Positive Parental Attitudes Research Articles

The Mediating Effect of Peer Relations and the Moderating Effect of Time Spent with Parents in the Relationship between Parenting Style and Adolescent‘s Cyber Delinquency

본 연구는 부모의 양육방식과 청소년의 사이버비행의 관계에서 또래관계의 매개효과와 부모와 함께 보내는 시간의 조절효과를 확인하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 분석을 위해 한국 아동청소년패널 2019년도 조사자료를 활용하였고, 구조방정식 경로분석을 실시한 결과, 또래관계에 대해서는 긍정적 양육태도(따스함, 자율성 지지, 구조제공)가 정적 영향을, 부정적 양육태도(거부, 비일관성)는 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 사이버비행에 대해서는 비일관성이 정적 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 거부를 제외한 모든 양육태도 변수와 사이버비행의 관계에서 또래관계의 매개효과를 확인하였다. 부모와 함께 보내는 시간과 양육태도의 양, 질의 상호작용 효과를 확인하기 위해 다집단분석을 실시하였고, 분석결과 구조제공과 또래관계의 정적 효과가 부모와 함께 보내는 시간이 많은 집단에서만 유의한 것으로 나타나 상호작용효과가 유의함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 상담현장에서 사이버비행을 감소시키기 위해 부모의 양육태도 방식을 개선할 수 있는 개입방안, 또래관계를 개선할 수 있는 개입방안, 부모와 대화시간을 증진할 수 있는 부모-자녀 기독교 동반활동, 그리고 부모자녀 프로그램 및 교육 등이 필요함을 논의하였다.The purpose of this study was to confirm the mediating effect of peer relations and the moderating effect of time spent with parents in the relationship between parenting style and adolescents’ cyber delinquency. As a result of conducting a path analysis, positive parenting attitudes had a positive effect on peer relations while negative parenting attitudes had a negative effect on peer relations. It was also observed that inconsistency had a positive effect on cyber delinquency. The mediating effect of peer relations was confirmed in the relationship between all parenting attitude variables except rejection and cyber delinquency. In addition, the mediating effect of peer relationships was confirmed in the relationship between parenting attitude variables and cyber delinquency. A multigroup analysis was conducted according to the time spent with parents, and there were differences between groups as a result of the analysis.

메타분석을 통한 에니어그램 부모교육 프로그램의 효과성 연구

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data and implications for the study of the enneagram program by analyzing the domestic enneagram parent education program through meta-analysis. To this end, the selection criteria (PICOS) was designed, a total of eight domestic academic papers and degree papers were selected as analysis targets, and basic information on research and experiments, and specific matters were classified and analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. First, the total effect size of the parent enneagram education program was 0.40, showing an effect size close to the middle. Second, the effect size of the positive parenting attitude was 0.42, which was higher than the effect size of the negative parenting attitude of 0.29. Third, the effect size of coping with parenting stress was 0.72, which was close to the large effect size. Fourth, the effect size of the self-related variable was 0.52, indicating that it had an intermediate effect. Through the analysis of each effect size, it was confirmed that the enneagram parent education program is effective in cultivating parents

청소년 태권도 수련생이 지각한 부모의 긍정적⋅부정적 양육태도와 동기 분위기, 라이프스킬, 전이의 관계

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of perceived positive and negative parenting attitude, motivational climate, life skills, and transfer of adolescent Taekwondo trainees. Participants of this study were 294 (average age=15.45) Taekwondo trainees in Pusan including 226 middle school students and 68 high school students. The PSCQ-KA, Korean version of CCS and PMCSQ, KLSSS, and KLSTS were used to measure. After data collection, descriptive statistics, correlation, and structural equation model (SEM) were conducted for data analysis. In the SEM, we tested two models; (a) positive parenting attitude model and (b) negative parenting attitude model. First, positive parenting attitude had a positive effect on motivational climate and life skills. In addition, the path of motivational climate to life skills and life skills to transfer were statistically significant in positive. Second, negative parenting attitude had a negative effect on motivational climate. Furthermore, the path of motivational climate to life skills and life skills to transfer were statistically significant. In conclusion, parents’ positive attitude such as warmth, structure, and autonomy support, is a key component to increasing a positive climate and fostering life skills. In addition, motivational climate improves life skills development.

지각된 긍정적 부모양육태도가 대학생의 대인관계조화와 심리적안녕감에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of positive parenting attitudes perceived by university students on interpersonal harmony and psychological well-being, and to examine whether self-esteem stability plays a mediating role. To this end, 250 university students in K province were administered parental parenting attitudes, interpersonal harmony, psychological well-being, and self-esteem stability scales, and the final 239 data were analyzed. For the collected data, SPSS Win 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 were used for correlation analysis, the fit of the measurement model and the structural model was verified, and the mediating effect of the final model was analyzed. As a result of the study, first, the perceived positive parenting attitude showed a significant effect on the interpersonal harmony and psychological well-being of university students. It was found that the more positive the parenting attitude, the higher the interpersonal harmony and psychological well-being. Second, in the relationship between perceived parenting attitude, interpersonal harmony, and psychological well-being, self-esteem stability showed a partial mediating effect. Through the results of this study, it was confirmed that parenting attitude is a variable that predicts interpersonal harmony, psychological well-being, and self-esteem stability of university students. Finally, the results of this study were discussed and suggested.

Father influences on child social adaptability: Mediation by peer communication ability

We examined the relationship between fathers’ parenting attitudes and children’s social adaptability, as well as the mediating effect of children’s peer communication ability in that relationship. The participants were 228 young Chinese children (boys =54.3%, girls=45.7%; mean age =5 years, SD = 0.08 years) and their fathers (n = 228; mean age = 32.73 years, SD = 4.77 years). The data model showed that the father’s parenting attitudes are associated with children’s peer communication and social adaptability. Children’s peer communication ability played a mediating role in the relationship between fathers’ parenting attitudes and children’s social adaptability. Male children and younger aged fathers were associated with high child social adaptability and children’s peer communication ability. The results suggest that fathers’ positive parenting attitudes (emotional warmth and understanding or interference protection) can improve children’s peer communication and social adaptability, whereas their negative parenting attitudes (punishment or refusal to deny) can hinder these abilities. For children’s mental health well-being, fathers should establish positive parenting attitudes to improve their children’s social adaptability and the quality of their peer relationships.

The positive and negative parenting attitudes of parents Depression and Depression in the Effects of Academic Helplessness Mediating effects of self-esteem

Background: Parents' parenting attitudes according to family structural changes affect adolescents' academic achievement, which is predicted to be important mediating factors such as depression and self-esteem. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the relationship between depression and self-esteem between parents' parenting attitudes and adolescents' academic work skills. Methodology/Approach: In this study, the SPSS 23.0 program and the Amos 23.0 program were used to verify the suitability of the research model, and the suitability indices of the X2, GFI, AGFI, NFI, CFI, TLI, RMSEA, and RMR values were used to verify the suitability of the model. In addition, significance was verified through the Bootstrapping procedure to verify the mediating effect. Findings/Conclusions: As a result of the research model, first, as a result of path analysis, it was found that positive parenting had a negative (-) effect on academic work skills and depression and a positive (+) effect on self-esteem. Parents' negative parenting attitudes had a positive (+) effect on academic work skills, depression, and self-esteem, and self-esteem had a positive (+) effect on depression, but self-esteem did not affect academic work skills. Second, in the mediating effect verification, the positive parenting attitude of parents partially mediated the academic work ability, and self-esteem and depression were found to be double mediated. Third, in the comparison of indirect effects, the indirect effect was found to be significant for the partial mediating effect of depression between academic work skills in the positive and negative parenting attitude of parents, and the indirect effect was also significant in the double mediating effect of self-esteem and depression. Implications: In order not to give adolescents a school work experience, they set new goals with their parents, who are the main caregivers, and suggested ways to achieve a smooth life by improving their learning motivation.

중학생의 팬텀활동과 학교생활적응에 대한 잠재전이 분석

The purpose of this study is to use Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 (KCYPS 2018) data to identify latent profile types for fandom activity in the first year of middle school and school adjustment competency in the third year of middle school, and to analyze the transition patterns and predictive factors to each time point. For this purpose, latent transition analysis was conducted. Fandom activities were found to be active when academic helplessness was high or life satisfaction was low. Female students were more likely to be in the online type and male students were more likely to be in the normal type of fandom activity. It was found that the lower the academic helplessness, the higher the life satisfaction, the more positive parenting attitude, the higher the grades, the higher the likelihood of belonging to the excellent school adjustment group. In the passive type of fandom activity, based on the poor school adjustment group or the average school adjustment group, the lower the academic helplessness, the higher the possibility of transfer to the excellent school adjustment group. Through the analysis of the latent profile, it was possible to distinguish the latent classes for the middle school student fandom activities and the school life adjustment group. Individual factors, family factors, and school factors affecting school life adjustment, which were not identified in previous studies, were analyzed inclusively. It is meaningful in that it revealed that factors such as academic helplessness, life satisfaction, parenting attitudes, and academic achievement satisfaction were important in the transition of the potential profile type of fandom activities to school adjustment. Previous studies have used only KCYPS 2018 1st year data as cross- sectional data, but this study is meaningful in that it used longitudinal data including data from 3rd year to analyze metastasis.

Inclusion in the System of State Preschool Institutions of Serbia from the Parents’ Perspective

The realization of inclusive education at the preschool age is an important effort within the school system of a country. It has been established that inclusive education has a stimulating effect on children with disabilities, as well as on typically developing children. Because of this, it is necessary to start with its realization at the preschool age. The paper presents the results of empirical research conducted on a sample of 763 parents of children attending preschool institutions in the territory of eastern and southeastern Serbia, which were collected using an assessment scale specially constructed for this research. Bearing in mind the importance of the formation of positive attitudes of parents as key actors in the upbringing of typically developing children, who should represent to their children a model of adequate behavior towards persons with developmental disabilities, the research aims to examine the attitudes of parents about inclusion in the system of state preschool institutions. It was established that the majority of parents recognize the most significant advantages of inclusion and the prerequisite for achieving inclusion in the context of institutional preschool education. When it comes to obstacles to achieving inclusive education, it was found that parents recognize them to a lesser extent. Also, it was established that there are statistically significant differences in parents' responses to certain items concerning the variables of gender, age, and level of education. The findings of this research can represent a good starting point for improving existing institutional practice in the context of inclusive education.

After the Implant-a Study on Post Cochlear Implant Rehabilitation of Congenitally Deaf Children

Objectives: To assess the perceptions and compliance of parents/guardians of children with cochlear implant regarding postcochlear implant rehabilitation of their children.
 Study Design: Analytical, cross-sectional, quantitative study
 Place and Duration of Study: ENT department, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Nov 2021 to Apr2022.
 Methodology: The study was conducted on a sample size of 93 parents/guardians of congenitally deaf children (recipients of cochlear implant) who were recruited via purposive sampling. Parents/guardians of children having severe to profound hearing loss, who did not benefit from hearing aid were included in the study from which those having a hearing age of less than 9 months were excluded. A validated modified questionnaire was adopted and data was collected from the parents/guardians by interviewing them on calls. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 25.
 Results: Amongst the study participants, 11(11.8%), 30(32.3%), 44(47.3%) and 8(8.6%) parents/guardians showed poor, fair, good and excellent compliance respectively. Better compliance was associated with positive parental (p-value=0.007) and child (p-value=0.004) attitude. Distance 68(73%) and finance 70(75%) were the hurdles faced; irrespective of compliance. However,financial difficulties (p-value=0.585), difficulties due to distance (p-value=0.210) and parental education level (p-value=0.175) were not significantly associated with compliance.
 Conclusion: The study showed that most parents/guardians 82 (88%) were compliant with the rehabilitation. Positive counselling of the parents and children can further improve compliance. Rehabilitation can be eased with financial assistance and improved accessibility.

초기 청소년이 지각한 어머니 양육태도에 대한 잠재집단 분류 : 집단별 영향요인과 집단에 따른 정서·행동문제, 삶의 만족도 차이

In order to prevent emotional and behavioral problems and increase life satisfaction in early adolescents, this study classified mothers’ parenting attitudes perceived by early adolescents as latent classes, and verified emotional and behavioral problems and life satisfaction of early adolescents according to the classified latent classes. For this study, 2019 year’s data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey(KCYPS) of the National Youth Policy Institute were used. A total of 4,368 cases(2,184 fifth grade in elementary school and 2,184 mothers) were statistically analyzed using latent profile analysis, multinominal logistic regression, and Wald’s association test. As results of the study, the latent classes for the mothers' parenting attitude were divided into three classes. As factors affecting the latent class, conversation time with mother in children, mother’s health, self-esteem and happiness in mothers significantly influenced to three latent classes. Also, there were significant differences in emotional and behavioral problems and life satisfaction according to the latent classes of mothers’ parenting attitudes. Emotional and behavioral problems were low and life satisfaction was high in the 'positive parenting attitude dominant group'. This study is expected to be useful in parent education and counseling sites.

Under age five children survival times in Nigeria: a Bayesian spatial modeling approach

BackgroundNigeria is among the top five countries in the world with the highest under-five mortality rates. In addition to the general leading causes of under-five mortality, studies have shown that disparity in sociocultural values and practices across ethnic groups in Nigeria influence child survival, thus there is a need for scientific validation. This study quantified the survival probabilities and the impact of socioeconomic and demographic factors, proximate and biological determinants, and environmental factors on the risk of under-five mortality in Nigeria.MethodsThe Kaplan-Meier survival curve, Nelson Aalen hazard curve, and components survival probabilities were estimated. The Exponential, Gamma, Log-normal, Weibull, and Cox hazard models in a Bayesian mixed effect hierarchical hazard modeling framework with spatial components were considered, and the Deviance and Watanabe Akaike information criteria were used to select the best model for inference. A 5% level of significance was assumed throughout this work. The 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey dataset was used, and the outcome variable was the time between birth and death or birth and the date of interview for children who were alive on the day of the interview.ResultsFindings show that the probability of a child dying within the first two months is 0.04, and the probability of a boy child dying before attaining age five is 0.106, while a girl child is 0.094 probability. Gender, maternal education, household wealth status, source of water and toilet facility, residence, mass media, frequency of antenatal and postnatal visits, marital status, place of delivery, multiple births, who decide healthcare use, use of bednet are significant risk factors of child mortality in Nigeria. The mortality risk is high among the maternal age group below 24 and above 44years, and birth weight below 2.5Kg and above 4.5Kg. The under-five mortality risk is severe in Kebbi, Kaduna, Jigawa, Adamawa, Gombe, Kano, Kogi, Nasarawa, Plateau, and Sokoto states in Nigeria.ConclusionThis study accentuates the need for special attention for the first two months after childbirth as it is the age group with the highest expected mortality. A practicable way to minimize death in the early life of children is to improve maternal healthcare service, promote maternal education, encourage delivery in healthcare facilities, positive parental attitude to support multiple births, poverty alleviation programs for the less privileged, and a prioritized intervention to Northern Nigeria.

남녀 초등학생의 발달환경 요인이 그릿에 미치는 영향

Objectives In this study, the influence of elementary school students' developmental environmental factors(parenting attitude, smartphone dependence, friend relationship, teacher relationship) on grit and the difference in influence according to gender were analyzed. Methods For this purpose, analysis was conducted to measure grit-related variables for 2,399 4th grade elementary school students (1,193 males, 1,206 females) in the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (2018). In the hierarchical regression model, parenting attitude(positive/negative), smartphone dependence, friend relationship, and teacher relationship were selected as independent variables, and grit was selected as the dependent variable. Results First, in the relative influence on grit, positive parenting attitude had a significant effect only on male students, whereas negative parenting attitude had a significant effect on both males and females, and showed a higher influence in female students. Second, smartphone dependence showed a statistically significant influence on both males and females, but showed a greater influence on male students. Third, friendship did not have a significant effect on both male and female students. Finally, the teacher relationship showed a statistically significant level of influence on both men and women. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, in order to promote the grit of elementary school students, it is possible to find an efficient method that reflects the importance according to gender for the developmental environmental factors such as parenting attitude, smartphone dependence, friend relationship, and teacher relationship. We want to provide basic data to homes, schools, and related institutions, etc.

아동청소년의 학업무기력 발달궤적 및 예측변인의 효과 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to verify the longitudinal developmental trajectory of academic helplessness in children and youth to identify the predictive effects of variables that affect it. Methods To this end, we used a latent growth modeling(LGM) to analyze the data of 2,384 children and youth who responded to all the research variables among the data from the first year (2018) to the third year (2020) of the Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018. Specifically, after analyzing the developmental trajectory of academic helplessness over the three time points, the predictive effect was analyzed with a structural equation modeling in which gender, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive and negative parenting attitudes, academic achievement, and achievement satisfaction were input as predictive variables, and the initial value and rate of change of academic helplessness were set as reference variables. Results As a result of examining the latent growth modeling of academic helplessness, the second-year change model showed the best fit. In addition, all variables input as predictive variables significantly predicted the initial value of academic helplessness, while self-esteem, positive and negative parenting attitudes, and academic achievement showed significant predictive effects on the rate of change. Conclusions After discussing the results of this study in relation to previous studies, theoretical and practical implications were drawn.

우리나라 초등학생의 그릿(Grit)수준이 인지, 정서, 사회 발달에 미치는 영향

The purposes of this study were to identify the effect of Grit on cognitive, emotional, and social development and to investigate the differencial effect accroding to the type of student's life-long goal, and the level of household income. To do this, 9th to 11th waves of the Panel Study of Korean Children(PSKC 2018) were utilized, and generalized propensity score method applied. The results of this study were as follows. First, happiness, self-esteem, concentration, positive parenting attitude significantly influenced on students’ grit score(perseverance of efforts). The frequency of conversation with parents, the smart phone and PC utilization, and the sense of alienation affect students' grit score(consistency of interest). Second, Grit had a positive effect on students' happiness, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and peer relationships. Third, Grit showed differential effects on emotional, and social development according to the type of student's life-long goal, and the level of household income. Based on these results, the implications of this study and suggestions for future study were discussed.

유치원 아동어머니의 양육태도와 양육효능감이 자녀의 사회적 유능감에 미치는 영향

Objectives Our objectives were to assess the effects of mothers’ parenting attitudes and parenting efficacies on children’s social competence by the level of their attitude toward children’s emotional expression, and find a way to enhance social competence. Methods Our research targeted 270 mothers of kindergarteners in D city and K province, and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 to examine the correlation among each variable. Also, one-way ANOVA was used to identify the difference among the variables, and multiple regression analysis was used to examine variables’ interrelations. Results First, the mothers’ parenting attitude, parenting efficacy, and the children’s social competence had an average score of 3 or higher on a 5-point Likert scale. It was found that parenting efficacy showed a significant difference: parenting efficacy was higher when the attitude toward emotional expression was ‘high, medium’ than in the case of ‘low’. As a result of correlation analysis, mothers’ rejection as a parenting attitude showed a negative correlation with attitude toward emotional expressions and parenting efficacy at every level. Third, with the length of the marriage, which showed the most significant difference as a result of examining the effect of sociodemographic characteristics on children’s social competence, used as a control variable, we analyzed three levels of the effect of the mothers’ attitude toward emotional expressions-high, medium, low-on their parenting attitude and parenting efficacy. The result was that the length of marriage and parenting efficacy in the high group, the length of the marriage, parenting attitude, and parenting efficacy in the medium group showed significant influence on children’s social competence. The low group was not statistically significant with every variable, and the explanation power for each of the levels was 35%, 32%, and 11%. Therefore, it can be seen that the higher the mothers’ attitude toward children’s emotional expression, the greater the effect of their parenting efficacy on the children’s social competence. Conclusions The mothers’ attitude toward children’s emotional expressions is a factor that influences the mothers’ positive parenting attitude and parenting efficacy, and affects the children’s social competence along with the two factors. In conclusion, to enhance children’s social competence, it is required to improve mothers’ attitudes toward children’s emotional expressions, and the necessity of developing educations and therapy programs that foster mothers’ positive parenting attitudes and parenting efficacy is suggested.

초기 청소년의 우울과 공격성이 사이버비행에 미치는 영향

The purpose of study is to examine psychological pathways of cyber delinquency andmoderated mediation effects of positive parenting attitudes in early adolescents. Study analysiswas conducted for 2,438 people using data from second year of Korean Children and YouthPanel Survey(KCYPS 2018) of the Korea Youth Policy Institute. Results are as follows. First,perfect mediation effect of aggression was found in the relationship between depression andcyber delinquency. Second, moderating effect of positive parenting attitude was proved. Third,in the indirect relationship between depression, aggression and cyber delinquency, moderatedmediation effects of positive parenting was verified. Among sub-variables of parenting, warmthshowed the strongest moderation effect and moderated mediating effect. Implications of thestudy and intervention plans to reduce the cyber delinquency of adolescents were suggested.

부모양육태도가 청소년의 그릿과 우울을 매개로 학업무기력에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of parents’ positive and negative parenting attitudes on academic helplessness mediated by grit and depression of adolescents. To this end, data from the third year of the Korean Child-Youth Panel Survey 2018(KCYPS 2018) were used, and the results of analyzing structural equation model for 2,384 people are as follows. First, the direct effect of parents’ positive parenting attitude on academic helplessness was not significant, and negative parenting attitude had a positive effect on academic helplessness. Second, positive parenting attitudes had a positive effect on adolescents’ grit, and the effect on depression was not significant. Third, the grit of adolescents had a negative effect on academic helplessness, and depression had a positive effect on academic helplessness. Finally, as a result of the mediating effect analysis, grit completely mediates the effect of positive parenting attitudes on academic helplessness and partially mediates the effect of negative parenting attitudes on academic helplessness. Based on these results, we suggested the method to decrease the academic helplessness of adolescents.

Influence of Family Environment on the Scientific Fitness Literacy of Preschool and School Children in China: A National Cross-Sectional Study.

Scientific fitness literacy (SFL) is a holistic concept based on physical literacy but has a smaller scope and is more specific to exercise and scientific fitness. We developed an instrument to assess SFL and explored the differences and similarities in the effects of the home environment on children’s SFL. Data from a nationwide stratified random sample of children were analyzed using multiple linear regression. SFL scores were significantly lower for preschoolers than for school-age children. The family environment has an impact throughout the preschool and school years, with school-age children’s SFL being less influenced by family members than preschool children; screen time has a negative impact on their SFL but reducing the number of electronic devices and increasing parental physical activity and modeling can alleviate its impact. The economic status of the family is crucial, with sports consumption expenditure and household sports equipment ownership being favourable factors for children’s SFL. Positive parental attitudes and sporting habits have a positive impact on their children’s SFL. The findings of this study can be used to improve children’s SFL in the home environment and to take effective measures to avoid the risk factors.

중학생이 지각하는 부모양육태도가 다문화 감수성에 미치는 영향

Objectives In the reality of entering a multicultural school society due to the rapid increase in multicultural middle school students, multicultural sensitivity, which is responsible for the emotional domain of multicultural communication skills, is an important factor for multicultural coexistence and the ability to develop democratic citizens. Parents' positive parenting attitudes (supervision, affection, rational explanation) and positive self-esteem perceived by middle school students affect the cultivation of multicultural sensibility of middle school students. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the direct effect of the parenting attitude perceived by middle school students on multicultural sensitivity, and to verify the mediating effect of self-esteem in this pathway. Methods For this purpose, a self-report survey was conducted from June 27 to July 20, 2017 for a total of 743 middle school students residing in some areas of Seoul and Gyeonggi-do through cluster sampling. The questionnaire was used as the final data. For the research analysis method, descriptive statistics and reliability test, correlation, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation model confirmation analysis were performed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 programs. Bootstrapping and Sobel test were performed to verify the significance of mediating effects. Results As a result of the research analysis, it was found that the perceived parenting attitude of middle school students directly had a significant effect on multicultural sensitivity. In addition, the mediating effect of self-esteem was also found to be significant for the effects of parenting attitudes perceived by middle school students on multicultural sensitivity. Therefore, parenting attitudes and self-esteem perceived by middle school students were confirmed as major factors that directly and indirectly affect multicultural sensitivity. Conclusions This can be seen that helping to form a positive parenting attitude through multi-faceted parenting education enhances the positive self-esteem of middle school students who perceive it, and ultimately increases their multicultural sensibility. Therefore, to improve multicultural sensitivity, which is the emotional communication ability of middle school students, the direction of parent education and subject education that instills self-esteem is presented with policy implications for preparing concrete and practical multicultural education plans.

중학생이 지각하는 부모양육태도가 다문화 감수성에 미치는 영향

Objectives In the reality of entering a multicultural school society due to the rapid increase in multicultural middle school students, multicultural sensitivity, which is responsible for the emotional domain of multicultural communication skills, is an important factor for multicultural coexistence and the ability to develop democratic citizens. Parents' positive parenting attitudes (supervision, affection, rational explanation) and positive self-esteem perceived by middle school students affect the cultivation of multicultural sensibility of middle school students. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the direct effect of the parenting attitude perceived by middle school students on multicultural sensitivity, and to verify the mediating effect of self-esteem in this pathway. Methods For this purpose, a self-report survey was conducted from June 27 to July 20, 2017 for a total of 743 middle school students residing in some areas of Seoul and Gyeonggi-do through cluster sampling. The questionnaire was used as the final data. For the research analysis method, descriptive statistics and reliability test, correlation, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation model confirmation analysis were performed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 programs. Bootstrapping and Sobel test were performed to verify the significance of mediating effects. Results As a result of the research analysis, it was found that the perceived parenting attitude of middle school students directly had a significant effect on multicultural sensitivity. In addition, the mediating effect of self-esteem was also found to be significant for the effects of parenting attitudes perceived by middle school students on multicultural sensitivity. Therefore, parenting attitudes and self-esteem perceived by middle school students were confirmed as major factors that directly and indirectly affect multicultural sensitivity. Conclusions This can be seen that helping to form a positive parenting attitude through multi-faceted parenting education enhances the positive self-esteem of middle school students who perceive it, and ultimately increases their multicultural sensibility. Therefore, to improve multicultural sensitivity, which is the emotional communication ability of middle school students, the direction of parent education and subject education that instills self-esteem is presented with policy implications for preparing concrete and practical multicultural education plans.