this spatial correlation. Land use land cover, and change detection are the best illustration for showing the human interactions with land features. This study assessed water quality index of the upper Ganges River near Haridwar, Uttarakhand, and spatially correlated it with changing land use to reach a logical conclusion. In the upper course of Ganges, along a 78-km stretch from Kaudiyala to Bhogpur, water samples were collected from five stations. For water quality index, physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, DO, TDS, CaCO3−, CaCO3, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, F−, Fe2+ were considered. The results of the spatial analysis were evaluated through error estimation and spatial correlation. The root mean square error between spatial land use and water quality index at the selected sampling sites was estimated to be 0.1443. The spatial correlation between land use change and site-wise differences in water quality index also showed a high positive correlation, with R2 = 0.8455. The degree of positive correlation and root mean square error strongly indicated that the water quality of the river in the upper course of the Ganges is highly impacted by human activities.

Space Charge Dynamics in Epoxy Based Composites Under DC and Square Pulse Wave of Different Polarities and Frequencies

Space charge dynamics of epoxy based micro-nano hybrid composites under DC and square pulse waves of different polarities and frequencies are investigated. A specially designed high-speed pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) system is adopted to measure the space charge distributions of the prepared samples under different DC and square pulse voltage with positive and negative polarity. The DC electric field and the square pulse electric field of 20 kV/mm and 40 kV/mm with different polarities and frequencies are used. The results show that the micro-nano filler addition can suppress the space charge accumulation during the polarization. Furthermore, it can facilitate the dissipation of the accumulated charges during depolarization. No polarity effect is found in both samples under DC electric field. More space charges are accumulated in both samples under positive square pulse voltage with lower frequency, whereas the negative square pulse voltage with the higher frequency accelerates space charge accumulation in both samples. Moreover, the negative voltage has a more evident effect than the positive electric field on both samples. The space charge suppression effect of the micro-nano fillers is reduced under the square pulse voltage compared to the DC voltage. It is elucidated that epoxy based micro-nano hybrid composites are potential packaging materials for electronic devices. Still, their performance under the negative square pulse voltage with the high frequency and the positive square pulse voltage with the low frequency needs to be further investigated.

Influence of Temperature on Surface Discharge Characteristics of PEEK under Positive Repetitive Square Voltage

PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) and N2 are used as the frame material and insulation gas in the packaging of high voltage power electronic devices, respectively. Considering the IGBT device in normal operation, the chip will produce a large amount of Joule heat, which will increase the temperature of the insulation material in sub-modules. However, there has been no investigations on the influence of temperature on the surface discharge characteristics and mechanisms under positive repetitive square voltage (PRSV). In this paper, surface discharge current pulses and optical photos of surface streamer propagation of PEEK in N2 at different temperatures are collected under PRSV. The effects of different temperatures on discharge current pulse, charge quantities of discharge and time delay of discharge are analyzed in detail. Besides, the surface trap parameters at different polarization temperatures are measured by TSDC. The effects of temperature on the effective ionization rate, surface trap depth and densities are revealed. A reasonable model is used to explain the role of surface traps in the streamer propagation along the surface of PEEK. Besides, the time delay theory is introduced to quantitatively analyze the effect of temperature on the time delay of forward discharge (FD) and backward discharge (BD). The influence mechanism of temperature on specific pulse parameters of discharge current, time delay of discharge and charge quantities of discharge are all analyzed on the basis of the trapping and detrapping of surface electrons and ions at different temperatures.

Influence of ultrasound on the adsorption of single-walled carbon nanotubes to phenol: A study by molecular dynamics simulation and experiment

In this article, the effect of ultrasound on the adsorption of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to phenol was investigated by performing an all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. During the simulation process, a novel convenient method based on segmented simulation was proposed to realize the loading of ultrasonic boundary condition in MD simulation, which was realized by controlling the pressure changing as the positive and negative square wave. For evaluating the adsorption effect, structural parameters, interaction energies, hydrogen bond and number density distribution of water molecules were examined, and then an experiment was performed for verifying the conclusions of MD simulation. The results show that the external ultrasound can increase the amount of phenol around SWNTs, enhance the interaction energy between SWNTs and phenol molecules and weaken the hydrogen bond between phenol hydroxyl group and water molecules. These results indicate that the presence of ultrasound can promote the adsorption of carbon nanotubes to phenol. The experimental results for verification show that under ultrasound action, the concentration of the phenol solution is lower after adsorbed by SWNTs, which means that the adsorption of SWNTs to phenol has been promoted. In addition, the density distribution of water molecules decreases significantly only when the ultrasound generates negative pressure in the aqueous solution, which proves the correctness of the ultrasonic loading method proposed in this study.

On $k$-Fibonacci balancing and $k$-Fibonacci Lucas-balancing numbers

The balancing number $n$ and the balancer $r$ are solution of the Diophantine equation $$1+2+\cdots+(n-1) = (n+1)+(n+2)+\cdots+(n+r). $$ It is well known that if $n$ is balancing number, then $8n^2 + 1$ is a perfect square and its positive square root is called a Lucas-balancing number. For an integer $k\geq 2$, let $(F_n^{(k)})_n$ be the $k$-generalized Fibonacci sequence which starts with $0,\ldots,0,1,1$ ($k$ terms) and each term afterwards is the sum of the $k$ preceding terms. The purpose of this paper is to show that 1, 6930 are the only balancing numbers and 1, 3 are the only Lucas-balancing numbers which are a term of $k$-generalized Fibonacci sequence. This generalizes the result from [Fibonacci Quart. 2004, 42 (4), 330-340].

Does globalization affect the green economy and environment? The relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth.

This study analyzes the relationship between globalization, energy consumption, and economic growth among selected South Asian countries to promote the green economy and environment. This study also finds causal association between energy growth and nexus of CO2 emissions and employed the premises of the EKC framework. The study used annual time series analysis, starting from 1985 to 2019. The data set has been collected from the World Development Indicator (WDI). The result of a fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) method describes a significantly worse quality environment in the South Asian region. The individual country as Bangladesh shows a positively significant impact on the CO2 emissions and destroys the level of environment regarding non-renewable energy and globalization index. However, negative and positive growth levels (GDP) and square of GDP confirm the EKC hypothesis in this region. This study has identified the causality between GDP growth and carbon emission and found bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy use.

Influence of N 2 pressure on surface discharge characteristics of PEEK under positive repetitive square voltage

Influence of N ₂ pressure on surface discharge characteristics of PEEK under positive repetitive square voltage

The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries

This study analyzes the relationship between globalization, energy consumption, and economic growth among selected South Asian countries. This study also finds causal association between energy growth and nexus of CO2 emissions, and employed the premises of the EKC framework. The study used annual time series analysis, starting from 1972 to 2017. The data set has been collected from the world development indicator (WDI). The result of a fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) method describes a significantly worsen the quality environment in the south Asian region. The individual country as Bangladesh shows a positively significant impact on the CO2 emissions and destroying the level of environment regarding non-renewable energy and globalization index. However, negative and positive growth level (GDP) and square of GDP confirm the EKC hypothesis in this region. This study has identified the causality between GDP growth and carbon emission and found bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy use.

Square roots of H-nonnegative matrices

Roots of matrices are well-studied. The conditions for their existence are understood: The block sizes of nilpotent Jordan blocks, arranged in pairs, have to satisfy some simple algebraic property.More interesting are structured roots of structured matrices. Probably the best known example is the existence and uniqueness of positive definite square roots of a positive definite matrix. If one drops the requirement of positive definiteness of the square root, it turns out that there exists an abundance of square roots. Here a description of all canonical forms of all square roots is possible and is straightforward.H-nonnegative matrices are H-selfadjoint and are nonnegative with respect to an indefinite inner product with Gramian H. An H-nonnegative matrix B allows a decomposition in a negative definite, a nilpotent H-nonnegative, and a positive definite matrix, B=B−⊕B0⊕B+. The interesting part is B0, as only Jordan blocks of size one and two occur. Determining a square root of B reduces to determining a square root of each of B−, B0, and B+. Here we investigate for an H-nonnegative matrix: its square roots without additional structure, as well as its structured square roots that are H-nonnegative or H-selfadjoint.For these three classes of square roots of H-nonnegative matrices we show a simple criterion for their existence and describe all possible canonical forms. This is based mainly on known results but an important new part is that in all three cases we describe all possible square roots of the nilpotent H-nonnegative matrix B0 explicitly. Moreover, we show how our results can be applied to the conditional and unconditional stability of H-nonnegative square roots of H-nonnegative matrices, where the explicit description of the square roots of B0 is used.

Influence of Rise Time and Fall Time on Surface Discharge Characteristics of PEEK Under Positive Repetitive Square Voltage

In this paper, the surface discharge current pulses of PEEK (polyether-ether-ketone) under positive repetitive square voltage are measured. The effects of voltage rise time and fall time on pulse parameters of discharge current, instantaneous voltage of discharge and time-lag of discharge are analyzed in detail. The results show that the amplitude of discharge current and the instantaneous voltage of discharge decrease, and the time-lag of discharge and the dispersion of time-lag increase with the increase of voltage rise time. With the increase of voltage fall time, the amplitude of discharge current decreases and the instantaneous voltage of discharge, the time-lag of discharge and the dispersion of time-lag increase. To analyze the influence mechanism of voltage rise time and fall time on surface discharge, the accumulation of surface charge under repetitive square voltage is regarded as a periodic process. Besides, the correlation between forward discharge and back discharge in the process of discharge is analyzed, and the development of discharge is analyzed by using the time-lag theory. Furthermore, the relationship between instantaneous discharge voltage and voltage slew rate is revealed, and the surface charge accumulation processes under different voltage rise times and fall times are compared to reveal the influence mechanism of rise time and fall time on the surface discharge under positive repetitive square voltage.

Monte Carlo Simulation of a Modified Chi Distribution with Unequal Variances in the Generating Gaussians. A Discrete Methodology to Study Collective Response Times

The Chi distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable obtained from the positive square root of the sum of k squared variables, each coming from a standard Normal distribution (mean = 0 and variance = 1). The variable k indicates the degrees of freedom. The usual expression for the Chi distribution can be generalised to include a parameter which is the variance (which can take any value) of the generating Gaussians. For instance, for k = 3, we have the case of the Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution of the particle velocities in the Ideal Gas model of Physics. In this work, we analyse the case of unequal variances in the generating Gaussians whose distribution we will still represent approximately in terms of a Chi distribution. We perform a Monte Carlo simulation to generate a random variable which is obtained from the positive square root of the sum of k squared variables, but this time coming from non-standard Normal distributions, where the variances can take any positive value. Then, we determine the boundaries of what to expect when we start from a set of unequal variances in the generating Gaussians. In the second part of the article, we present a discrete model to calculate the parameter of the Chi distribution in an approximate way for this case (unequal variances). We also comment on the application of this simple discrete model to calculate the parameter of the MB distribution (Chi of k = 3) when it is used to represent the reaction times to visual stimuli of a collective of individuals in the framework of a Physics inspired model we have published in a previous work.

Can store image moderate the influence of religiosity level on shopping orientation and customers’ behavior in Indonesia?

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the effects of religiosity level on the shopping orientation and behavior of Muslim customers and how to store image moderates this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a positive approach and partial least square analysis technique on samples of Muslim customers in major cities in Indonesia, who have purchased products in the Syariah supermarket such as Sakinah Supermarket and 212 supermarkets at least twice within the past three months. The sampling method used in this study is convenience sampling, with a total of 117 respondents.FindingsThe results reveal that religiosity level significantly affects the Muslim customers’ shopping orientation subsequently impacts consumer shopping behavior. The result is in line with the rising trend by a society that begins to define successful businesses that touch upon the spiritual aspects of the shoppers. Customers with higher religiosity prefer higher quality products and customers who have lesser levels of religiosity establish different shopping characteristics and behavior. This eventually forms an orientation in shopping behavior. Furthermore, it is found that the store image significantly strengthens the influence of the impact of shopping orientations on Muslim customers’ behavior.Practical implicationsMarketers can increase the image of Islamic stores by implementing the principle of a smile, greeting, address to every customer who shops, managing the cashier queue to prevent ikhtilath (meeting between men and women) and adding decorations and calligraphy ornaments. Marketers can create membership cards, posters or billboards about the products that are being discounted or promoted to increase customer numbers image enhancement.Originality/valueThis study used specific variables that represent religiosity in the retail sector. It offers an analysis of how Muslim customers’ religiosity can affect their shopping orientation and behavior. The study is conducted in Indonesia, where research on this topic is still limited.

Influence of frequency on the surface discharge characteristics of PEEK under positive repetitive square voltage

In this study, the surface discharge current pulses of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) material under positive repetitive square voltage in a nitrogen atmosphere are measured. The influences of different voltage amplitudes and frequencies on the detail parameters of forward discharge and backward discharge current pulses are statistically analysed. The results show that as the square voltage amplitude increases, the current pulse amplitude, fall time and pulse width of both forward and backward discharge current increase, and the rise time does not change significantly. As the voltage frequency increases, current pulse amplitude, fall time and pulse width of both forward and backward discharge current decrease, and the rise time does not change significantly. Due to the independence of the discharge at different repetitive cycles, the specific discharge process in one cycle is analysed in detail to explain the influence mechanism of the voltage amplitude and frequency on the discharge current. By mean of the Richardson–Schottky and the Cavallini relaxation model, the relationship between discharge voltage ratio and surface charge, and the decay process of surface discharge are analysed. Furthermore, the influences of amplitude and frequency of the positive repetitive square voltage on the PEEK surface current pulses are explained qualitatively.

Novel features of magnetization in weakly ionized neutron star

In order to investigate the structural properties of strongly magnetized neutron star (NS), we have followed the Landau magnetization approach of quantized, degenerate electrons to obtain a new expression of the magnetization M, in the presence of super strong magnetic field B . It is shown that the susceptibility is positive square root function of B, hence the associated permeability (μ) will be than 1. Next, the conceptual issue regarding the impact of magnetization M on Maxwell-quantum magneto hydrodynamic (QMHD) equations is addressed, the obtained modified QMHD model is followed to investigate the dispersive properties of low frequency waves in weakly ionized plasma, consisting of degenerate neutrons, electrons and ions in the atmosphere of degenerate NS. The dispersion relation of a new type of magnetosonic waves propagating perpendicular to the B field is obtained in the presence of quantized magnetic pressure, with Alfven speed being reduced by the factor μ. It is shown that magnetar flares may excite new type of Alfvén waves propagating along the B field, Alfven frequency is found to have only decreasing trend with the increase of μ, to depict that the surface-crust of NS are magnetized enough to contain a quantum ‘ordered superconducting fluid. Moreover, the Alfven speed, calculated here, is found to be function of neutron mass density in contrast to the usual electron ion plasma case. We suggest an experimental search for Alfven-like waves in superconductors.

Solving nonlinear non-local problems using positive square-root operators

A non-constructive existence theory for certain operator equations L u = D u , using the substitution u = B 1 2 ξ with B = L −1 , is developed, where L is a linear operator (in a suitable Banach space) and D is a homogeneous nonlinear operator such that Dλu = λ α D u for all λ ≥ 0 and some α ∈ R , α ≠ ~1. This theory is based on the positive-operator approach of Krasnosel’skii. The method has the advantage of being able to tackle the nonlinear right-hand side D in cases where conventional operator techniques fail. By placing the requirement that the operator B must have a positive square root, it is possible to avoid the usual regularity condition on either the mapping D or its Fréchet derivative. The technique can be applied in the case of elliptic PDE problems, and we show the existence of solitary waves for a generalization of Benjamin’s fluid dynamics problem.

Discharge propagation on a dielectric surface in a single-filament arrangement

Discharge development and streamer propagation on a dielectric surface were investigated in nitrogen-oxygen gas mixtures at atmospheric pressure. A coaxial pin-to-pin arrangement was used to generate single surface discharges driven by positive unipolar square wave high voltages of between 7 and 9 kV at 4.3 kHz. The development of surface discharges was recorded by ICCD and streak cameras. The discharges developed on the surface using pin electrodes attached directly to the dielectric plate. The accumulation over several discharge events showed a propagation front evolving from the electrode tip, while images of single discharges showed a non-uniform and branched structure of discharge channels. The electrode polarity influenced the discharge expansion and propagation velocity. Positive polarity of the metallic electrode (rising slope of HV pulses) led to a cathode-directed streamer with higher propagation velocities (5 × 105 m/s) than for negative polarity (relative to surface charges; falling slope). The increase in the O2 content in N2 from 0.1 to 20 vol% resulted in a decrease in discharge duration and an increase in streamer velocities.

Positive Hankel operators, positive definite kernels and related topics

It is shown that a positive (bounded linear) operator on a Hilbert space with trivial kernel is unitarily equivalent to a Hankel operator that satisfies the double positivity condition if and only if it is non-invertible and has simple spectrum (that is, if this operator admits a cyclic vector). More generally, for an arbitrary positive (bounded linear) operator A on a Hilbert space H with trivial kernel the collection {mathscr {V}}(A) of all linear isometries V:H rightarrow H such that A V is positive as well is investigated. In particular, operators A such that {mathscr {V}}(A) contains a pure isometry with a given deficiency index are characterized. Some applications to unbounded positive self-adjoint operators as well as to positive definite kernels are presented. In particular, positive definite matrix-type square roots of such kernels are studied and kernels that have a unique such root are characterized. The class of all positive definite kernels that have at least one such a square root is also investigated.

On matrix rearrangement inequalities

Given two symmetric and positive semidefinite square matrices A , B A, B , is it true that any matrix given as the product of m m copies of A A and n n copies of B B in a particular sequence must be dominated in the spectral norm by the ordered matrix product A m B n A^m B^n ? For example, is ‖ A A B A A B A B B ‖ ≤ ‖ A A A A A B B B B ‖ ? \begin{equation*} \| AABAABABB \| \leq \| AAAAABBBB \| ? \end{equation*} Drury [Electron J. Linear Algebra 18 (2009), pp. 13–20] has characterized precisely which disordered words have the property that an inequality of this type holds for all matrices A , B A,B . However, the 1 1 -parameter family of counterexamples Drury constructs for these characterizations is comprised of 3 × 3 3 \times 3 matrices, and thus as stated the characterization applies only for N × N N \times N matrices with N ≥ 3 N \geq 3 . In contrast, we prove that for 2 × 2 2 \times 2 matrices, the general rearrangement inequality holds for all disordered words. We also show that for larger N × N N \times N matrices, the general rearrangement inequality holds for all disordered words for most A , B A,B (in a sense of full measure) that are sufficiently small perturbations of the identity.