Significant Positive Relationship Research Articles

Does Learning Orientation Enhance Financial Performance of Micro and Small Food Agro-processing Enterprises? Lessons from Tanzania

This study was set to investigate the relationship between learning orientation and financial performance of micro and small food agro-processing enterprises. The study was carried out in Arusha, Morogoro and Dar es Salaam regions in Tanzania. A quantitative approach and a cross-sectional survey design were employed. A total of 302 owner-managers were assessed using semi-structured questionnaire whereas stratified sampling technique was used to pick the sample. Data analysis was performed through structural equation modelling. The study confirmed positive link between learning orientation and the financial performance of food micro and small agro-processing enterprises in Tanzania. More specifically, both gross profit margin and net profit margin showed positive significant relationship with firm’s learning orientation. On the other hand, return on capital employed was found to have positive none significant relationship with learning orientation. The findings provide an indication that, deliberate efforts for improving learning behaviours are needed for improved financial performance of micro and small agro-processing firms. Hence, business owners of food agro-processing MSEs need to establish their learning frameworks by attending workshops, training and business exhibitions where they can acquire necessary business knowledge for improving their firms’ financial performance. Again, government and trainers can enhance learning habits of the agro-processing MSEs by establishing conducive environment for the enterprises to learn and acquire knowledge to positively enhance financial outcomes of these firms.

Determining Adult Dizziness and Sleep Quality After the 2023 Earthquakes in Türkiye.

This study investigated the presence of dizziness and sleep quality in people affected by the earthquake disaster of 2023 in Türkiye and aimed to determine the relationship between dizziness and sleep disorders. A total of 384 earthquake survivors who had no previous complaints of dizziness or sleep disturbance and who presented to the neurology outpatient clinic with complaints of dizziness or sleep disturbance after the earthquake were included in the study.Demographic information of participants and scales such as the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were recorded. It was determined that the majority of the patients in the 18-35 age group had poor sleep quality and there was a significant difference in the PSQI score. Additionally, a moderate positive significant relationship was found between the DHI score and the PSQI score. Exposure to major earthquakes and aftershocks can cause sleep disorders and dizziness complaints, which may emerge as public health problems. Earthquake victims should be followed up and necessary interventions should be made early.

Detecting Potassium Rebound in a Prevalent Hemodialysis Population

Abstract Background One of the fundamental goals of hemo dialysis (HD) prescription is to maintain serum potassium (K) levels within a narrow normal range during both the intradialytic and interdialytic intervals. Considering the extraordinarily high rate of cardiovascular mortality in HD population, clinicians are obligated to explore whether factors related to dialytic K removal can be modified to improve clinical outcomes. Aim of the Work The aim of the study was to detect potassium rebound after HD sessions in patients on maintenance HD Patients and Methods This was a prospective cohort study that was held in Hemodialysis units in Nephrology department - Ain Shams University Hospital and Sheikh Zayed Specialized Hospital for 3 months. The study included 60 male and female ESRD patients on maintenance HD, in which prevalent HD patients on maintenance HD 3 times/week. Results We found that that there were significant positive correlations between K levels before the sessions, immediately after the sessions and after 6 hours of the sessions. While there was significant negative correlations between K levels immediately after HD sessions and Hb levels and urea levels. There was also a highly significant negative correlation between K levels before the sessions and time of session (in hours). While there were highly significant negative correlations between K levels immediately after the sessions, after 6 hours of sessions and time of session (in hours). There was non-significant negative correlations between all K levels (before HD sessions, immediately after the sessions and 6 hours after the sessions) and frequency of sessions (per week), with p value 0.388, 0.299 and 0.086 respectively. Also, it showed non-significant negative correlations between all K levels (before HD sessions, immediately after the sessions and 6 hours after the sessions) and frequency of sessions (per month), with p value 0.086, 0.089 and 0.083 respectively. Our results showed a significant positive relation between the number of K raising antihypertensive drugs used by the patients and K levels before HD sessions. Conclusion Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance dialysis have a high risk of developing hyperkalemia, generally defined as serum potassium (K+) concentrations of > 5.0 mmol/l, particularly those undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Currently, the key approaches to the management of hyperkalemia in patients with ESRD are dialysis, dietary K+ restriction, and avoidance of medications that increase hyperkalemia risk. Management of these modifiable factors plays a crucial role in preventing hyperkalemia in patients undergoing dialysis. The availability of new oral K+-binders may potentially reduce the need for a highly restricted diet in patients with ESRD, and reduce the risk of potentially life-threatening hyperkalemia and the cardiovascular complications associated with rapid shifts in serum K+ concentrations that can occur with HD.

What is in a Day? Investigating the Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Quality of Life Among Caregivers of Children With Autism.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and quality of life (QOL), or overall level of well-being, in caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on the daily level. This study utilizes mobile ecological momentary assessment (mEMA) to capture daily experiences of caregivers of children with ASD over a period of 14 days. Utilizing mEMA, this study examines relations between sleep quality and QOL and the role of mood and physical health as mediators on the daily level, specifically for caregivers of children with ASD (n = 51). The data were analyzed using multilevel modeling by MLMed macro. The results suggest that there is a significant positive relation between sleep quality and QOL across individuals. Surprisingly, there was a negative relation between sleep quality and QOL within individuals. The positive relationship between sleep quality and QOL across participants was explained through positive mood across individuals. Furthermore, this relationship also occurred through better physical health across and within individuals. For caregivers of children with ASD, daily positive mood and better physical health explain the relationship between daily sleep quality and QOL. Understanding daily experiences of caregivers of children with ASD may inform interventions and practices aimed at improving sleep and its associated outcomes to ultimately improve caregiver well-being.

Money talks? The motivational mechanisms of base pay on well-being and work performance.

Whether compensation serves as a motivational resource for employees is still a debated subject. It has been suggested that the effect of pay on motivation could be contingent on the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs as outlined by self-determination theory. The current research explored the role of amount of base pay as well as pay fairness discrepancy in relation to basic psychological need satisfaction, autonomous work motivation and, in turn, psychological well-being (i.e., vigor and emotional exhaustion), turnover intentions, and work performance. Managerial need support was also included in the model, so its mechanisms and its effects on the outcomes could be measured against those of pay. Using a combination of archival data and employees' self-reports from 593 Norwegian workers, results revealed that amount of base pay did not predict satisfaction of any of the basic needs, pay fairness discrepancy negatively predicted satisfaction of the needs for autonomy and relatedness and positively predicted satisfaction of the need for competence, whereas managerial need support significantly predicted satisfaction of all three needs. While there was no significant direct relation from amount of base pay to any of the outcomes, results showed a significant direct relation from managerial need support to psychological well-being (positive to vigor and negative to emotional exhaustion)and turnover intentions (negative). There was also a significant direct positive relation from pay fairness discrepancy to turnover intentions.

Impact of Salary and Ranks on Job Satisfaction: Examining the Role of Perceived Fairness in Banking Sector of Pakistan

Current study is first of its kind in the context of public sector banking. The study examines the relationship between salary, promotions and job satisfaction. This study tests the relationship by assuming that Perceived Fairness plays moderating role between the relationship of salary, promotion and job satisfaction. The study draws on convenience i.e. non probability sample of 360 Individuals in a cross sectional manner. The data was collected through self-administered questionnaire from the employees of public sector banks of Pakistan where the dire need of examining perceived fairness was identified due to which employees Job Satisfaction is low. The data was analyzed through SAS software. Results show that that there is positive significant relationship between Salary, Promotions and Job satisfaction. Moreover, Perceived Organizational Fairness plays moderating role between the relationship of Salary and Job Satisfaction. Findings of the current study pave the way for future research using evidence from an under-researched context and region i.e. Pakistan.

Do Social Exclusion and Parental Attitudes Predict Online Gaming Addiction in Adolescents?

Objective: This study aims to examine whether social exclusion and parental attitudes predict online gaming addiction in adolescents. 
 Method: The sample consisted of 393 individuals, of which 4.6% (n=18) were females and 95.4% (n=375) were males, which was determined by the purposive sampling method. Socio-demographic Information Form, Online Gaming Addiction Scale (OGAS), Ostracism Experience Scale for Adolescents (OES-A) and Parental Attitudes Scale (PAS) were used to obtain the personal information of the participants in this study.
 Results: The findings showed that there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between the disruption sub-dimension of the OGAS and the OES disregard, exclusion and overall total at a moderate level and the acceptance/affection and psychological autonomy sub-dimensions of the PAS. There was a moderate statistically significant positive relationship between the achievement sub-dimension of the OGAS and the OES neglect, exclusion and overall total and there was a negative and statistically significant relationship with the acceptance/affection and psychological autonomy sub-dimensions of the PAS. There was a moderate statistically significant negative relationship between the economic gain sub-dimension of the OGAS and the psychological autonomy sub-dimension of the PAS. It was found that social exclusion and the autonomic parental attitude scale were significant predictors of online gaming addiction in adolescents.
 Conclusion: Social exclusion and autonomous parenting attitudes are effective on online game addiction in adolescents.

Study on the Relationship Between Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Students in Science and Technology

The study intends to find out the relationship between profile characteristics and attitude of polytechnic students towards diploma programme. A sample of 240 students were selected from three polytechnics viz., Agriculture, Seed technology and Organic farming using simple random sampling procedure. The study revealed that out of seventeen profile characteristics of polytechnic students, Academic achievement, Education of father, Education of mother, Size of land holding, Caste, Family occupation, Participation in Extracurricular & co - curricular activities, Mass media exposure, Achievement motivation and Self - confidence showed positive significant relationship with attitude. On the other hand left over variables like Gender, Medium of instruction in Xth class, Annual income, Type of family, Rural urban background, Library exposure showed positive non - significant and infrastructure facilities showed negative non - significant relationship with attitude. The multiple linear regression equation with seventeen selected profile characteristics put together contributed 70.60 percent to the total variance in the attitude of polytechnic students towards diploma programme.

The Relationships Between Posttraumatic Growth and Psychological Resilience in Individuals with Chronic Disease

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between posttraumatic growth and psychological resilience in individuals with a chronic disease. This study is of descriptive-relational type. The study was carried out in a training and research hospital between October and December 2022. In total, 875 people, 490 of whom were women (56.0%) and 385 of whom were men (44.0%), older than 18 years old, participated in the study. Descriptive Features Form (DSF), Post-trauma Growth Scale (PTGS) and Brief Psychological Resilience Scale (BPRS) were used in the study. According to correlation analyses, a statistically weak positive significant relation was found between total PTGS score and total BPRS scores (r=0. 124**, p

Construction Land Transfer Scale and Carbon Emission Intensity: Empirical Evidence Based on County-Level Land Transactions in Jiangsu Province, China

The expansion of the construction land scale has been vital in supporting rapid economic development and meeting social needs. However, the spatial heterogeneity in the effect of construction land scale on carbon emission intensity at the county level remains underexplored. Therefore, comprehensively investigating the relation between the construction land transfer scale and carbon emission intensity holds substantial research value. Using panel data from 2007 to 2021, this study analyzes the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of carbon emission intensity and the effect of construction land scale on carbon emission intensity at the county level in Jiangsu Province, China. The findings reveal that carbon emission intensity at the county level in Jiangsu Province generally exhibits a continuous downward trend over time and a spatial distribution characterized by a gradual decrease from the southern counties to the central and northern counties. Moreover, there is a significant positive relation between the construction land transfer scale and carbon emission intensity, a conclusion supported by robustness tests. Furthermore, mediating analysis indicates that reduction of the construction land transfer scale exhibits a significant promoting effect on green technology innovation and industrial structure upgrading, which, in turn, has a significant inhibitory effect on carbon emission intensity. The impact of the construction land transfer scale from different sources, supply methods, types, and of county economic strength on carbon emission intensity has significant heterogeneity.

The Impact of E-Commerce on International Trade: A Research for the Eurozone

Of the 21st century, with the rapid development of technology oath the increase in globalisation, the impact of these developments have started to be seen in commercial activities. Internet usage has increased together with the development of information communication technologies. Depending on the development of the Internet, the effect of digitalisation in trade has started to be observed and e- commerce has developed. With e- commerce, companies have started to reach customers anywhere in the world via the internet and realise their commercial activities. E-commerce, which is independent of time and space, also contributes to the international development of trade. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of e-commerce on international trade. At the at the same time, the effects of gross domestic product per capital and internet on international trade were also investigated. Of the study using the panel ARDL model, the data of the Euro area countries for the years were 2010-2021 analyzed. The results obtained from the analysis show that there is a negative oath significant relationship between exports and e- commerce in the long run while there is a positive oath significant relationship between exports oath gross domestic product per capital and internet in the long run .

Automated Pronunciation Digital System Using Pls-Mga

The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the effects of interface quality (IQ), system quality (SQ), and perceived usefulness (PU) on students’ satisfaction (SS) using an automated pronunciation scoring system in enhancing their pronunciation learning. The intent of this study is to examine three factors affecting the students’ satisfaction using this automated pronunciation scoring system. This study used a sample frame of 232 non-native learners learning Chinese from two universities in Malaysia. The relationships were tested through the partial least squares structural equation modelling method. The results revealed that IQ has no significant impact on SS. However, for both SQ and PU, there are positive significant relationships. Besides, learning levels could have effects on these relationships. The partial least squares (PLS) technique was used to examine the direct relationship and PLS-MGA was used to demonstrate the effect of learning levels, with the diploma and degree students. These relationships are further explained in this article.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Insect Pest Control Methods’ Utilization for Storage in North Central Nigeria

The impetus for this study is the need to understand factors influencing the use of insect pest control methods in North Central Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, assessed awareness and use of insect pest control methods, examined farmers’ considerations and investigated factors influencing insect pest control decisions. Using a structured interview schedule to elicit information, data was collected by means of multi-stage sampling technique to select a total of 384 cowpea farmers for this study. A purposive selection of Kwara and Niger States paved way for the purposive choice of two agricultural zones in Kwara state and one agricultural zone in Niger state. Percentages, frequency counts, ranks, mean, and ordinary least square regression was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that the intended time of sale, time required to apply method, and time of application were the factors most considered for store insect pest control. Ordinary Least Square regression estimates demonstrate positive significant relationship between farm size (t=4.681), group membership (t=4.688), and quantity stored in tons (t=2.312) and intensity of use. Conversely, years of education (t=-2.196), years of cowpea farming experience (t=-3.419), and frequency of extension contact (t=-.534) had significant negative relationship with intensity of use. In conclusion, it is recommended that policy makers and extension staff put into consideration farm size, group membership, quantity stored, years of education, years of cowpea farming experience and frequency of extension contact in optimizing extension strategy for promotion of indigenous and alternative insect pest control methods.

The Effect of Substance Abuse on Domestic Violence

find out the relationship between drug abuse and domestic violence . descriptive study design. A sample of (50) couples were introduced. A two questionnaire self-report w used to gather data from drug users and abused women .data were gathered in 2024 between January and March The results indicate that the average age of the male is 27±4, then 24 ±4 female, are married, and (38%) were graduated from secondary school while 36% of their wives are graduated from intermediate schools. 82% of clients with substance use are working with free works while 78% of their wives are housewives. 42% of participants are within monthly income of 601000 – 900000 Iraqi dinars. 60% of wives betrayed by their clients with substance use problems. there is positive significant relationship between substance use among clients and domestic violence among their wives at p-value= .037.Among substance abuse and domestic violence are positive correlated, as shown by significant reverse correlation with p-valy67uue=. 037. Domestic abuse is prevalent and unacceptable in both lifetime and present times. Regardless of age, economic standing, or educational attainment, women will at some point in their lives become victims of abuse. Abuse of drugs increases the chance of violence. Spreading the culture of the danger of drugs and treatment from them by opening rehabilitation centers in various cities and villages Focus on protecting women and developing work to protect them from the risk of violence in coordination with community police.

Unraveling the building blocks of success: exploring the nexus between school structure and effectiveness in Israeli primary schools

PurposeFirst, to analyze the relationships between school effectiveness, as expressed in the improvement gained in academic achievements, and school structure; and second, to analyze the relationships between school effectiveness and school features (e.g. ethnicity, SES, rural vs. central location, class size, prior achievements, and per-student allocation) and to measure their contribution to the explained variation in school effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachResearch on school effectiveness emphasizes the examination of school characteristics that have been found to contribute more to promoting school outcomes. Therefore, by using regression models the purpose of the research is twofold.FindingsThe research findings reveal positive significant relationships between school effectiveness, and students' prior achievements, and SES. However, school effectiveness is less related to school structure.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research in the field of school effectiveness should extend beyond solely focusing on academic achievements and include the evaluation of broader aspects of students' development, such as values and self-esteem. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of schools, it is crucial to incorporate additional variables into ongoing research efforts to provide a more comprehensive understanding of overall school effectiveness. Moreover, considering the diverse stakeholders involved in the educational process, including parents, teachers, principals, and the community, future studies should strive to examine the collective impact of these factors on school effectiveness. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of our study. Our research is constrained by a specific sample size, which may limit the generalizability of our findings. We assert that future studies with larger and more diverse sample sizes would strengthen the validity and significance of our results, allowing for broader implications and insights into enhancing school effectiveness.Originality/valueThis research holds significant importance in understanding the relationships between school effectiveness, school structure, and various school features in the context of Israeli primary schools. By examining the impact of school structure on academic achievements and exploring the contributions of other school-related factors, this study provides insights into the dynamics of educational effectiveness for educational stakeholders.

Transformational Leadership and Employees’ Commitment: Evidence from Selected SACCOs in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania

It has long been demonstrated that followers of transformative leaders perform better than average, but it is unknown why this happens. However, the reasoning behind why this process occurs is unclear. The main aim of this study was to establish the influence transformational leadership on employee commitment among selected SACCOS in Kilimanjaro region. Specifically, the study pursued the following objectives; establish the influence of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation on employee commitment among selected SACCOS in Kilimanjaro region in Tanzania. The study adopted explanatory research design using both qualitative and qualitative research technique. Both primary and secondary data were collected whereas questionnaire was used to collect primary data from employees of the four selected SACCOS in Kilimanjaro region. Study population comprised of all employees in function level team and SACCOS board members. Purposive sampling was used to sample 102 employees whereas the collected data were analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. The results found that, there is a positive significant relationship between transformational leadership and employee commitment of selected SACCOS in Kilimanjaro region. Moreover, the results concluded that, compared with other variables, idealized influence had a significant positive relationship on employee commitment in the selected SACCOS. Further, the study rejected all null hypotheses and concludes that all transformational leadership variables had a statistical significant relationship with employee commitment. Based on the above conclusion, the study recommends that, SACCOS management should embrace every facet of transformational leadership across all domains of work as a fundamental style that will be crucial to the success of their business. This research contributes to the area of literature of transformational leadership and their influence on employee job commitment.

Authentic leadership and performance of public servants in Tanzania context: the mediation role of motivation

PurposeThis study examined the relationship between authentic leadership and employee performance among public servants in Kigoma/Ujiji municipality in Tanzania. Further, we investigated the mediating role of motivation on the relationship between authentic leadership and employee performance.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional research design was applied along with a quantitative research approach. The study sampled 260 public servants selected by random sampling from a total of 800 employees. Data were analyzed using Mplus software using the maximum likelihood estimator to test for hypotheses.FindingsThe findings show a positive significant relationship between authentic leadership and employee performance, a positive significant relationship between authentic leadership and motivation and a positive significant relationship between motivation and employee performance. Furthermore, motivation was found to be a significant mediator in the relationship between authentic leadership and employee performance among public servants in Tanzania.Practical implicationsThis study contributes to the corpus of research on authentic leadership, motivation and employee performance, especially in the context of public service. Additionally, it provides advice on how to use authentic leadership and motivation to enhance public servants performance. Managers should strive to create a motivational work climate characterized by trust, empowerment and recognition. By fostering a sense of ownership and investment in their work, managers can enhance employee motivation and engagement, leading to improved performance outcomes.Originality/valueOur study is one of a kind to emphasize the crucial roles that authentic leadership and motivation play in promoting commitment, dedication and positive social interactions at work. Our study also advances the understanding of public service motivation (PSM) theory.

Project Based Learning and Learner’s Academic Achievement in Physics at Ordinary Level in Government Aided Secondary Schools in Ibanda Municipality

The study focused on examining the relationship between project-based learning and academic achievement in physics among ordinary level students in government aided secondary schools in Ibanda Municipality. A cross-sectional design was employed using both quantitative approaches. Simple random sampling technique was applied to select the 412 respondents as response rate. Data collection was collected using questionnaire survey. Data was analysed with Pearson correlation coefficient and multi-linear regression analysis. The study concluded that there is a positive significant weak relationship between Project Based Learning and Academic learners’ achievement. The study recommends that Project Based Learning should highly be emphasized in the new current curriculum so that learners can perform very well especially in science subjects such as physics as well. The study also recommends that enough resources in form of scholastic materials should be provided so as to promote project-based learning and learner’s academic achievement in physics at Ordinary level in government aided secondary schools especially in Ibanda Municipality

COPING STRATEGIES ON CLIMATE VARIABILITY AMONG COWPEA FARMERS IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

<p><strong>Background.</strong> The unstable climatic conditions can no longer be predicted by farmers. The unpredictability intensity of temperature and pattern of rainfall in cowpea production has affected the farmers’ decision on production practices and general productivity. Therefore, farmers are beginning to improvise on management practices to avert the effects of climate change to remain relevant and profitable in the business of cowpea production. <strong>Objective.</strong> To examine the farmers’ coping strategies used against the effects of climate variability for cowpea production in Kwara State, Nigeria. <strong>Methodology.</strong> A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 cowpea-based farmers. A structured survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Data were analysed with frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation while Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to ascertain the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and copying strategies used by farmers. <strong>Results.</strong> Majority (79.2%) of the respondents experienced high adverse effects of climate variability including abnormal rise in temperature (76.7%), irregular/unpredictable rainfall patterns (51.7%), and excessive rainfall (37.5%) on cowpea crop. The leading coping strategies used by farmers were use of fertilizer (x̄=2.73), herbicides (x̄=2.72), and planting early maturing variety (x̄=2.51). Farmers were mainly hindered by adequate irrigation facilities (x̄=1.72), inadequate access to extension services (x̄=1.66), and high cost of agrochemicals (x̄=1.60). Result education, cowpea farm size, years of experience in cowpea farming, membership in farmers group, and additional sources of information on cowpea production showed a positive significant relationship with the choice of coping strategies employed by cowpea farmers against the effects of climate change experienced at p<0.05 level. <strong>Implication.</strong> The study showed that abnormal rise in temperature and irregular rainfall patterns are affecting cowpea production and thus, some socioeconomic attributes significantly supported farmers’ choice of coping strategies employed against the effects of climate change and variability. <strong>Conclusion.</strong> The use of agrochemicals and cultivation of early maturing variety has played critical roles in coping with adverse effects of climate variability in cowpea production. </p>

The relation of clinical governance climate on quality of care mediated by patient safety culture

The hospital organization determines quality of care (QOC) from health services; however, there are many challenges due to the different backgrounds of healthcare workers. Essentially, governance is needed to guarantee a process oriented toward clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, research on clinical management with dimensional measurements conducted in private hospitals is still scanty. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between clinical governance climate (CGC) on QOC mediated by a patient safety culture (PSC) and the control variable adaptation to workload in relation to QOC. Participants were healthcare workers in two private hospitals that have been fully accredited; 416 participants met the requirements. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires in March 2023. Data were analyzed through partial least square – structural equation model (PLS-SEM). The study result indicated a significant positive relationship between CGC and PSC (β=0.851, p-value<0.05). Further, a positive relationship between PSC to QOC (β=0.654, p-value<0.05) was established. However, insufficient evidence indicates a direct relation between CGC on QOC (p-value>0.05). The role of PSC as a full mediating was confirmed (β=0.557, p-value<0.05, CI 95% 0.441-0.677). The finding of this study is the importance of CGC relation to QOC mediated by PSC in private hospitals.