Positive Psychological Attributes Research Articles

A self-regulation perspective on L2 grit development and its impact on language achievement

Evidence from recent studies has shown that sustained perseverance and passion for long-term goals in the domain of second language (L2) learning – a personality trait called L2 grit – is associated with various aspects of language learning, including positive psychological attributes (e.g. motivation, beliefs, and emotions), actions (e.g. learning efforts and strategy use), and achievement (e.g. course and task performance). Meanwhile, relatively little has been written about the mechanism through which such relationships emerge. Expanding upon L2 grit’s association with self-regulated learning (SRL) behaviors and SRL-related psychological variables, this study explores the development of L2 grit and its role in language achievement using the SRL framework. One hundred and eight English majors in Japan responded to a questionnaire, granted permission to access their L2 class records, and completed a standardized L2 test. The main findings include: (1) the psychological attributes that facilitate SRL may play a critical role in increasing levels of L2 grit, (2) the relationship between L2 grit and achievement in language classes was mediated by behavioral self-regulation (intensified learning efforts), and (3) L2 grit may promote different types of self-regulatory behaviors depending on learners’ status (i.e. learning experience and proficiency levels) and learning situations (e.g. learning content and goals). The results provide one explanation for the superior performance of gritty learners in L2 classes observed in previous studies.

Linking belief in a just world and psychological capital to psychological basic needs satisfaction and mental health of young adults living with HIV: A comparative analysis

People living with HIV (PWH) have higher risks for negative experiences and emotions such as discrimination, self-blame, and denial, which make them vulnerable to mental health problems. Those living with HIV and are in the developmental stage of young adulthood (18–39 years) have added psychological challenges arising from the pressure to perform the developmental tasks of this stage, which may gratify or thwart basic psychological needs (BPNs) and impact their mental health. The study examined whether positive psychological attributes, including a belief in a just world (BJW) and psychological capital, could be resources for satisfying basic psychological needs, hence boosting the mental health of Young Adults Living with HIV (YALWH). A comparison sample of university students was also included in the study. The results show that BJW was positively directly associated with BPN satisfaction, BPN frustration, and mental health (flourishing aspect) in the student sample but not in the YALWH sample. Psychological capital was appositively associated with BPN satisfaction and flourishing in the student sample. On the other hand, psychological capital is only positively associated with BPN satisfaction and negatively with BPN frustration and distress in the YALWH sample. The serial medial analysis revealed that the effects of BJW on mental health (flourishing) are mediated by psychological capital and BPN satisfaction in both samples. On the other hand, the effects of BJW on distress are mediated by psychological capital and BPN frustration, again in both samples. Incorporating interventions for strengthening positive psychological attributes could be helpful for YALWH and other young adults to attain desirable developmental outcomes for this stage and their mental health.

Assessment within the Context of Positive Psychology: Examples from Ahmet Yesevi and Haci Bektas-i Veli

The aim of this study is to elucidate the concepts associated with positive psychology found in the thoughts of Ahmet Yesevi and Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli. The research utilized the document analysis technique. According to the findings obtained at the conclusion of the study, it is evident that concepts such as patience, encouragement, gratitude, optimism, social interest, and perseverance are associated with the thoughts of Ahmet Yesevi investigated in the research. Additionally, it is observed that the concepts of optimism and perseverance are also linked to the thoughts of Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli examined in the research. Consequently, it is determined that the thoughts of both Ahmet Yesevi and Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli encompass concepts that can be correlated with positive psychology within the scope of this research. This underscores the presence of themes promoting positive psychological attributes within the philosophical and spiritual perspectives of these influential figures.

Mediation of Psychological Capital in Youth Experiencing Homelessness.

Youth who experience homelessness engage in behaviors that place them at high risk for disease and injury. Despite their health risk behaviors, these youth display psychological capital, positive attributes of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism that motivate them to engage in health-promoting behaviors such as safer sex. However, this array of positive psychological attributes has not been studied in this vulnerable population. The specific aim of this analysis was to determine whether factors of psychological capital mediated the relationship between background risk factors (e.g., race/ethnicity, educational attainment, reason for being homeless, sexual abuse history, and HIV status) and outcomes of condom intention, safer sex behaviors, and life satisfaction among youth who participated in a longitudinal intervention study. Using a Solomon four-group design, 602 youth were recruited from drop-in centers in two large cities (Columbus, Ohio, and Austin, Texas) to participate in a brief intervention that included outcomes of enhanced communication skills, goal setting, safer sex behaviors, drug refusal skills, and life satisfaction. Using an autoregressive, cross-lagged, longitudinal mediation model, we tested the direct and indirect effects of background factors, psychological capital, and intervention outcomes. Models were tested for the intervention group alone and the total sample. There were no significant direct or indirect effects of background factors on intervention outcomes among the intervention group, and the model fit was poor. There were also no significant mediating paths via factors of psychological capital and poor model fit for the combined group. Findings provide important information about intrinsic strengths of youth experiencing homelessness and psychological capital as a significant construct for understanding health behaviors among disadvantaged and underserved youth. The lack of significant mediation effects may have been due, in part, to the lack of a robust measure of psychological capital. Further study with various background factors and outcomes would contribute further to our understanding of how best to support this population.

60 Differential Benefits of Internal Strengths and Socioemotional Support on Neurocognition and Daily Functioning Among People with HIV

Objective:Positive psychological attributes have been associated with better health outcomes and quality of life among people with HIV (PWH). Recently, we identified two latent factors (internal strengths, socioemotional support) among 7 positive psychological attributes through factor analysis (Ham et al., 2022). Depression was inversely associated with both factors. Our current aim was to investigate associations between these latent factors, neurocognition, and daily functioning among PWH.Participants and Methods:106 PWH and 90 HIV- participants were included in cross-sectional analyses (Mage = 51.3, 77% men, 60% White). Seven positive psychological questionnaires, a neuropsychological battery covering 7 domains, two daily functioning questionnaires (Patient’s Assessment of Own Functioning (PAOFI); Independent Activities of Daily Living (IADL)), and a depression symptom questionnaire (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) were administered. Internal strengths and socioemotional support composite z-scores were calculated using HIV- participants’ scores as reference. Outcomes included global and domain-specific neurocognitive T-scores (demographically-adjusted), global deficit score (GDS), number of functional impairments (PAOFI), and number of functional declines (IADL). Main effects of HIV status, latent factors, and their interaction were included in linear (neurocognition) and Poisson (daily functioning) regressions. Significant interactions were followed up by simple effects analyses and nonsignificant interactions were removed. Depressive symptoms and demographics associated with daily functioning were included as covariates.Results:PWH exhibited worse neurocognitive performance (global, executive functioning, processing speed, learning, recall, GDS) and reported greater functional difficulties and depressive symptoms compared to HIV-counterparts (ps < 0.05). For neurocognition, there were socioemotional support x HIV status (B = 2.39, p = 0.04) and internal strengths x HIV status (B = 2.70, p < 0.05) interactions on verbal fluency, accounting for depressive symptoms, such that only PWH had a positive association between socioemotional support and verbal fluency (B = 1.97, p = 0.01). Removing nonsignificant interactions, there was a main effect of socioemotional support on global cognition (B = 1.01, p = 0.04) and psychomotor speed (B = 1.83, p = 0.02), independent of HIV status and depressive symptoms. For daily functioning, there was a socioemotional support x HIV status interaction on IADL declines (B = 0.42, p = 0.02), accounting for depressive symptoms and education, such that only HIV- participants had an inverse relationship between socioemotional support and IADL declines (B = -0.64, p < 0.001). Removing non-significant interactions, there were main effects of internal strengths on PAOFI impairments (B = -0.36, p < 0.001) and IADL declines (B = -0.38, p < 0.001), independent of HIV status and depressive symptoms.Conclusions:Among PWH, both positive psychological factors were associated with better neurocognition, even after adjusting for depressive symptomatology. Though internal strengths were associated with better daily functioning regardless of HIV status, socioemotional support was not related to daily functioning in PWH. While mechanisms underlying these associations cannot be established cross-sectionally, it is possible that among people with medical illnesses complicated by cognitive disturbance, positive psychological factors relate to improved health-related behaviors (e.g., better disease management). Additionally, better neurocognition, including cognitive reserve, may engender greater resilience and improved ability to marshal social support.

Profiles and predictors of mental health of university students in Hong Kong under the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study investigated the mental health problems of university students in Hong Kong and related sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors under the pandemic. A total of 978 undergraduate students (mean age = 20.69 ± 1.61) completed an online questionnaire measuring sociodemographic factors, psychological morbidity, positive well-being, COVID-19 related stress and self-efficacy, and positive psychosocial attributes. Psychosocial risk factors included psychological morbidity, COVID-19 related stress, and difficulties encountered under the pandemic, whereas protective factors comprised pandemic related self-efficacy, positive psychological attributes, positive environmental factors, need satisfaction and positive perception toward service. Results showed that psychological morbidity in the participants was widespread, and it was related to sociodemographic factors, particularly family financial difficulties. While pandemic related stress positively predicted psychological morbidity and negatively predicted well-being indicators, COVID-19 self-efficacy showed an opposite effect. Besides, positive psychological attributes (resilience, emotional competence, and positive beliefs related to adversity) and environmental factors (healthy family functioning, peer support, and supportive community atmosphere) negatively predicted psychological morbidity and positively predicted well-being. Furthermore, need satisfaction and positive perception toward service were negatively associated with psychological morbidity and positively associated with well-being, while perceived difficulties showed an opposite effect.

Risk Factors and Protective Factors of Internet Addiction in University Students during the Pandemic: Implications for Prevention and Treatment.

While the prevalence rates of Internet addiction (IA) amongst young people during the pandemic are disturbing, few studies have investigated the risk and protective factors of IA in Hong Kong university students under COVID-19. In this study, we examined the relationship between COVID-19-related stress and IA and the role of psychological morbidity and positive psychological attributes in the relationship. In summer 2022, 978 university students completed a survey assessing pandemic-related stress, psychological morbidity, and positive psychological attributes. While psychological morbidity was indexed by depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal behavior, positive psychological attributes included life satisfaction, flourishing, adversity beliefs, emotional competence, resilience, and family functioning measures. Results showed that stress and psychological morbidity positively predicted IA, and psychological morbidity mediated the association between stress and IA. Positive psychological attributes negatively predicted stress and IA, and mediated the connection between stress and IA. Positive psychological attributes moderated the mediating effect of psychological morbidity on the relationship between stress and IA. In addition to theoretical contributions, this study contributes to IA prevention and treatment: reducing psychological morbidity and promoting positive psychological attributes are promising strategies to address IA issues in young people.

Patterns of Respiration Rate Reactivity in Response to a Cognitive Stressor Associate With Self-Reported Mental Health Outcomes.

Many studies have examined physiological responses to acute stress in healthy and clinical populations. Some have documented exaggerated physiological stress reactivity in response to acute stress, while others have reported blunted physiological stress reactivity. Although the literature is conflicted, the relationship between abnormal physiological stress reactivity and negative outcomes is well-established. However, past research has neglected a critical aspect of physiological stress response - respiration - and it is unclear whether differences in respiration rate responses to acute stress are related to health outcomes. This secondary cross-sectional analysis explored differences in outcomes between three subgroups: blunted, moderate, and exaggerated respiration rate reactivity to an acute stress task. In a sample of at least mildly-stressed older adults (n = 55), we found that perceived stress (b = -7.63; p = .004) and depression (b = -9.13; p = .007) were significantly lower in the moderate reactivity group compared to the high reactivity group, and that self-reported mindfulness (b = 10.96; p = .008) was significantly lower in the moderate reactivity group as compared to the low reactivity group. Across outcomes, participants in the moderate range of physiological reactivity showed less negative and more positive psychological attributes and better health outcomes, while the blunted subgroup demonstrated more negative and less positive psychological attributes and worse health outcomes overall, when compared to the exaggerated and moderate groups. This study extends the literature by adding respiration to markers of acute physiological stress reactivity and demonstrating the effects of blunted respiration reactivity on negative psychological attributes and health outcomes.

Stress and depressive symptoms in university students in Hong Kong under the pandemic: Moderating effect of positive psychological attributes.

There are very few studies examining the psychological well-being of university students in Hong Kong under the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides COVID-19-related stress, the "social event" in 2019-2020 has caused significant stress in young people. As such, we attempted to answer several research questions in this paper. First, what are the relationships between stresses (COVID-19 and "social event" related stresses) and psychological well-being indexed by depressive symptoms? Based on the stress and coping perspective, we predicted that there would be positive relationships between both types of stress and depression. Second, what are the relationships between different positive psychological factors (including life satisfaction, resilience and emotional management, flourishing, and beliefs about adversity) and depression? Based on different theoretical models of positive psychology, we hypothesized that negative relationships would exist between positive psychological factors and depressive symptoms. Third, do positive psychological attributes moderate the associations between stresses (COVID-19 and "social event" related stresses) and depressive symptoms? Based on the positive psychology literature, we hypothesized that positive psychological attributes would buffer the negative impact of stresses on depression. We recruited university students roughly one year after the first wave of the pandemic (N = 1,648) in early 2021. We used 25 items to measure COVID-19-related stress and "social event" related stress. For psychological well-being indexed by depressive symptoms, we used the "Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R)". For positive psychological attributes, we employed established measures of life satisfaction, resilience and emotional management, flourishing, and beliefs about adversity. Regarding the relationship between stress and depression, we found positive relationships between both types of stress and depressive symptoms. As predicted, negative relationships existed between all positive psychological attributes and depressive symptoms. Besides, the positive psychological attributes significantly moderated the effects of stresses on depression, suggesting that these factors can reduce the negative impacts of stresses on depression. The present findings provide support for those models, highlighting the importance of positive psychological attributes as protective factors for university students' depression. The findings of this study underscore the important role of positive psychological attributes in the stress-depression relationship in university students under the pandemic. The findings also generalize the positive youth development theory in the Chinese context. In terms of practice, university administrators and service providers should consider cultivating positive psychological attributes in university students with the purpose of promoting their psychological well-being.

Internet Addiction Amongst University Students Under COVID-19: Prevalence and Correlates

Under COVID-19, because of extensive online learning and the use of the internet for communication, there is a risk of intensification of Internet addiction (IA) in young people. Unfortunately, there are very few related studies in different Chinese contexts, including Hong Kong. In this study, we examined several research gaps in the literature with reference to university students in Hong Kong: a) prevalence of IA; b) socio-demographic factors related to IA; c) relationships between IA and other mental health problems and stressors (i.e., comorbidity); and protective factors for IA. To address the above research issues, we conducted an online survey in early 2021 (N = 1,648) using validated instruments on IA, psychological well-being, and stress. Based on the Young Internet Addiction Scale, roughly half of the respondents could be considered as showing excessive IA symptoms. Regarding demographic correlates of IA, younger students and those who experienced personal financial difficulty showed higher IA levels, and there was no observed gender difference. There were positive relationships between IA symptoms and mental health problems (depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal behavior, and hopelessness) and stresses (difficulties encountered and unmet psychosocial needs), suggesting co-morbidity of IA. IA was also negatively associated with positive psychological attributes such as flourishing and emotional competence, which could be regarded as factors protecting young people from IA. Results are discussed with reference to the different ecological risks and protective factors in IA amongst young people in the Chinese context.

The role of mindfulness, psychological capital, and social capital in the well-being of refugees in Uganda

Refugees experience numerous psychological and social problems associated with experiences in their home countries, during asylum-seeking, and conditions in their new environment. Therefore, refugees are likely to experience a decline in psychological and social capital, negatively affecting their well-being. Mindfulness is a known trait-like attribute that is associated with superior well-being outcomes. The present correlational study investigated the mediating role of psychological and social capital in the association between mindfulness and well-being outcomes (life satisfaction and happiness) among refugees in resource-constrained settlements in Uganda. As part of the RESS-R (Refugee Entrepreneurship and Skilling for Self-Reliance) project, 576 refugees from rural settlements and urban locations took part in the study. The results of the structural equation model revealed that mindfulness was positively associated with psychological and social capital. However, only psychological capital had a mediating effect in the relationship between mindfulness and the well-being variables. Our findings provide insights into the relationships between positive psychological attributes and well-being outcomes among refugees living in resource-constrained settings.

Four-Year Trajectories of Internal Strengths and Socioemotional Support Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults with HIV

Positive psychological attributes are associated with better health outcomes, yet few studies have identified their underlying constructs and none have examined their temporal trajectories in clinical vs. non-clinical samples. From data collected over 4 years from people with HIV (PWH) and HIV-uninfected (HIV−) participants, we identified two latent factors (internal strengths; socioemotional support) based on responses to seven positive psychological attributes. Internal strengths increased over 4 years for PWH, but not for HIV− comparisons. Socioemotional support did not change significantly in either group. Lower internal strengths and worse socioemotional support were related to greater depressive symptoms. We speculate that improvement in internal strengths in PWH could reflect their being in care, but this requires further study to include PWH not in care. Given the apparent malleability of internal strengths and their association with improved health outcomes, these attributes can serve as promising intervention targets for PWH.

The Effect of Gender and Work Experience on Psychological Attributes at Workplace

For the past few years,the focus of the organizational psychologist is to work on creating a positive workplace environment and focusing on studying the perceived positive psychological attributes at the workplace. One of the primary reasons behind it is to develop and maintain a cordial and positive work climate for employees to have better interpersonal relations, violence-free climate, manager-employee relations, organizational policies, motivators, etc. All these psychological factors may influence the work environment in both a positive and negative manner. One of the perceived positive psychological attributes at the workplace is work locus of control, which describes whether employees reason out internal or external factors as the reason behind their actions and decisions. This might be leading to aggression and violence at the workplace, and thereby their personal growth might get influence. Hence, the present study aimed to explore the effect of gender and years of experience on the psychological constructs- violence prevention climate, work locus of control, and personal growth initiative using a 2x2 factorial design. For standardized scales pertaining to work locus of control, violence prevention climate and personal growth were administered on a sample of 200 employees (both male and female). The findings of the study highlighted that there was no significant gender difference on the three psychological constructs. However, years of experience did have a substantial effect on personal growth initiative and work locus of control. Additionally, a significant difference between years of experience on “practices and response” and “pressure for unsafe practices” dimension of violence prevention climate was also obtained.

Maintaining High Eudaimonic Wellbeing Despite Ambiguity Intolerance Among Three Employment Status Groups: Examining the Buffering Effects of Positive Psychological Attributes

The unemployed, as well as individuals in self and salaried employment, face several work-related risks and uncertainties which can result in diminished psychological wellbeing especially for individuals with high ambiguity intolerance. However, positive psychology literature suggests that individuals with strong psychological resources can be resilient in difficult circumstances. Using a sample of 922 individuals (including 240 unemployed, 391 salary-employed, and 291 self-employed) from Uganda and Kenya, we investigated the moderating effects of locus of control and psychological capital on the association between ambiguity intolerance and eudaimonic wellbeing, comparing the unemployed with individuals in salaried and self-employment. Our findings indicated that ambiguity intolerance and external locus of control are negatively associated with eudaimonic wellbeing. Conversely, internal locus of control and psychological capital were positively associated with eudaimonic wellbeing. The moderation analysis revealed that whereas an external locus of control boosts the negative effects of ambiguity intolerance on eudaimonic wellbeing, internal locus of control and psychological capital buffer against the negative effects of ambiguity intolerance on eudaimonic wellbeing. Differences between employment status groups and implications are discussed.

A172 THE ASSOCIATION OF EFFICACY, OPTIMISM, UNCERTAINTY AND HEALTH ANXIETY IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE ACTIVITY OVER TIME

Abstract Aims We aimed to assess if the presence of positive or negative psychological attributes are associated with disease activity in a prospective inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort using validated psychological assessment tools and various measures of disease activity. Methods The study included 146 adults with confirmed and recently active IBD enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Demographics, disease information, validated measures of psychological functioning related to self-efficacy, optimism, health anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty were collected at baseline, week 26 and week 52. Disease activity indicators included fecal calprotection (FCAL), the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Symptom Inventory (IBDSI), and self-reported flares and were collected at study baseline, week 26 and week 52. Logistic regression was used to identify the relationship between psychological functioning and disease activity. Results Participants’ mean age was 42.9 years (SD 12.6; range 18–70), with 70.5% women. Almost two thirds (65.1%) had a diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (CD), 34.2% had ulcerative colitis (UC), and 0.7% (n=1) was IBD unclassified. 22% had income <$50,000 and 63% were in a current relationship. Patient-reported active disease (i.e., IBDSI; flare self-report) was significantly less likely with higher self-efficacy [OR= 0.87, 95% CI 0.82–0.93 (IBDSI); OR= 0.86, 95% CI 0.81–0.91 (self-report)] and significantly more likely with higher health anxiety (OR=1.09, 95% CI 1.04–1.15) with the association remaining for self-reported flares after adjusting for demographic variables. The psychological attributes were not associated with active disease based on FCAL levels. Conclusions Higher health anxiety increases the likelihood of experiencing an IBD flare, while higher general self-efficacy may be protective of a disease flare. Funding Agencies None

Positive Psychological Attributes and Entrepreneurial Intention and Action: The Moderating Role of Perceived Family Support.

Recent research illustrates substantial gaps between entrepreneurial intentions and behavior. This is a challenge for entrepreneurship promotion interventions that have primarily focused on stimulating entrepreneurial intentions. However, extant literature suggests that implementation intentions enhance the likelihood of acting congruently to the behavioral intention. Furthermore, theory also suggests the condition effects of situations and the perceived control over them. We therefore hypothesized that implementation intentions mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and action, while perceived family support moderates the movement from implementation intention to entrepreneurial action. Using two-wave survey data from a sample of students at an African university, we measured two psychological attributes (proactive personality and psychological capital) as important precursors of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions present before undertaking an innovations and entrepreneurship course. Implementation intentions regarding entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial actions, and perceived parental support for entrepreneurial activities were also measured 2 weeks after completion of the course. Our results demonstrate support for the proposed moderated double mediation model in which the effects of the two psychological attributes on entrepreneurial actions are explained via entrepreneurial intentions and implementation intentions. We further find moderation effects of perceived family support indicating that implementation intentions more likely predicted entrepreneurial actions in cases of higher family support.

Rags to Riches: Positive Psychological Attributes and Spiritual Factors Creating Meaning

Rags to Riches: Positive Psychological Attributes and Spiritual Factors Creating Meaning

Effect of gratitude on cardiovascular health outcomes: a state-of-the-science review

ABSTRACT Positive psychological attributes, such as gratitude, play a critical role in improving cardiovascular health outcomes. Gratitude not only enhances psychological, and physical well-being but may also alter biomarkers of risk for cardiovascular disease. However, there are limited studies examining this. This paper provides a state-of-the-science review of the literature examining links between gratitude and cardiovascular health outcomes (biomarkers and adherence). Data sources included PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Results of 13 studies (from an original pool of 234), both experimental (n = 11) and non-experimental (n = 2) show that gratitude positively impacts biomarkers such as endothelial dysfunction, prognostic inflammatory markers, and improves adherence to health behaviors. Heart disease produces immense health and economic burden in the United States and globally. These novel findings demonstrate that gratitude can be a low-cost intervention in health care that can lead to improved health behaviors and better cardiovascular outcomes for patients living with cardiovascular disease.

Common attributes in retired professional cricketers that may enhance or hinder quality of life after retirement: a qualitative study

ObjectivesRetired professional cricketers shared unique experiences and may possess specific psychological attributes with potential to influence quality of life (QOL). Additionally, pain and osteoarthritis can be common in retired athletes...

Survivors of Trauma and Positive Psychological Attributes: A Correlational Study

The current paper titled: ‘Survivors of Trauma and Positive Psychological Attributes: A Correlational Study’ attempted to understand the impact of trauma on the variables- Grit, Flourish and Posttraumatic Growth. For the purpose of assessment, the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory, Grit Scale, Flourish Scale and a revised version of Pennebaker and Susman’s Recent Traumatic Events Scale and Childhood Traumatic Events Scale were utilized. The study was administered on 67 working individuals between the ages 25-35 who have had experienced at least one traumatic event in their life. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation was used to find the relationship between the variables. The results showed that impact of Trauma is negatively correlated with Grit and Flourish and there is a positive correlation between Trauma and Posttraumatic Growth. But there was no significant relationship that existed between the impact of trauma and the variables of Post-traumatic Growth, Flourish and Grit.