Positive Psychological Well-being Research Articles

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE WAS RELATED TO COMPOSITE ENDPOINT IN TREATED PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Objective: The aim of our study was to determine association between composite endpoint and quality of life (QL) scale scores in treated patients with arterial hypertension (AH). Design and method: We analyzed database of treated AH patients (n = 125) with concomitant chronic diseases without exacerbation. We assessed relationships between the initial ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) data, socio-demographic indicators, QL scale scores, Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) indices and composite endpoint (death for any reason, angina pectoris, transient ischemic attack, development of chronic heart failure, arterial revascularization, frequent ventricular extrasystoles, atrial fibrillation) after 30.1 ± 7.6 months from the inclusion visit. QL questionnaires (J.Siegrist et al.), ACQ (45 patients had asthma) was completed initially, after 6 months and after 12 months, the ABPM session was performed initially and after 12 months, antihypertensive therapy was corrected at all visits. We analyzed the following QL scale scores: 0 scale: mood at the doctor's visit, I scale: physical well-being; II scale: physical performance; III scale: positive psychological well-being; IV scale: negative psychological well-being; V scale: psychological performance; VI scale: social well-being; VII scale: social performance. We used ANOVA for statistical analysis. Results: The baseline mean daytime systolic BP (SBP) was 125.1 ± 10.5; diastolic (DBP) - 76.1 ± 7.3 mm Hg. We found negative correlations between composite endpoint and: III scale scores (positive psychological well-being) (F = -5.3, p < 0.05); 0 scale (mood at the doctor's visit) (F = -5.6, p < 0.05). We identified a positive correlation between endpoint data and V scale scores (psychological performance) (F = 12.2, p < 0.001). The composite endpoint was not correlated with sex, age, BMI, smoking, ambulatory and clinical blood pressure, the number of drugs in concomitant therapy, pulmonary forced vital capacity. At the end of the study, we registered 21 cases included in the composite endpoint: death (2), transient ischemic attack (1), arterial revascularization (4), frequent ventricular extrasystole (3), atrial fibrillation (8), angina pectoris (3). Conclusions: Thus, psychological QL component such as good mood at the doctor's visit (scale 0), positive psychological well-being (scale III) had negative relationship with composite endpoint, at the same time the psychological performance (scale V) had positive correlation with composite endpoint results.

Evaluation of the impact of a socio-educational intervention in quality of life and mental health of institutionalized elderly

IntroductionWith the huge increase of life expectancy in developed countries, new needs for long-term care arise in order to guarantee an active ageing for an increasing older adult population. One way to promote emotional well-being and quality of life in elderly is through socio-educational interventions.ObjectivesTo test the effects of a socio-educational intervention in quality of life and mental health of institutionalized elderly.MethodsThis study employed a pretest-posttest design. Measures: Portuguese version of Mental Health Inventory (Ribeiro, 2001) and WHOQOL-OLD (Vilar, Sousa & Simões, 2009). Qualitative assessment was made using a logbook. Participants: 15 institutionalized elderly, 60% females, with mean age of 82.5 years (sd=8.5). The intervention ran for 2 months, with 12 group sessions, 60 minutes each, held twice a week. A nonparametric paired samples tests was conducted to evaluate the impact of the intervention.ResultsAfter the intervention, results showed a significant increase of total value of mental health (p=.021). Concerning dimensions: significant increase of positive psychological well-being (p=.014), emotional ties (p=.050), positive affect (p=.004), behavioural emotional control (p=.018), and a significant decrease of depression (p=.043). Concerning quality of live, the results showed a significant increase of the mean values of the facets: social participation and intimacy (p=.005; p=.027, respectively).ConclusionsOverall, the intervention implemented with institutionalized elderly had good results, with significant increase of positive psychological well-being and decrease of depression. Although there was no control group, the results suggest that the socio-educational intervention implemented can contribute to promote mental health in elderly.

Forgiveness therapy in a maximum-security correctional institution: A randomized clinical trial.

Forgiveness Therapy is proposed as a novel approach to rehabilitation for men in a maximum-security correctional institution to alleviate psychological compromises. In a two-tiered study, volunteer participants within a correctional institution (N = 103) were asked to report past experiences of abuse and unjust treatment prior to their first crime and were measured on anger, anxiety, depression, hope and forgiveness. Twenty four of the most clinically compromised participants were selected from this initial assessment, with pairs first matched on certain characteristics and then randomly assigned to either experimental or control group interventions followed by a cross-over design (N = 9 in each group at the study's end). Experimental participants received 24 weeks of Forgiveness Therapy. Control group participants received 24 weeks of an alternative treatment followed by Forgiveness Therapy. Dependent variables included anger, anxiety, depression, forgiveness, hope, self-esteem and empathy. Ninety percent of 103 participants reported moderate to severe abuse in childhood or adolescence. Data showed an inverse relationship between forgiveness and anger, anxiety and depression. In the Forgiveness Therapy, anger, anxiety, depression, empathy and forgiveness were statistically significant favouring both experimental groups. These results remained at the 6-month follow-up. Forgiveness Therapy is shown to be effective for correctional rehabilitation in healing clinical psychological compromise and in promoting positive psychological well-being in men within a maximum-security facility.

The Negative Association Between Positive Psychological Wellbeing and Loss Aversion.

When making decisions, people tend to overweigh the impact of losses compared to gains, a phenomenon known as loss aversion (LA). A moderate amount of LA may be adaptive as it is necessary for protecting oneself from danger. However, excessive LA may leave people few opportunities and ultimately lead to suboptimal outcomes. Despite frequent reports of elevated LA in specific populations such as patients with depression, little is known about what psychological characteristics are associated with the tendency of LA. Based on the neurobiological studies of LA, we hypothesized that positive psychological wellbeing may be negatively associated with people's tendency of LA. In the present study, we set out to test this hypothesis in a sample of young adults. We evaluated LA using a decision-making task in which subjects were asked to decide whether to accept or reject a series of coin-toss gambles. Our results revealed that individuals with more advanced personal growth as assessed by the Ryff's Psychological Well-being Inventory showed reduced LA. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating an association between positive psychological wellbeing and LA. These findings suggest that personal growth might be employed as interventional targets for correcting excessive LA in vulnerable populations.

Conceptual and Clinical Innovations of Well-being Therapy

The evidence supporting the use of well-being therapy (WBT), a specific psychotherapeutic strategy for modulating psychological well-being, and its specific contribution when it is combined with other psychotherapeutic techniques is still limited. However, the insights gained by the use of WBT may unravel innovative approaches to assessment and treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. An important characteristic of WBT is self-observation of psychological well-being associated with specific homework. Another important feature of WBT is the assumption that imbalances in well-being and distress may vary from one illness to another, and from patient to patient. A final characteristic is its reference to the concept of euthymia, where lack of mood disturbances is associated with positive affect and psychological well-being (flexibility, consistency, and resilience). Progress can be achieved by modifying our clinical approach to mental disorders, and by promoting self-observation of psychological well-being and the pursuit of a state of euthymia.

Contextual Influence of Risk and Protective Factors on Chinese Adolescent Psychological Well-Being, Delinquent Behavior and Academic Performance: the Role of Family and Friends

Research shows that family and friends are influential on adolescents’ development. However, little is known about the joint influence of these two social agents on adolescents’ psychological well-being and behaviors. This article examined how Chinese adolescents’ psychological well-being, academic performance and delinquent behavior are associated with the protective and risk factors of family and friends. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 1401 secondary school students (aged 11–16). Structural equation modeling showed that friends’ problem behaviors and family conflicts were linked to poor academic performance and negative psychological well-being. Perceived social support from family and friends were associated with positive psychological well-being and better academic performance. These findings highlight the importance of including both protective and risk factors when studying developmental outcomes. Individual’s delinquent behavior was positively related to friends’ problem behaviors and negatively related to perceived social support from family. This suggests that social support from family members could be an effective resource to help enhance academic performance and psychological well-being, and reduce the likelihood of delinquent behaviors among adolescents.

Yoga Training Impacts Physical Function 12 Months Post Intervention for Care Partners of those with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Physical exercise has been demonstrated to help maintain cognition in people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (pwMCI). We previously demonstrated yoga’s benefit in maintenance of memory related activities of daily living in pwMCI. Our research also has shown yoga helps sustain positive psychological well-being of care partners at 12 months. In this analysis, we sought to examine the impact of yoga training on physical performance in pwMCI and their care partners. In this multisite, randomized clinical trial, we enrolled 272 patients meeting National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association criteria for MCI and a care partner. The intervention program was modeled on the Mayo Clinic HABIT Healthy Action to Benefit Independence and Thinking® program. Of 5 possible interventions (memory compensation training, computerized cognitive training, yoga, support group, and wellness education), 1 of 5 interventions was randomly selected to be withheld for each intervention group. This randomization allowed for the examination of the impact of receiving yoga or no yoga on physical functioning [as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)] up to 1 year post intervention, as well as the comparative effectiveness on physical functioning of the various interventions. There was a general pattern of physical decline on the SPPB over the year in pwMCI, regardless of yoga training (yoga vs. no yoga d=0.06, p=0.79). Among care partners, those who received yoga had better physical function at 12 months compared to those who did not (d=0.39 points, p=0.041). While not reaching statistical significance, yoga training tended to have a greater effect on SPPB than computerized cognitive training (d = 0.46 points, p = .063) or wellness education (d = 0.42 points, p =.088). Participation in yoga had a positive impact on physical performance outcomes at 12 month follow-up for care partners, but did not counteract general physical decline in pwMCI.

Kelekatan dan Kesejahteraan Psikologis Anak dan Remaja: Studi Meta-Analisis

The purpose of this research is to conduct a meta-analysis study on the attachment with children and adolescents’ psychological well-being. In this study, the researchers conducted a meta-analysis of eight groups. The results show that (1) the correlation effect between secure attachment and positive psychological well-being was significant; (2) the correlation effect of secure attachment with negative psychological well-being indicates a significant value; (3) the correlation effect between avoidance and positive psychological well-being was significant; (4) the correlation effect between avoidance and negative psychological well-being was significant; (5) the correlation effect between anxious and positive psychological well-being was not significant; (6) the correlation effect between anxious and negative psychological well-being was significant; (7) the correlation effect between disorganized with positive psychological well-being was significant; (8) the correlation effect between disorganized and negative psychological well-being was significant. Q values on all results indicate a high heterogeneity which indicates the presence of a moderator.

The state of psychological wellbeing of unemployed distinction graduates and the factors contributory to their wellbeing

ABSTRACT The concern of this study was to determine the current state of psychological wellbeing of unemployed distinction graduates in Nigeria and some of the factors that contributed to their wellbeing. The results revealed that the psycho-logical wellbeing of unemployed distinction graduates was moderately high and positive. The collective impact of the factors yielded a coefficient R = 0.497 and R2 = 0.247 variance in the prediction of a positive state of psychological wellbeing. Further, the contribution of resilience was the highest at 26.6% (β = .266, t=2.428; p<0.05); followed by religiosity 17.5% (β = .175, t= 1.266; p<0.05); openness 16.1% (β = .161, t=1.476; p<0.05); agreeability 15.9% (β = .159, t=1.495; p<0.05) and neuroticism 12% (β = .120, t=864; p<0.05) towards their positive psychological wellbeing.

Association of positive and negative life events with cognitive performance and psychological status in late life: A cross-sectional study in Northern Portugal.

Life events have important effects on psychological well-being. Yet, studies have mainly focused on exploring the impact of traumatic and negative experiences on health and well-being, with positive events receiving marginal attention. In this study, we investigated the association between negative and positive life events, cognitive performance and psychological status in older individuals. A cross-sectional approach with a sample of 97 community-dwelling adults, recruited from a network of 23 centres/institutions in Northern Portugal, and aged between 56 and 85 years, was conducted. All participants were evaluated through a battery of tests assessing for depressive mood, perceived stress, and cognitive functioning. Life events were measured using the Lifetime Experiences Scale (LIFES) which covers 75 life experiences organized in eight domains. A total of 95.9% of the participants reported more positive life events than negative throughout life. Participants reporting more positive experiences had lower scores in the depressive mood and perceived stress measures. At the domain-level of LIFES scale, more negative experiences in the Work and Health domains were associated with a depressed mood and more perceived stress. Significant positive associations were found between positive life experiences and most cognitive measures, after controlling for sex, education, age and depressive symptoms. Namely, more positive experiences at School, Leisure, and Living conditions were positively associated with better performance across cognitive tests. This study adds important evidence on the association between of life events, both negative and positive experiences, on cognition and psychological well-being, providing a more balanced view of the field.

Growing up Strong Program, positive youth development and education: A healthy framework

The Growing up Strong Program has been designed within the framework of positive psychology as an exercise in character education based on the identification, recognition, and use of character strengths among teenagers in secondary school. The study explores the role of mental health (understood as proper psychosocial functioning) in the promotion of adolescent psychological well-being and positive youth development. The aim of this research was to evaluate the resources of the subjects following their participation in the Program. The sample comprised 221 male and female adolescents, aged between 12 and 15. The data were collected using the Scale of Psychological Well-Being for Adolescents and the Factors in Youth Development Scale, both with demonstrated reliability and validity. The results showed, after the Program: good levels of positive youth developmental resources (self-esteem, optimism, self-efficacy and future orientation); evidence of prevention of psychosocial risk behaviors, specifically in relation to raised awareness of substance use, alcohol consumption and smoking, and non-specifically in relation to social-relational risks; good levels of life satisfaction and psychological well-being; positive correlations between positive youth development, psychological well-being, life satisfaction and prevention of psychosocial risks. It can be concluded that the Growing up Strong Program is an instance in character, emotional and well-being education, which generates a healthy network among adolescent users in the educational community.

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN WOMEN CLASSIFIED AS OBESE: A SCOPING REVIEW OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PRIMARY RESEARCH

Positive psychological wellbeing (PPWB) is associated with improved physical health, mental wellbeing and healthy behaviors, yet this association is less understood in women classified as obese. The purpose of this scoping review was to: a) describe different positive psychological well-being constructs examined in women classified as obese, b) examine how the constructs were measured, c) summarize interventions to improve PPWB and findings, and d) identify gaps for further research.

Older Adults' Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Stresses and Joys.

Background and ObjectivesThe Coronavirus Disease–2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is experienced differently across individuals, and older adults’ different life experiences lead to a variety of ways of coping. The present study explores older adults’ reports of what about the pandemic is stressful, and what brings joy and comfort in the midst of stressResearch Design and MethodsAn online survey asked 825 U.S. adults aged 60 and older to complete questionnaires assessing three psychological well-being indicators: perceived stress, negative affect, and positive affect. Participants also responded to open-ended questions about what was stressful and what brought joy or comfort at the time of the survey. A mixed-method approach first qualitatively analyzed the open-ended responses, content analysis identified themes most frequently reported, and quantitative analysis examined the associations between various stressors and joys and the psychological well-being indicatorsResults Qualitative analysis revealed 20 stress categories and 21 joy/comfort categories. The most commonly reported stressors were confinement/restrictions, concern for others, and isolation/loneliness; the most commonly reported sources of joy/comfort were family/friend relationships, digital social contact, and hobbies. Demographic comparisons revealed variations in experience. Independent t-tests revealed stress from concern for others, the unknown future, and contracting the virus to be significantly associated with poorer psychological well-being; faith, exercise/self-care, and nature were associated with more positive psychological well-beingDiscussion and ImplicationsResults are discussed in the context of stress and coping theory, highlighting the importance of understanding the unique stress experience of each individual for effective distress intervention

Positive orientation, job satisfaction and psychological well-being of mental health practitioners in Malaysia

ABSTRACT Mental health practitioners in many developing countries are faced with high job demands and a lack of institutional support. Given their high levels of work-related stress, it is important to identify mechanisms that help them to maintain psychological well-being and job satisfaction. Recent research has focused on the role that positive orientation (POS) may play in mediating the negative impact of stress on individual well-being. The present study investigated whether POS predicts mental health practitioners’ perceived levels of stress, mental health and job satisfaction. If POS measures a person’s tendency to take a positive attitude to life and their ability to cope with difficulties, a high POS could be linked to reduced levels of stress and increased levels of job satisfaction and well-being. This study examined associations between self-reported POS and psychological outcomes in a sample of 100 Malaysian mental health practitioners. The results showed that POS significantly predicted job satisfaction positively and mental health issues and perceived stress negatively, even when socio-demographic variables were controlled. Overall, we found a strong effect of POS on individual functioning across the sample of mental health practitioners. Our results have implications for improving practitioner wellbeing and job satisfaction.

Positive Thinking, School Adjustment and Psychological Well-being among Chinese College Students

Background: Previous studies have found that traditional positive Chinese beliefs contribute to the maintenance of the quality of life. It is interesting to explore the functions of positive thinking on stress in the Chinese context in order to test whether positive thinking influences the psychological well-being of college students. Objective: This study aims to examine the associations between positive thinking, school adjustment, and the psychological well-being of Chinese college-going students. It investigates the moderating role of positive thinking in the effects of poor school adjustment on stress and well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to 299 male and 396 female college students aged 17-28 years across eight universities of Hong Kong. Results: Results confirmed that school adjustment was negatively related to stress (β= -.194) and positively related to life satisfaction ( β = .074). It was also indirectly related to psychological distress via stress ( β = -.194; β = .620). Moreover, positive thinking was a moderator to the relationships between school adjustment and stress ( β = .011) and to the relationships between school adjustment and life satisfaction ( β = -.009). School adjustment was more related to stress at higher levels of positive thinking while it was more related to life satisfaction at lower levels of positive thinking. Conclusion: These results suggested that enhancing positive thinking is beneficial to Chinese college-going students’ psychological well-being. Therefore, student services at universities can consider organizing workshops to educate and promote the appropriate use of positive thinking for students to alleviate their stress and enhance their psychological well-being.

Self-Concept Influences the Hopes and Psychological Well- Being of Cancer Survivors in Surabaya, Indonesia: A Cross- Sectional Study

Background: The stigma of cancer as a deadly disease greatly affects the patient’s perspective in shaping self-concept, which impacts on hopes and influences the stability of psychological well-being. The purpose of this study was to prove that the self-concept influences the hopes and psychological well-being of cancer survivors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Samples were 90 cancer survivors from three public health centers in Surabaya, Indonesia taken by simple random sampling. All participants completed the instruments of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, Herth Hope Index, and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale. All the instruments were valid and reliable based on the test. Ethical feasibility has been conducted. The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Test was applied to analyze the data with P &lt; .05. Results: The demographic characteristics of cancer survivors include the age majority of 46-65 years (53%), female sex (80%), married (61%), having stage-III cancer (44%), diagnosed of cancer for 1–6 years (56%), having support system from nuclear families (73%), and actively involved in the community (66%). The mean score of self-concept is 78.2, hope 38.2, and psychological well- being 76.3. Self-concept had a significant effect on hope (r = .783, P = .000) and psychological well-being (r = .611, P = .000) Conclusions: Cancer survivors who had positive self-concepts are more likely to accept themselves, which triggers the formation of high hope for recovery and the achievement of positive psychological well-being.

The Association Between Physical Activity And Eudaimonic Well-being In College Students

Previous studies on physical activity (PA) and psychological well-being have predominantly investigated the impact of PA on mental disorders and hedonic well-being. In contrast, relatively few studies have examined the association between PA and eudaimonic well-being (EWB), a key dimension of positive psychology focusing on actualizing one’s human potentials and formulating positive human functioning. PURPOSE: To examine the associations between PA and the six components of EWB in college students while controlling for gender and age. METHODS: 1346 college students (685 males and 661 females, mean age = 20.33 years) voluntarily completed a set of questionnaires measuring PA and EWB. PA was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaires. The metabolic equivalent (MET)-minutes per week were calculated to indicate the level of PA. EWB was operationalized as consisting of six components, including autonomy (AU), environmental mastery (EM), personal growth (PG), positive relations with others (PR), purpose in life (PL), and self-acceptance (SA). EWB was assessed using the 42-item Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS) on a 6-point Likert scale. The PWBS consists of six 7-item subscales, each assessing a unique component of EWB. Six multiple regressions were conducted with AU, EM, PG, PR, PL, and SA as the outcomes, respectively. In all models, PA was the predictor and age and gender were controlled as covariates. RESULTS: The regression models significantly explained the variances of AU (R2 = 3.54%, p < 0.001), EM (R2 = 4.34%, p < 0.001), PG (R2 = 5.59%, p < 0.001), PR (R2 = 5.28%, p < 0.001), PL (R2 = 3.93%, p < 0.001), and SA (R2 = 4.15%, p < 0.001) in college students. PA was significant in all models with higher levels of PA associated with higher levels of AU (β = 0.13, p < 0.001), EM (β = 0.19, p < 0.001), PG (β = 0.09, p < 0.001), PR (β = 0.15, p < 0.001), PL (β = 0.13, p < 0.001), and SA (β = 0.17, p < 0.001). The results indicated positive associations between PA and all components of EWB. CONCLUSIONS: For college students, regular PA is positively associated with all components of EWB. The strength of the positive association is strongest between PA and environmental mastery. Universities may consider creating more opportunities for PA participation to improve positive psychological well-being for college students.

Not Only the Forest and Trees but Also the Ground They Are Rooted in: Identifying Profiles of Self-Compassion from the Perspective of Dialecticism

Taking the dialecticism of emotions (emotional typology) as theoretical basis, the present study investigated profiles of self-compassion considering response patterns on items of compassionate self-responding (self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness) and reduced uncompassionate self-responding (reduced self-judgement, isolation, and over-identification) and examined the differences in individuals’ psychological well-being across various self-compassion profiles. A total of 358 Chinese college students were included in the study. They completed scales on self-compassion, positive aspects of psychological well-being (self-esteem, life satisfaction, and resilience), and negative aspects of psychological well-being (anger and depressive symptoms). Latent profile analysis was used to identify the profiles of self-compassion. Four profiles of self-compassion were identified: nondialectical low self-compassion, nondialectical high self-compassion, dialectical moderate self-compassion, and dialectical high self-compassion. Participants in the high self-compassion profiles reported higher degrees of positive psychological well-being and lower degrees of negative psychological well-being than those in the other two profiles. Participants in the nondialectical high self-compassion profile reported higher levels of resilience and self-esteem and lower levels of depressive symptoms and anger than those in the dialectical high self-compassion profile. Participants in the dialectical high self-compassion profile reported higher levels of resilience, self-esteem, and life satisfaction and lower levels of depressive symptoms than those in the dialectical moderate self-compassion profile. Findings suggest that Easterners have various emotion regulation patterns for coping with unpleasant experiences. In future interventions, practitioners could select the appropriate aspects of self-compassion for improvement with consideration of the clients’ self-compassion profile.

Maximization of protective factors for well-being through the pebepsi-a program

La Agenda para 2030 es un plan de acción centrado en la gente, el planeta, la prosperidad, la paz y las asociaciones (5P) en el desarrollo sostenible. La OCDE también sostiene que la educación emocional debe medirse. Bajo el tema de la Educación para el Desarrollo, los programas en el enfoque integrado de los derechos del niño también tienen como objetivo promover la participación de los niños en la vida de la comunidad mediante el desarrollo de competencias y valores. El objetivo central de El estudio: Promover los factores de protección (éxito académico, autoestima y motivación). Tipo de estudio exploratorio (n=25 adolescentes de 15-16 años) Instrumento PEBEPSI-A. Locus en Lisboa. Los datos obtenidos en las sesiones permiten para observar el aumento de las puntuaciones de evaluación de los estudiantes del 1er al 2º período escolar a través de indicators de la participación y la eficacia en la resolución de los ejercicios escritos individuales (éxito académico), así como el nivel de motivación para aprender y valorar a uno mismo y sus habilidades. Los estudios realizados también señalan la necesidad de evaluar la autoestima y la motivación de los jóvenes hacia el éxito académico. Concluimos a través de este estudio que la apuesta por la maximización de los factores de protección debe formar parte de las intervenciones en este grupo de edad por parte del valor que el bienestar psicológico positivo asume para la educación y la vida sana de los sujetos.

Hypothetical Interventions on Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment among Chinese Older Adults: An Application of the Parametric G-Formula.

The effects of psychosocial and dietary interventions on risk of cognitive impairment is not known. The aim of this study was to estimate the 10-year risks of cognitive impairment under hypothetical interventions of psychosocial factors and dietary intake among Chinese older adults. A sample of 7377 respondents aged 65 and over was drawn from the last four waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey from 2002 to 2011/2012. The parametric g-formula was used to estimate the risk of cognitive impairment under independent hypothetical interventions of social engagement, psychological well-being (PWB), dietary intake, and the joint interventions of their different combination. The observed risk of cognitive impairment was 20.08% (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.81, 21.07). The risk ratios (RR) of cognitive impairment under the hypothetical interventions on higher social engagement, eating fruits at least sometimes, eating vegetables at least sometimes, positive PWB were 0.72 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.82), 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.95), 0.98 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.00) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98, 0.99), respectively. The RR of joint intervention was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.73). Hypothetical interventions on psychosocial factors such as social engagement and PWB, as well as fruits and vegetable intake, were beneficial to protect older adults from cognitive impairment.