Positive Politeness Strategies Research Articles

LANGUAGE POLITENESS STRATEGY IN DRAMA "HARUT AND MARUT" BY ALI AHMAD BAKATSIR

Language is the primary communication tool that people always use. In increasingly modern developments, language is often used without considering the politeness established in communication. This is what makes researchers want to research language politeness strategies in drama. This research aims to examine the application of language strategies and politeness in the drama text "Harut and Marut" by Ali Ahmad Bakatsir. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through the method of reading, taking notes, and then analyzing it. The results of this research reveal various strategies and principles of language politeness applied in the drama Harut and Marut. As for the results of research on language politeness strategies, according to Brown and Levinson in the drama Harut and Marut by Ali Ahmad Bakatsir, there are 12 types of Bald-on record strategies, eight negative politeness strategies, five positive politeness strategies, and 6 Bald-off record strategies. The implications of this research include the importance of language development in society and how to speak well to create an environment that pays attention to effective language politeness. The results of this research provide practical guidance for the community in improving quality and harmonious language communication..

A Pragmatic Social Verbal Project: Character Language for the National Harmony

This article has explored use of the Indonesian language pragmatically within its related theories, and formulated the so-called character language for the national harmony. This descriptive qualitative research employed three main methods, i.e. observation, literature review, and auto-expert judgments and applied two types of assumptions in the development of a new theory, i.e. the empirically logical assumptions and the theoretically critical assumptions. The results of actual and potential data under researchers’ observation and the related theories were then analyzed through a coding technique, which consisted of three steps: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding to come to and present a structured form of the project, the distant and the close Indonesian languages as the main aspects of the character language. The project for the national harmony was then visualized and accounted for towards its predicted efficacy or eligible application through a six-phase projection, namely (1) in-family interaction phase, (2) in-classroom teaching-learning process phase, (3) in-school evaluation phase, (4) in-school re-evaluation phase, (5) in-public verification phase, and (6) in-society selection phase. Each phase with all the parties or the agents involved in this social verbal project was described and justified for its efficacy to contribute to the national harmony. Theoretically, this research develops the application of politeness or face-saving paradigm in pragmatics, while empirically, this research aims to encourage safe verbal interactions towards the national harmony, or international harmony to some extent. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the Indonesian language pragmatically within its related theories, and to formulate the so-called character language for the national harmony. Theoretical Framework: In this pragmatic social verbal project, the Indonesian language is pragmatically formulated into Distant Indonesian Language (DIL) and Close Indonesian Language (CIL). DIL is spoken to superiors or used in the formal setting, while CIL is spoken to close people or used in the informal setting. The formulation of DIL and CIL is based on the theories of negative and positive face, negative and positive politeness strategies, respect and solidarity politeness, and politeness and camaraderie. Meanwhile, the formulation of superiors (and strangers) and close people is based on the theories of types of hearer with the aspects of power and solidarity. Method: This descriptive qualitative research employed three main methods, i.e. observation, literature review, and auto-expert judgments and applied two types of assumptions in the development of a new theory, i.e. the empirically logical assumptions and the theoretically critical assumptions. The results of actual and potential data under researchers’ observation and the related theories were then analyzed through a coding technique, which consisted of three steps: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding to come to and present a structured form of the project, the distant and the close Indonesian languages as the main aspects of the character language. Results and Discussion: The project for the national harmony was then visualized and accounted for towards its predicted efficacy or eligible application through a six-phase projection, namely (1) in-family interaction phase, (2) in-classroom teaching-learning process phase, (3) in-school evaluation phase, (4) in-school re-evaluation phase, (5) in-public verification phase, and (6) in-society selection phase. Each phase with all the parties or the agents involved in this social verbal project was described and justified for its efficacy to contribute to the national harmony. Research Implications: Theoretically, this research develops the application of politeness or face-saving paradigm in pragmatics, while empirically, this research aims to encourage safe verbal interactions towards the national harmony, or international harmony to some extent. Originality/Value: This character language project proposition has potential contributions for the (inter)national harmony, among others, as pragmatic behaviors or good manners against hate speech and hoaxes, for a guideline for text interactions in the virtual world, and metaphorically as the clothes that we wear in public or in private, within formal or informal situations.

Optimizing service encounters through mascot-like robot with a politeness strategy

Mascot-like service robots embody anthropomorphic features, fostering affinity, and cultural representation. It is unknown whether they have politeness strategies that are more effective compared to humanoid robots. Drawing on politeness, uncanny valley, and mind perception theories, this study investigates the interaction effect of service robot appearance types (humanoid and mascot-like) and politeness strategies on customers’ service encounter evaluation, as well as the psychological mechanisms and boundary conditions of this effect. The findings reveal the superiority of mascot-like robots over humanoid robots in positive politeness contexts; human identity threat mediated this effect. Sense of power plays a moderating role; specifically, mascot robots with positive politeness strategies are more appealing to customers with low sense of power. This research significantly contributes to our understanding of service robot appearance and communication within the framework of mind perception and politeness theories in human–robot interaction. Moreover, it offers valuable guidance for companies enhancing consumer experiences through service robots.

Perbandingan Kesantunan Berbahasa Siswa di Lingkungan MAN 2 Kota Padang dan MAN 2 Kabupaten Solok Selatan

This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out using the simak method with the technique of simak libat cakap. The data in this study were obtained from the observation process, notes, and recordings. In analyzing the data, the author classifies the data that has been obtained into politeness strategies and principles. The author also uses translational and pragmatic methods. The translational method is used to translate the Minang-language data into Indonesian. The data is presented using informal method in the form of described speech and dialog. The results of the analysis show that 1) students in MAN 2 of Padang City tend to use positive politeness strategies with 64.77% and so do in MAN 2 of South Solok Regency with 56.84%. This is because students at MAN 2 of Padang City and MAN 2 of South Solok Regency both try to be close to their speech partners by using speech that contains positive politeness. 2) the principle of politeness that tends to be used by students in MAN 2 Padang City is the maxim of generosity and acceptance with 37.50% while in MAN 2 South Solok Regency tends to use the principle of politeness with the maxim of aggreement 58.33%. Based on these results, students at MAN 2 of Padang City tend to praise their speech partners and give burden to themselves in speaking, while at MAN 2 of South Solok Regency are more likely to maximize compatibility with their speech partners.

An Analysis of Politeness Comments by Indonesian National Team Football Players on Governor Ganjar Pranowo's Instagram

Politeness plays a crucial role in effective communication. A common challenge in communication is the expression of politeness on social media. This article examines the politeness strategies employed by Indonesian national football team players in their comments on Ganjar Pranowo’s Instagram post discussing Indonesia’s unsuccessful bid to host the U-20 World Cup. Brown and Levinson’s theory (1987) serves as the basis for analyzing the politeness strategy. The research follows a descriptive-qualitative approach. The study relies on netizens’ comments as the primary source of data. Data collection involves documentation methods and refer to note-taking procedures. This study involved a close examination of statements made by football national team players on Ganjar Pranowo’s Instagram account. The study results are (1) three types of positive politeness strategies, two types of negative politeness strategies, and two types of off-record strategies. Positive Politeness strategy 4: Exaggerate 2 (66.67%) and Joke 1 (33.33%). Regarding Negative Politeness, the analysis reveals 2 strategies: Be Pessimistic 1 (50%) and General Requirements 1 (50%). Off-record strategies include Contradictory 1 (50%) and Ironic 1 (50%). The Exaggerate type of Positive Politeness is assumed to be the most dominant, accounting for 2 (66.67%) instances. One can conclude that individuals demonstrate politeness when using social media.
 Keywords: Instagram post, politeness strategies, U-20 World Cup

A Critical Pragmatic Study of National Identity Representation in American Political Discourse

National identity is considered the main reason for displaying the national flag ,celebrating national holidays and even declaring solidarity with millions of people whom we do not meet. The study investigates how national identity can be defined along both ethno-cultural and civic lines. This study is a critical pragmatic study of national identity used in American political discourse. One political speech is selected to be the data.This speech belongs to Trump. The model adopted in the analysis is based on Grice’s Maxims Breaching (1975) and Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory (1987). A mixed method is used in analyzing and representing the results. This work tries to answer the following questions: What are the types of national identity that are represented in American political discourse? What is the most common type of maxims breaching and politeness strategies? Which one of these strategies that is highly used? This study aims at identifying the most frequent type of national identity, investigating the most frequent type of maxims breaching and politeness strategies in addition to identifying one of these strategies that is highly used. To answer the above questions, the study hypothesizes that: politicians present their ethnic national identity higher than the civic version, flouting quality maxim is extremely employed, positive politeness strategies score high frequency, and finally politeness strategies are the most dominant strategies used in the adopted model. The most important conclusions the study has come up with are:1) ethnic national identity is highly demonstrated within American political discourse more than the civic one. 2) Regarding maxims breaching, flouting quality maxim is the most commonly one used in the political speech under study. 3) Politicians make use of politeness strategies. Positive politeness strategies are the most dominant ones 4) According to the pragmatic strategies, it is shown that politeness strategies are highly utilized in presenting national identity.

Analisis Kesantunan pada Penggunaan Campur Kode oleh Mahasiswa Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang (Kajian Pragmatik)

Politeness is essential in interaction to avoid conflict between the speaker and the hearer. This article describes politeness by students and lecturers in academic interaction at the Japanese Program in Undiksha. This study is qualitatively approached using pragmatics design. The data were collected using the technique of observation by listening, writing notes, and participating. The data was then, analyzed using an interactive model from Miles & Huberman. The data were classi?ed according to the face theory of Brown & Levinson i.e. strategy of positive politeness and ?rategy of negative politeness. Data analysis reveals positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies students use in academic interaction at the Japanese Program in Undiksha. Both methods contained a constituent such as code-mixing. The reason for using code mixing in speech between lecturer and students is not only from speech situation but most part because of politeness factor. Using code-mixing of the Indonesian language and Japanese, made the speaker comfortable speaking because the code-mixing can make the utterance still in polite mode and formal form.

Kesantunan Komunikasi Pada Media Cetak Elektronik Sebagai Pembentuk Integritas Pembaca

The aim of this research is to describe positive and negative politeness strategies based on Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness and how polite communication in electronic print media forms reader integrity. The research was conducted as a qualitative type of research. Data collection procedures were carried out using reading techniques, note-taking techniques and documentation techniques. The data analysis method was carried out in four stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and verification and conclusions. The results of this research show that communication politeness in electronic print media uses fifteen positive politeness strategies and eight negative politeness strategies. The fifteen positive politeness strategies and eight negative politeness strategies used by the three electronic print media consisting of detiknews.com, kompas.com, and tribunnews.com, namely speakers and readers (listeners/readers) are marked with words, phrases, clauses, and sentences on electronic print media. The politeness of communication in electronic print media used by the three electronic print media consisting of detiknews.com, kompas.com, and tribunnews.com, as forming the integrity of readers, is marked in words, phrases, clauses and sentences, namely being critical, creative, excel, and be responsible for oneself, the environment, family, and apply it in everyday life.

Congratulation Strategies: Pragmatic Study

There are different ways to express positive emotions and feelings when people come across happy occasions. The present study investigates how people pragmatically express congratulations. One hundred and sixteen participants were recruited to answer a DCT which was used as a tool for uncovering the strategies of congratulations and answering the questions: (1) what are the main pragmatic strategies for congratulations? (2) what are the differences in using these strategies when it comes to males and females? (3) pragmatically, what are the positive politeness strategies used in expressing congratulations? And (4) are there any differences between males and females in using these positive politeness strategies? Among the findings revealed seven pragmatic strategies of congratulations saying congratulations, giving good wishes, expressing happiness, using jokes, mentioning the reason, asking for information or details, and giving compliments and encouragement.

MAKING COMPLAINTS IN GHANAIAN ENGLISH: AN ANALYSIS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Complaints are bound to occur in our daily interactions while seeking a remedy to that which has directly or indirectly affected someone unfavourably, thus, threatening the face of the addressee and may eventually engender social relationship breakdown if not done appropriately. This study examined complaints by speakers of Ghanaian English in three public second cycle schools in Ghana to ascertain the politeness strategies invested in expressing their dissatisfaction with an unacceptable act in Ghanaian English. The Brown and Levinson (1987) politeness theory served as the theoretical framework for the study. A case study design was adopted with data elicited from ninety-four (94) participants role-playing four complaint-provoking situations and analysed thematically. The findings revealed that eleven strategies are used in producing different complaints in Ghanaian English. The findings further indicated that Ghanaians are indirect and tend to have a high inclination toward positive politeness strategies as they try to reduce the effect of the face-threatening act of complaining on the addressee’s positive face. It was also found that this complaint behaviour is influenced by the cultural norms of politeness in Ghanaian languages.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0662/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Gus Bahauddin Nursalim’s Speech and Language Politeness Strategy on YouTube

This study aims to describe the form of language politeness strategies in Gus Bahauddin Nursalim's video lectures on Youtube. This research focuses on Gus Bahauddin Nursalim's lectures on Youtube, Santri Gayeng, with the most views in the last six months. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach that seeks to collect descriptive information and present it in text about the subject under study. The collected data is then analysed with Brown and Levinson's theory of language politeness. The results of this study show that there are 23 videos that fall into the category of language politeness strategies. The data shows a variety of positive politeness strategies, indirect strategies or vague speech, and straightforward strategies without preamble. The form of language politeness strategy is inseparable from Gus Baha's social influence in the community. He is known to have the characteristic of giving lectures with a speech that can have an influence on his listeners. Through the study of the language politeness of a preacher, this article contributes to the discussion of language studies and preacing activities in Indonesia.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY MAJOR CHARACTERS IN JANE AUSTEN’S NOVEL, PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

The purpose of this study was to describe the language politeness employed by the major character in The Pride and Prejudice novel. The method used was descriptive qualitative. The researchers found: first, the data of positive politeness strategies and the data of negative politeness strategies were in line with Brown and Levinson's theory, 10 positive types of politeness strategies. The mostly used were: paying attention to the speaker’s interests, wants, requirements and commodities. When the speaker truly means “you” or “me”, he can employ the strategy of inclusiveness form to invoke the cooperative presumptions and rectify FTAs, giving or asking for explanations, insisting on reciprocity, goodness, sympathy, understanding, and cooperation. Out of 8 negative types of politeness strategies, the mostly used were: adopting a customarily indirect stance, not taking compliance for granted, expressing pessimism about one’s capacity or willingness, to reduce the burden, as cited from the FTAs as an illustration of a general principle. Then, three factors influenced the use of polite language, namely: social distance, power, and degree of impositions.

Refusal Politeness Strategies of The Main Characters in ‘It Starts with Us’ A Novel by Colleen Hoover

This study aims to analyze the types of refusal politeness strategies used by or towards the main characters in ‘It Starts with Us’ a novel that was published in late 2022 by Colleen Hoover, which was a sequel for the previous book by the same author titled ‘It Ends with Us’. To reveal the refusal politeness strategies, the researcher decided to use the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987), and the data were then analyzed by using qualitative descriptive. The result of this research were the 9 data , which contained the refusal politeness strategies. All nine of the data mentioned in this study are direct refusal,with predominantly positive politeness strategies, with six of nine data being positive politeness strategies, but the variety employed varied. The remaining three data were negative politeness strategies, which is composed of two indirect strategies and an apology.

The Concept of Justice in Islam: A Socio-pragmatic Analysis

This study attempts to extend politeness theory beyond informal situations to a more serious type of discourse, using data collected from the Holy Quran and the Prophet’s sayings. Specifically, different aspects of social justice have been investigated in this study from an Islamic point of view. The data comprises 191 Quranic verses and 100 sayings of the Prophet Mohammed. The study uses qualitative methods focusing on the concept of social justice, and in particular, the way Islam emphasizes numerous principles that organize relationships among members of the society. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the politeness theory as developed by Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) and Leech’s (1983) model of politeness. The relevance of the politeness strategy is evaluated in terms of two factors: the medium of communication and the seriousness of the topic being discussed. The findings showed that the highest percentage of use is the bald-on-record strategy with (61%), followed by the positive politeness strategy (26%), and (8%) belongs to the negative politeness strategy. The least politeness strategy employed is the Off record with only (5%). Judging from the findings, one might argue that religion has an important role to play in legitimizing social justice and that discrimination is a man-made phenomenon, privileging certain groups of people over others. The findings presented here bear on orientations toward the importance of applying a social system based on divine justice and that in order to bring human justice in line with divine laws, people should exemplify God's justice and mercy in how they think and live.

The Positive Politeness Strategies Used in “English for Nusantara” Textbook

<em>The integration of pragmatic competence and politeness is an essential focus in the development of English learning materials like textbooks. Using appropriate textbooks can help students develop communicative competence as the primary goal of English language teaching as a foreign language. This study discusses the positive politeness strategy in the textbook "English for Nusantara". The present study used a qualitative approach with a documentary analysis design. The data were collected by analyzing the dialogues contained in the textbook. The theory of positive politeness strategy, developed by Brown and Levinson (1987), was used to examine the data. The findings revealed that there are eight positive politeness strategies used in the dialogues of the English for Nusantara textbook, namely (1) exaggerating one’s interest in, approval of, and sympathy of the listener, (2) employing in-group markers of identity, (3) requesting agreement, (4) requesting & promising, (5) involving the speaker and the listener in action and (6) offering or asking for an explanation, (7) using inclusive “we” form, and (8) giving (or asking for) reasons. The most dominant positive politeness strategy was ‘exaggerating interest in, approval of or sympathy with the hearers.’ EFL learners’ pragmatic competence will be increased when pragmatic contents, like politeness, are integrated into the textbook as English learning materials used by teachers in the classroom.</em>

Politeness Strategies in Barbershop

This article is related to the politeness strategies used in the Barbershop. This research was conducted to determine politeness strategies used by the barber and their reasons for using those strategies. This research is descriptive qualitative research. To get the data, some field observations. In conducting the analysis, the step used is to identify politeness strategy, classify and explain politeness strategies based on Brown's theory and Levinson (1987). The results showed that there were four strategies found, namely bald on record, politeness in the positive and the negative and off record. The most dominant strategy is positive politeness strategy. The positive politeness strategy is actually a positive-oriented strategy the listener's positive face, the positive self-image he claims for himself. This strategy is mostly affected where the conversation takes place. Another finding from this research is the most dominant strategy in positive politeness used in conversation. In fact, the conversation is basic positive-politeness techniques used to minimize and to avoid confrontation and deep evaluation reasons also to make people talk differently. Because of this conversation, it makes the atmosphere better and fun, and so can the customer manage the relationship and not threaten the face of the heir.

Do They Mind Their Ps and Qs: Politeness Strategies in the Movie, Joy

This study was an interpersonal communication study on the politeness methods used by the main characters in the film Joy in the setting mostly of a family cum workplace communication. The purpose of this study was to describe the major characters' politeness tactics. The data for this descriptive qualitative study, the dialogues uttered by all of the movie's principal characters, were scrutinized using Brown and Levinson's (1987) paradigm. The investigation studied how the characters used politeness strategies such as positive politeness, Bald-on -Record, negative politeness and off-record techniques in their utterances. The data came from the script of Joy, and it was identified that 833 politeness strategies were employed. Bald on Record (8%), Positive Politeness (51%), Negative Politeness (35%), and Off Record (6%). The findings revealed that positive politeness strategies were the most frequently used in this film. The results indicated that the main characters had a tendency to use positive politeness to show their respect and also to maintain a harmonious relationship in the family and workplace.

Politeness Strategies Used by Teenage Characters in Stranger Things Movie Series: A Pragmatics Study

This study aims to identify any kinds of politeness strategies used by teenagers in Stranger Things movie and also to describe the factors influencing the teenage characters’ choice of politeness strategies in Stranger Things movie. The writer uses a descriptive qualitative method to explain the data and follows the theory of Brown and Levinson (1987) to answer the statement of the problem. This study found 38 data in total consisting of 6 bald on record, 25 positive politeness, 4 negative politeness, and 3 off-record. Other than that, there are also 22 data that are influenced by social distance, 4 data that are influenced by relative power, and 12 data that are influenced by rank of imposition. The result of this study shows that teenage characters tend to use positive politeness strategies when they communicate with other people. Moreover, social distance is the most the factor that influences teenage characters to use politeness strategies. It can be concluded that the typical teenagers in Stranger Things movie are easy to get along with because they try to make themselves close with the interlocutor when they have a conversation, and they know how to socialize well by understanding and appreciating people’s opinions.

Positive Politeness Strategies Employed by Jordanian Facebook Users: A Case From Comments on the Roya News Facebook Page

The present study aims to investigate positive politeness strategies used by Jordanian males and females through their Facebook comments on the Roya news page. It further aims to explore the effects of gender and news topics on the use of these strategies. Analysis of 389 comments is drawn - in light of Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory. The results reveal a better understanding of the use of positive politeness strategies by Jordanians in their Facebook comments on four news topics: education, crime, economy, and weather. Further, gender seems to affect the way Jordanians use politeness strategies in their online comments. For instance, a statistically significant correlation between gender and strategy type shows that the most frequently used strategy by Jordanian males is asserting common ground while their female counterparts tend to use joking as their predominant strategy. The news topic appears not to affect the use of politeness strategies by both genders.

POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN JAY SHETTY PODCAST YOUTUBE CHANNEL: AN INTERVIEW WITH WILL SMITH

This study aims to examine the positive politeness strategies that are often used to show similarity, familiarity and respect. This research discusses the positive politeness strategies used by Jay Shetty on the Jay Shetty Podcast YouTube channel. This research focuses on the types of positive politeness strategies used by Jay Shetty to Will Smith as the guest star in talk show videos on the Jay Shetty Podcast YouTube channel. The data from this study are analyzed using the theory proposed by Brown & Levinson (1987) who argue that there are 15 positive politeness strategies. The method used to analyze this research is a qualitative approach with the content analysis method, the data in this study are taken from Jay Shetty's interviews with Will Smith that have been transcribed. The results showed that Jay Shetty used 10 out of 15 positive politeness strategies proposed by Brown & Levinson (1987) when he communicated with the guest star, with a total of 75 data. Based on the analysis, the positive politeness strategy of exaggerate (approval, interest, sympathy with H) is the most dominant strategy used by Jay Shetty with a total of 21 data. Jay Shetty uses this strategy to show respect, approval, interest and sympathy to his guest star so that they are satisfied.