Positive Mood Changes Research Articles

The Beliefs About Massage Questionnaire

PURPOSE: Previous research has suggested that an individual's mood response while receiving massage might be moderated by their underlying beliefs about massage. They speculated that those who have favourable beliefs towards massage are more likely to experience a positive change in mood during massage compared to those who have neutral or less favourable beliefs about massage. The purpose was to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire to measure beliefs about massage (BAM-Q). METHODS: A conceptual framework of modal salient beliefs about massage was constructed based on information gathered during a literature review and content analysis of semi-structured interviews with 16 people. The first version of the BAM-Q, derived from the conceptual framework, consisted of 57-items. Each item was carefully worded to avoid ambiguity, education bias, prestige bias, and acquiescence effects. Statements were sequenced to reduce order effects. BAM-Q responses were measured using a 5-point Likert scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree). The BAM-Q was administered to 275 respondents in the first trial and responses were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: PCA identified five 6-item subscales reflecting beliefs about massage with respect to exercise recovery, exercise preparation, feelings of comfort-unease, treatment conditions, and feelings of relaxation-stress. The amended 30-item BAM-Q was re-administered to 207 of the 275 original respondents. Acceptable levels of test-retest reliability (r) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, α) were established for each BAM-Q subscale. Recovery (r = .692, p < 0.01; α = 0.844), Preparation (r = .724, p < 0.01; α = 0.766), Comfort-unease (r = .787, p < 0.01; α = 0.894), Treatment conditions (r = .791, p <0.01; α= 0.787) and Relaxation (r = .636, p < 0.01; α = 0.747). A positive correlation between respondents BAM-Q total scores (sum or all subscales) and the number of massages they had voluntarily received in the past was used to indicate criterion-related validity (r = 0.367, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The BAM-Q is a reliable and valid method of evaluating beliefs about massage suitable for use for screening experimental participants or athletes in an applied context.

A Multi-centre Randomized Control Group Trial on the Use of Art Therapy for Older People with Dementia

The principal aim of this study is to evaluate the immediate and long-term effects of art therapy for older people with dementia, specifically to test the premise that participation in art therapy groups effects significant positive changes in mood and cognition both immediately within sessions and later outside the sessions to impact behaviour in the day care/residential care setting. The broader aim is to provide an evidence-based evaluation about the use of art therapy for older people with dementia. In order to isolate the impact of art therapy we compared art therapy groups with activity groups that do not have emotional expression as a central purpose.

Efectos esperados y adversos del consumo de cannabis en sujetos dependientes de los tetrahidrocannabinoides

Objective The present study reviews the effects of the cannabinoids on health and the subjective effects reported by the consumers. Material and method It is an extensive review of the literature published on this subject. Results The cannabis consumption produces several physical effects: on a cardiovascular level it induces tachycardia and postural hypotension; on a respiratory level, it causes bronchodilatation and histopathological changes. It induces changes on the immunological system, on the levels of sexual hormones, through the hypothalamic-hypophysealadrenal axis, so as an impairment on the frontal brain information processing. Among the various subjective effects reported by consumers, the most expected ones are relaxation so as positive change in mood. The less expected effects are the physical adverse reactions, psychiatric symptoms, and working functioning impairment. Conclusions The cannabis consumption produces adverse acute and chronic effects on the physical and mental health of the consumer. The expected effects reported by the consumers, themselves, makes an important emphasis on the mediating role of cognitive expectancies in the final effects really experiences by these consumers after the use of cannabinoids.

Radiation: Tanning Trippers Get UV High

Vol. 114, No. 7 EnvironewsOpen AccessRadiation: Tanning Trippers Get UV High Adrian Burton Adrian Burton Search for more papers by this author Published:1 July 2006https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.114-a403aAboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit It has long been suspected that cutaneous endorphins are produced during exposure to UV light. Now research published in the April 2006 issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology suggests that frequent users of tanning beds may become addicted to these endorphins. Moreover, blocking the effects of the endorphins could lead to withdrawal symptoms.“This might explain why some people appear to be hooked on sunbathing and why frequent users of tanning beds say they experience a positive mood change or are more relaxed after a session,” says coauthor Steven Feldman, a professor of dermatology at Wake Forest University School of Medicine.Feldman’s team thought that blocking this endorphin rush might cause such people to lose some of their tanning enthusiasm; what they didn’t expect was for some to develop withdrawal symptoms.The subjects included eight frequent tanners (who used tanning beds 8 to 15 times per month) and eight infrequent tanners (who used them up to 12 times per year). The researchers administered either a placebo or 5, 15, or 25 mg of naltrexone, a central and peripheral opioid receptor blocker; this blockage causes withdrawal symptoms in opioid drug–addicted people but not in nonaddicted people. The subjects were then asked to lie for 10 minutes on each of two tanning beds, one a true UV bed, the other rigged not to deliver UV light. Afterwards, the subjects, who were blind to the test conditions, were asked to describe which session made them feel best.With the placebo and the 5-mg naltrexone dose, the frequent tanners showed a clear preference for the UV bed—and more strongly so than the infrequent tanners. But this preference fell away with the 15- and 25-mg doses of naltrexone, “suggesting that light-induced endorphins are reinforcing [frequent tanners’] behavior,” says report coauthor Mandeep Kaur, also a dermatology professor at Wake Forest University School of Medicine.Further evidence of this was seen when half of the frequent tanners developed nausea and jitteriness with the 15-mg dose. “These are common [opioid drug] withdrawal symptoms,” explains Feldman, “and they were bad enough for two subjects to drop out.” Although there were no further problems at the 25-mg dose, Feldman says these results suggest that frequent tanners suffer some degree of dependency on endorphins.“Clearly tanning is not as addictive as smoking,” remarks Robert Dellavalle, an associate professor of dermatology at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. “Just look at the prevalence of smoking in middle age—twenty percent in the UK and the United States. In contrast, there is a steep drop-off in the prevalence of tanning as people age.”Still, says, Feldman, although it’s not time for the Drug Enforcement Administration to raid beauty parlors, “these results do raise questions about the safe use of tanning beds.”Sun-sationsA new study shows why tanning bed rays feels so good to some people: UV light produces endorphins to which frequent tanners may become addicted.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 114, No. 7 July 2006Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 July 2006Published in print1 July 2006 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

The effects of the steroid androstadienone and pleasant odorants on the mood and pain perception of men and women

Background and purpose: We previously found that for both men and women odors influence mood, which in turn influences pain unpleasantness perception. Others showed that the steroid androstadienone modulates mood differently in men and women, improving mood in women and worsening it or leaving it unchanged in men. Based on its dissociable effect on mood, we hypothesized that women exposed to androstadienone would report lower pain unpleasantness than when exposed to the vehicle, while men would show no change or the reverse pattern. Because of the expected beneficial effect of pleasant odors on mood in both men and women, all subjects should report lower pain unpleasantness when exposed to the pleasant odor compared to the unscented air. Methods: In one session subjects were exposed to: (1) androstadienone diluted in a vehicle while breathing unscented air and (2) androstadienone in vehicle while breathing a pleasant odorant. In another session they were exposed to: (1) vehicle and unscented air and (2) vehicle and a pleasant odorant. Phasic contact heat was used to induce pain. Results and conclusions: Planned comparisons confirmed that, in the absence of pain, androstadienone improved mood only in women, while the pleasant odorants improved mood for all subjects. However, these positive mood changes did not persist with the introduction of pain. Consistent with the absence of positive mood changes, pain unpleasantness was not modulated. Unexpectedly, the presence of androstadienone increased perceived pain intensity especially in women, suggesting an effect of androstadienone on pain perception, independent of mood changes. Heightened attentional state may be responsible.

Investigating the Effects of Estradiol or Estradiol/Progesterone Treatment on Mood, Depressive Symptoms, Menopausal Symptoms and Subjective Sleep Quality in Older Healthy Hysterectomized Women: A Questionnaire Study

Clinical studies have documented that estrogen treatment often ameliorates mood disturbances and depressive symptoms occurring during the menopausal transition. The relevance of gonadal hormones for mood and well-being in healthy older nondepressed women is less well understood. Fifty-one healthy hysterectomized women (mean age 64) participated in a placebo-controlled double-blind study on the effects of gonadal hormones on cognition. They received either estradiol (2 mg estradiol valerate), estradiol plus progesterone (100 mg micronized progesterone) or placebo. Mood, well being, menopausal symptoms, depressive symptoms and subjective sleep quality were measured at baseline and after 4 and 24 weeks of treatment using three questionnaires. Thirty-five women could be included into the final analysis. Strong increases in estradiol and progesterone levels occurred in response to the treatment. The two hormones, however, had no effects on mood, well-being, menopausal symptoms, sleep quality and depressive symptoms. The current small study suggests that older healthy nondepressed hysterectomized women do not react with positive or negative mood changes to estradiol or estradiol/progesterone treatment.

Effects of Pets versus People Visits with Nursing Home Residents

This study sought to isolate the value of a pet, using pet facilitated therapy, within long term care facilities, to answer the question as to whether the visits themselves may be the contributing factor to changes in outcome or the pet itself. Residents in two long-term care settings were compared. Using the Geriatric Depression Scale and Profile of Mood Disorders to assess changes over a six-month period, one patient group received visits from volunteers who brought a dog; a matched group received visits without a dog. Results show a significant, positive change in mood for those receiving visits from volunteers with a dog. While there was a similar trend in depression, the differences were not significant.

Improvement of nonverbal behaviour in Japanese female perfume‐wearers

The present study addressed the issue of whether people who use perfume improve their “visual” interpersonal impression. This expectation comes from the possibility that those who wear perfume may modify their nonverbal behaviour through positive mood changes generated by the pleasant odour of perfume or through an increase of public self‐consciousness. Thirty‐one Japanese females were assigned to either a perfume or a no‐perfume group. A screening test held in advance confirmed that all the participants in the perfume group preferred the smell of the perfume used in this study. They participated in an interview and answered questions asked by a female confederate. In the middle of the interview, the interviewees in the perfume group put on the perfume. The improvement of their nonverbal behaviour in the latter half of the interview was evaluated by 18 neutral observers, who watched silent video clips of the interviews. The observers were not informed that some of the interviewees used perfume. The result...

The effect of music listening on work performance

This study measured the effect of music listening on state positive affect, work quality and time-on-task of computer information systems developers. Effects of music on work performance, in this case, software design, may be explained by increases in state positive affect. Data from 56 (male = 41, female = 15) developers were obtained from four different Canadian software companies. Data were collected in the participants’ actual work environments over five weeks. Results indicated that state positive affect and quality-of-work were lowest with no music, while time-on-task was longest when music was removed. Narrative responses revealed the value of music listening for positive mood change and enhanced perception on design while working. Evidence is provided of the presence of a learning curve in the use of music for positive mood alteration. Overall, the study contributes to the development of a model that aspires to elucidate music and workplace interactions; as well, it has implications for organizational practice.

Sibutramine treatment in obesity: initial eating behaviour in relation to weight loss results and changes in mood

The aim of the study was to study the role of initial eating behaviour for subsequent weight loss in treatment with sibutramine (Reductil™, Meridia™) an anti-obesity drug enhancing satiety, and also to assess changes in mood during the treatment. The participants were 36 obese patients with a mean BMI of 39 kg m −2. Eating behaviour was assessed with the three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ), and depressive features with the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale (CPRS). Sibutramine (15 mg) was administered daily. The TFEQ restraint scale was negatively related to 6 months weight loss. In particular, strategic dieting behaviour and a more controlled attitude towards self-regulation were negatively related to weight loss. A positive non-placebo controlled change in mood was found already after 2 months treatment. The changes in mood were not related to the weight loss. Patients with more unrestrained eating seem to have reduced their amount of food intake more radically with enhanced satiety, manifested by greater weight loss. Physiologically enhanced satiety could have the greatest weight loss effect for patients whose eating is more governed by hunger drives and appetite rather that by conscious efforts and cognitive control.

À propos de l’utilisation de l’isolement en psychiatrie : le témoignage de patients

À propos de l’utilisation de l’isolement en psychiatrie : le témoignage de patients

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Depression with Comorbid Borderline Personality Traits

Personality dysfunction can influence the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms. When both depression and personality dysfunction are present, it is important to develop an integrated treatment plan that addresses both conditions. A case example is used to illustrate how features of borderline personality disorder can influence the assessment and treatment of major depression. Specific challenges encountered by the therapist include: 1) differentiating borderline personality from depressive symptoms, 2) maintaining the therapeutic alliance, 3) managing impulsivity and self-destructive tendencies, 4) staying focused on long-term therapeutic goals, and 5) coping with noncompliance. Over the course of 27 sessions, the client was able to make positive changes in mood, self-image, and impulsive tendencies. Although the client's borderline personality traits complicated the course of treatment for depression, neglecting these personality problems would have left the client vulnerable to depressive relapse.

Heart Health and Music: A Steady Beat or Irregular Rhythm?

ABSTRACT: Heart disease is the primary cause of death in the United States. Those who suffer from heart disease either die prematurely or suffer a marked decrease in quality of life. Medical practitioners in the United States have accepted music to address patient needs, including those with cardiac conditions, for over 100 years. Music therapy practices attest to the viability of music therapy for cardiovascular well being. However, a representative sampling of research in music therapy and heart health measurements reveals inconsistencies. In addition, researchers neglect to give sufficient criteria or details of the musical selections. These conditions in the research data are analogous to an irregular rhythmic pattern. A steady beat at regular intervals is necessary for a healthy heart. Just so, a more consistent steady beat of research designs and choice of music would allow more predictable results for clinical practice and thereby promote cardiovascular health. Since heart disease is currently the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States, heart health or cardiovascular well being is an important concern for all of us. Music therapy has been able to expand the use of music as medicine in the last fifty years. Clinical practices attest to the viability of music therapy for cardiovascular health. Nevertheless, research in the area of music therapy and heart health measurements presents problems. Ideally this research would be like the steady beat of a healthy heart. However, the inconsistencies in research designs and unclear criteria for selecting music resemble an irregular pattern of rhythm. Importance of Cardiovascular Health The human heart is a rhythmic muscle, and when it is working correctly, it contracts with a steady beat pushing out more than 14,000 pints of blood a day (Martin, 2002). All human beings rely on the heart's regular and rhythmic pulsation. However, there are numerous heart diseases from mild arrhythmia to a deadly heart attack that prevent this necessary regularity. In fact, more people in the United States die every year from heart problems than from cancer, chronic lung disease, pneumonia, influenza, diabetes and all accidents combined (Martin, 2002). There are specific heart disease risk factors such as sedentary behavior, overeating, consuming foods high in fat and sodium, and cigarette smoking (Levi, Lucchini, Negri, & La Vecchia, 2002; Luepker, Perry et al., 1996; Vale, 2000). Health care educators have concentrated on community education with moderate results (Luepker, Rastam et al., 1996). The most effective programs have been with young adults and school-aged children (Luepker, Perry et al., 1996). Even though there is a growing awareness of the need for healthier lifestyles and the rate of mortality from heart disease has declined in the United States since the 1970's (Levi et al., 2002), cardiovascular disease still remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity (decreased quality of life) in the United States (Luepker, Perry et al., 1996; Vale, 2000). For this reason, it is a primary health care concern. Music in Medicine Medical practitioners in the United States have turned to music to help address patient needs for over 100 years (Washco, 1933). Patients may also be amenable to music as an adjunct to medical treatment. One recent study of 246 patients who were scheduled for cardiac surgery showed that 81 % of the patients confirmed use of complementary or alternative therapies (Ai & Boiling, 2002). Music therapy, which began in the United States as a formalized profession in 1950, has continued to expand the use of music in medicine. The American Music Therapy Association (2001, January) provides a monograph, Music Therapy and Medicine, which documents several prominent physicians who endorse the role of music therapy as essential in patient rehabilitation in the medical setting. Music Therapy in Cardiovascular Well Being Over the last fifty years, music therapy has developed clinical practices based on research which attest to the viability of music therapy in areas vital for cardiovascular well being; for example, stress management, alteration of physiological measures such as heart rate and blood pressure, and positive changes in mood and emotional states. …

CME test answer sheet and evaluation form forsleep disorders and chronic insomnia

This study investigated the effects of viewing angle manipulated through screen size and the moderating role of players’ immersion tendencies on presence experience in the context of computer game playing. Thirty participants played a third-person computer game, Tomb Raider 2, in two screen size conditions: a 12.7-in. and an 81-in. display. ANCOVA analyses showed that playing in front of a large screen led to a more favorable impression on the game character, a more positive mood change, and significantly higher feelings of both physical and self-presence, confirming previous research. Our findings also revealed that individuals’ intrinsic immersion tendencies have a positive moderating effect on the sensation of physical and self-presence, above and beyond the influence of screen size. The results suggest that feeling of presence as well as overall game experience is determined by the interaction between technological factors and human influence.

MAXIMAL AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISE EFFECTS ON MOOD STATES

Studies have used the Profile of Mood States (POMS) in relation to exercise. Low to moderate exercise has been linked to positive mood changes such as vigor and exhilaration. Most studies have looked at POMS immediately pre and post submaximal exercise. Morgan et al. (1980) used State Anxiety to show that post-maximal exercise increases in anxiety had decreased in 5 to 30 minutes of recovery. PURPOSE To determine maximal exercise effects on the mood states of college-aged males and females. METHODS The short POMS version was used for the 3 exercise protocols, Bruce and Ramp for aerobic exercise and Wingate for anaerobic exercise. Subjects (N=19) were oriented with an initial visit while the other visits were randomized. The POMS was given pre-exercise, post-exercise and 20 min into recovery. RESULTS Due to the small sample size and the lack of sphericity in the data, a multivariate analysis was not appropriate. Therefore, 6 separate one-way repeated measures ANOVAS were calculated that reflected the 6 scales of the POMS. To protect against inflation of alpha, a Bonferroni adjustment to the p value was utilized. A Tukey LSD post-hoc analysis was performed on the scales with significant differences and indicated that only the scores on tension/anxiety and fatigue were significant and only in conjunction with the maximal aerobic exercise tests. The time course for the tension/anxiety score showed significant decreases for both treadmill tests from post-exercise (Bruce=3.80; Ramp = 3.70) to 20 min into recovery (Bruce=1.35; Ramp = 1.25; p < 0.05). Fatigue followed a course similar to what would be expected following maximal exercise. Significant differences occurred within each maximal aerobic protocol (Bruce pre-exercise=2.45, postexercise=7.55, 20 min into recovery=2.80, p < 0.05; Ramp pre-exercise=2.90, post-exercise=9.45, 20 min into recovery=2.80, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in VO2max between the two protocols. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm those found by Morgan et al. (1980) using the state anxiety measure.

Stress management training as related to glycemic control and mood in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Relationships between attending a stress management and relaxation-training program, glycemic control (HbA 1c) and mood were examined in two randomised groups of 31 persons with Type 1 diabetes. The program involved group-education 2 h a week for 14 weeks. Whereas one group received the program, the other acted as a control group and received the program later. HbA 1c was measured and subjects filled out a mood adjective checklist before the start of intervention and both 1 month and 1 year after completing it. In both groups, significant positive mood changes were obtained, but no significant changes in HbA 1c values occurred. No significant relationship was found between measures of change in HbA 1c and of changes in mood. For those attending the group-sessions less frequently, the HbA 1c values were significantly worse on each of the three measurement occasions than the values of those attending more frequently. The effectiveness of the program, with its failure to improve glycemic control but enhancing the mood of participants, is discussed in terms of characteristics of the sample and various methodological issues as well as in comparison with results of similar studies involving Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

The effects of lavender ( Lavendula angustifolium) baths on psychological well-being: two exploratory randomised control trials

Objective: Two important aspects of psychological well-being are positive mood state and a positive outlook with respect to the future. This study investigates the use of lavender baths to improve these aspects of psychological well-being. Design: A single blind, randomised control trial. Setting: The participants’ home and interview rooms at the University of Wolverhampton. Participants: Eighty women not receiving treatment for psychological disorders who were staff or students at the University of Wolverhampton. Forty participated in Study 1 and 40 in Study 2. Intervention: Participants were randomly allocated to use either grapeseed oil or 80% grapeseed oil and 20% lavender oil in their bath for 14 days. Main outcome measures: In Study 1, the UWIST mood adjective checklist. In Study 2, the MacLeod and Byrne Future Events procedure. Results: In Study 1 psychologically positive mood changes were found after the bathing regimen for energetic arousal, tense arousal, hedonic tone and anger–frustration. Only anger–frustration showed a selective effect for lavender oil. In the second study negative responses about the future were selectively reduced after lavender oil baths. Conclusions: These results are encouraging and suggest further investigation using potential patients may result in the development of a useful procedure for improving psychological well-being.

When individuals dislike exposure to an actively coping role model: mood change as related to depression and social comparison orientation

AbstractA total of 122 individuals, including those clinically depressed and nondepressed, were exposed to a description of a target who overcame his or her depression either through active coping (high effort), or seemingly by itself (low effort). Participants first completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the Iowa–Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure. As predicted, among the nondepressed, with increasing levels of social comparison orientation, a high effort target evoked a relatively more positive mood change, and a low‐effort target a relatively more negative one. In contrast, among the depressed, with increasing levels of social comparison orientation, a low‐effort target evoked a relatively more positive mood change, and a high‐effort target a relatively more negative one. The implications are that exposure to active role models may worsen a depression, and that social comparison orientation may have clinical implications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Relationship between the presentation of the MOMMY AND I ARE ONE stimulus and mood.

In 1992 Weinberger suggested the effects of the presentation of MOMMY AND I ARE ONE might be mediated by its capacity to produce positive mood changes. Later support for this idea is unconvincing because these experiments lack the converging operations required to support the assumption that participants can encode the complete meaning of MOMMY AND I ARE ONE. Furthermore, without justification, they bypassed several variables of importance in prior research. Wide acceptance of findings in this area requires convincing evidence that participants can encode much more information from MOMMY AND I ARE ONE than from other types of subliminal stimuli and from supraliminal stimuli presented briefly. Until such evidence is available. attempts to explore individual differences in neurophysiological responses to MOMMY AND I ARE ONE, after it has been assumed to be encoded, are premature.

Abuse liability assessment of sibutramine, a novel weight control agent

Sibutramine (Meridia) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor marketed for weight control. Previous studies demonstrated low abuse potential for 20 and 30 mg sibutramine (doses near the therapeutic range); however, no data existed on supratherapeutic doses. This study, therefore, examined 25 and 75 mg sibutramine in humans compared to d-amphetamine (20 mg) as a positive control and placebo as a negative control. The study examined the acute subjective, reinforcing, and physiological effects of sibutramine to assess its abuse liability. Twelve polydrug abusers with no history of drug dependence participated in this double-blind, inpatient/outpatient study. Volunteers participated in four drug sessions, in which they completed subjective effects scales including the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Visual Analog Scales (VAS), and the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). The Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP) was used to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. Sibutramine 25 mg produced subjective effects that were indistinguishable from placebo. Sibutramine 75 mg produced significant unpleasant effects, such as Anxiety, Confusion, and decreased Vigor. On the MCP, volunteers chose to give up an average of $4.04 from their study pay rather than receive the higher dose of sibutramine again. In contrast, d-amphetamine 20 mg produced positive mood changes and was well liked. These data indicate sibutramine lacks amphetamine-type abuse liability when administered acutely.