Positive Mean Research Articles

Improved Sparse Mean Reverting Portfolio Selection Using Simulated Annealing and Extreme Learning Machine

We study the problem of selecting a sparse, mean reverting portfolio from a universe of assets using simulated annealing (SA). Assuming that assets follow a first order vector autoregressive process (VAR(1)), we make a number of improvements in existing methods. First, we extend the underlying asset dynamics to include a time-independent additive term, thereby enriching the model’s applicability. Second, we introduce Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) to decide whether to apply SA or settle for the much faster greedy solution. Finally, we improve the SA method by better calibration of the initial temperature and by determining the exact value of the weights within a selected dimension using the Rayleigh quotient. On real data, these changes result in more than 90% improvement in run time on average and 4.78% improvement in optimized mean reversion in our simulations. We also test the trading performance of our method on both simulated and real data and managed to achieve positive mean trading results in both cases.

Variation in the Local Grey Mullet Populations (Mugil cephalus) on the Western Pacific Fringe

Background: Understanding population genetic structures is crucial for planning and implementing conservation programmes to preserve species’ adaptive and evolutionary potential and thus ensure their long-term persistence. The grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) is a globally distributed coastal fish. Its populations in waters surrounding Taiwan on the western Pacific fringe are divided into at least two stocks (migratory and residential), but questions remain regarding their genetic divergence and gene flow. Methods and Results: To cast more light on this, allozyme variations at 21 presumptive gene loci of 1217 adult grey mullets from 15 localities in Japan, Taiwan and mainland China, and four gene loci from 1470 juveniles from three localities in Taiwan were used to investigate patterns of genetic variation. The mean expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.128—ranging from 0.031 (Matsu) to 0.442 (Kaoping)—and the mean observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.086—ranging from 0.017 (Kaohsiung) to 0.215 (Kaoping). Both AMOVA and the high overall mean FST of 0.252 indicated enormous genetic differentiation among populations and the positive mean value of FIS was 0.328, indicating a deficiency of heterozygotes. PCoA indicated that the samples of M. cephalus could be split into three groups and STRUCTURE analysis showed that all individuals were grouped into three genetic clusters. The results of mutation-drift equilibrium tests did not suggest that the populations experienced any recent genetic bottleneck. The results from all localities in the present investigation showed significant change in the GPI-A genotype frequencies with latitudes—e.g., increases in GPI-A*135/135 homozygote frequencies and GPI-A*100/100 frequencies were highly correlated with latitudinal cline. All migratory populations with the GPI-A genotype were almost exclusively the GPI-A*100/100 homozygote. During the life history of M. cephalus, the GPI-A*100/135 heterozygote frequency significantly decreases with age. Conclusions: Based on these data, we suggest that each GPI-A genotype represents trait combinations of higher fitness in some portions of the environment. Furthermore, the genotypic frequencies change in accordance with life stages, suggesting that selection occurs throughout the life span.

Standardized Temporary Atrial Epicardial Wire Locations Lead to Enhanced Atrial Signal Identification.

Background: Arrhythmias, common after pediatric cardiac surgery, are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Atrial epicardial wires (AEW) improve diagnostic accuracy but have variable pacing and sensing properties based on their location. Even so, there are no longitudinal prospective pediatric studies examining ideal placement of AEW. Methods: This multicenter study compared atrial amplitudes, pacing sensitivities and thresholds via AEW placed at Bachmann's Bundle (BB) and the interatrial groove near the right pulmonary veins (IGRPV) versus the surgeons' standard locations. An AtriAmp system was used to obtain an atrial ECG to calculate atrial and ventricular amplitude from atrial electrograms on the bedside monitor. Sensitivities and thresholds via a temporary pacemaker were documented. ANOVA tests with repeated measures and post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed to compare variables within the first 24-h postoperative hours. Mixed effects linear regression models were employed to examine daily trends. Results: In the first 24-h following cardiac surgery, AEW at BB and IGRPV showed significantly larger atrial amplitudes than the surgeons' standard locations. In addition, there was a negative trend in atrial ECG amplitude in all AEW from postoperative days 0 to 1; however, subsequent days showed a positive mean change in atrial amplitude with largest increase seen at BB. Atrial sensing as measured by the temporary pacemaker had statistically greater atrial signal amplitude from the BB-IGRPV set in both polarities (ie, with the BB as the - or + electrode pair) as compared to the surgeons' standard locations. No difference in atrial thresholds (mA) were noted in the immediate postoperative period or over time, with a relatively low atrial threshold at all sites. Conclusion: Standardization of AEW at Bachmann's Bundle can yield largest atrial amplitudes by atrial ECG and highest atrial sensing parameters without compromising atrial thresholds.

Semantic Shift and Phonological Features of Words Borrowed from Kurdish to Turkish

This study examines the semantic shift and phonological features of words borrowed from Kurdish into Turkish. It highlights the interactions between languages throughout history, which have led to shifts in the meanings of words. The research focuses on how certain Kurdish words that carried neutral or positive meanings have acquired negative or derogatory meanings in Turkish. The socio-cultural interactions and historical events that influenced this shift are analyzed, supported by examples of morphological, phonetic, and semantic changes. For instance, the Kurdish word "avare," which originally means homeless, is used in Turkish to mean jobless. The study aims to provide a systematic analysis of the semantic shifts of these words within the framework of etymology and linguistic interaction, contributing to a deeper understanding of the interactions between the two languages. The findings shed light on the social and cultural dimensions of language, offering insights into the evolution of language. In conclusion, the negative semantic shift of Kurdish words in Turkish reflects the dynamic nature of language and the influence of social perceptions.

Exploring patient death experiences among Iranian nursing students

Patient death can be a stressful experience for nursing students, leading to various undesirable psychological and emotional effects. However, research documenting these experiences remains limited. This study explores the experiences of Iranian nursing students when facing patient death. This qualitative study employed a purposive sample of 14 undergraduate nursing students. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis. Lincoln and Guba’s (2004) criteria guided the data management process. Data analysis revealed three primary categories with six corresponding subcategories. These categories encompassed the significance of death, reactions to death, and the transformation of professional perspectives. Subcategories included positive and negative meanings attributed to death, emotional and behavioral responses, and the positive and negative effects on participants. The findings reveal that experiencing patient death significantly impacts nursing students psychologically and emotionally. Consequently, it is recommended that nursing curricula incorporate essential training modules addressing appropriate responses to death and effective communication with bereaved families. Further research should explore strategies to mitigate negative impacts and optimize positive outcomes related to this phenomenon.

Peran Media Sosial Instagram Sebagai Media Promosi Objek Wisata Tankayo Eco Park

This study aims to determine the Role of Instagram Social Media as a Promotional Media for Tankayo Eco Park Sharia Malalo Tourism Object. Role is defined as having a positive meaning and is expected to be able to influence or achieve company goals. The role of Instagram social media is carried out as a result of advances in communication and internet technology which have caused significant changes in consumer behavior in seeking information. To describe this research using the AISAS theory created by Dentsu, 2005, there are 5 elements in this model, namely attention, interest, search, action, and share. This research uses qualitative methods through observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the management of the Tankayo Eco Park Syariah tourist attraction made Instagram the main platform in carrying out its promotional activities. Instagram social media acts as a promotional media for Tankayo Eco Park Syariah attractions by posting content in the form of photos and videos to introduce Tankayo to potential visitors carried out by the Instagram admin. Tankayo Eco Park Syariah also receives free promotions obtained through the Instagram accounts of visitors who create content and tag Tankayo Eco Park Syariah Instagram. The use of Instagram social media by Tankayo Eco Park Syariah is able to attract visitors to come directly to the attraction

Adult attachment and love psychological stress among college students: the mediating role of core self-evaluation and the moderating role of meaning in life

BackgroundWith college students going into dating relationships, dating partners become their new attachment figures. We aimed to investigate the relationship between adult attachment, and love psychological stress among college students, which also explored the roles of core self-evaluation and meaning in life.MethodsWe conducted a questionnaire survey on 813 college students using the adult attachment scale, core self-evaluation scale, meaning in life scale, and love psychological stress scale. We constructed a moderated mediation model to analyze the relationship between adult attachment and love psychological stress, as well as the mediating effect of core self-evaluation and the moderating effect of meaning in life.ResultsThe results showed that after controlling for single parent or not, adult attachment significantly negatively predicted love psychological stress of college students. Core self-evaluation partially mediated the relationship between adult attachment and love psychological stress of college students. The second half of the mediation model was moderated by meaning in life, that is, with the increase of meaning in life, the negative predictive effect of core self-evaluation on love psychological stress of college students gradually strengthened. The findings of this study demonstrate the detrimental impact of adult attachment on love psychological stress of college students, as well as the mediating core self-evaluation and the moderating role of meaning in life.ConclusionsThe mediating and moderating effect of adult attachment between love psychological stress, as well as the mediating effect of core self-evaluation and the moderating effect of meaning in life were confirmed. Overall, promoting the healthy development of adult attachment and helping them shape a positive meaning in life can enhance individuals’ core self-evaluation, thus alleviating love psychological stress among college students. It can also provide references for mental health education in colleges and universities.

Consumer Perception and Willingness to Pay for Vitamin A Fortified Garri in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria

Vitamin A deficiency is one of the major micronutrient deficiencies contributing to child mortality globally. This study assessed consumers’ perception and willingness to pay (WTP) for vitamin A fortified garri in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of 170 respondents were interviewed. Socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, perception of and factors that influence their willingness to pay for fortified vitamin A garri and the mean willingness to pay (MWTP) were all analysed. The study revealed that most of the respondents were aware of vitamin A fortified garri but they hardly purchased it. The computed MWTP for vitamin A fortified garri was ₦190 ($0.35) indicating a positive mean willingness to pay. The result of the logistic regression analysis showed that out of the twelve variables examined, four were statistically significant at various levels. Specifically, sex, ethnicity and marital status were all negatively significant at 10%, 5% and 10% respectively while health status was positively significant at 1%. It was concluded that a higher proportion of the respondents perceived vitamin A fortified garri to be healthier and more nutritious and were also willing to pay it. The paper recommended that efforts should be geared towards encouraging production and consumption of vitamin A fortified garri by creating more markets for the product.

Positive Youth Development at Sea: A Case Study of the Shenandoah Model

Background: Tall ship sail training, a form of outdoor adventure education, has historically been used with youth to build competency in seamanship and social and emotional skills. However, there is a void in the literature documenting precise program models connected to specific goals. Purpose: This paper presents a case study of the Shenandoah Model of sail training. It details its Positive Youth Development (PYD) framework and mean changes in PYD assets reported by participants. Methodology/Approach: Participants were surveyed using a one-group retrospective pretest-posttest pre-experimental design to assess the impact of participation. Findings/Conclusions: The participants reported significant mean increases across all PYD assets (Caring, Connection, Contribution, Competence, Character, Confidence, and Happiness), including moderate effect sizes for all measures except Happiness. In addition, over 70% of the participants would recommend the program and/or do it again, suggesting program satisfaction. Implications: Connecting different PYD assets to various program activities allows future program designs to intentionally develop sail training voyages to build competencies. Future follow-up research is needed, including qualitative methods to capture the impact of these programs from the participants’ viewpoint.

Social Aspects in Novel ‘Jilbab Traveler: Love Sparks in Korea’ by Asma Nadia (Sociology of Literature)

The research entitled Social Aspects of the Novel Jilbab Traveler Love Sparks in Korea by Asma Nadia (Literary Sociology) aims to describe social aspects using Wellek &; Warren's theory of literary sociology. The research method used by researchers is a qualitative descriptive method using literature review, note taking and interviews. The data used are quotes and texts on the objects studied, which explain the sociology of literary works. The data source used by researchers for this research is the novel Jilbab Traveler Love Sparks in Korea by Asma Nadia, as well as references to journal articles, proceeding articles, and others. The data collection technique that the researcher used was reading the novel carefully. Data analysis was carried out using objective hermeneutics, namely giving meaning to the quotes studied and recording them. Researchers conducted this research by identifying, introducing, categorizing, describing and analyzing the social aspects contained in the novel Jilbab Traveler Love Sparks in Korea by Asma Nadia based on Wellek &; Warren's literary theory. The results of the research prove that the social aspect in Wellek &; Warren's literary sociology theory which focuses on the sociology of literary works has a positive meaning, which can be implemented in life, namely religion and education.

Trauma focused-cognitive behavioral therapy training effectiveness in promoting professional development of psychotherapists working with unaccompanied minors in Greece: a non-blinded randomized control trial.

The need to develop psychotherapists' skills to respond to current treatment challenges, such as addressing trauma due to the refugee crisis, is increasing. However, there is a dearth of evidencebased training for psychotherapists who work with refugees, especially in frontline countries. A randomly selected sample of 80 clinicians working with unaccompanied minors (UAMs) in Greek accommodation centers nationwide participated in an intensive trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) training (n=44) or a control-group (n=36) and completed the Professional Quality of Life Scale, the Work and Meaning Inventory and a questionnaire to assess knowledge and therapeutic skills, in pre-andpost measurements. Clinicians with 1-3 years of experience with refugees reported higher burnout (p=0.012, M=25.78 vs M=22.04) and secondary traumatic stress than those with less than a year (p=0.014, M=22.03 vs M=18.04). Positive meaning at work increased in both groups at post-test (TF-CBT group: p=0.019, M=15 vs M=13.6, and control group: p<0.001, M=15.17 vs M=13.42). The TF-CBT training group outperformed the control group in knowledge and skills (p=0.021, M=10.15 vs M=8.75) and identified a lower number of children with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (p=0.009, M=6.94 vs M=4.33) post-training. This study provides preliminary evidence on TF-CBT training effectiveness in equipping psychotherapists to work with UAMs, while their professional quality of life warrants further research.

Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dan Motivasi Guru Terhadap Profesionalisme Guru SMP Islam Daarul Ilmi

The problem of this research is that some teachers have not shown good performance in carrying out their duties and functions, meaning that they are in accordance with the main duties and functions of teachers, such as: activities in planning teaching programs, carrying out learning activities, carrying out assessments, carrying out daily tests, preparing and implementing improvement programs. and enrichment as well as developing the field of teaching for which he is responsible. As an illustration of the profile of teachers whose performance is still low, these include: teachers teaching monotonously and without thorough preparation. Teachers still use very simple teaching preparation, have not fully used the required curriculum references, and are inconsistent in implementing the lesson plan (RPP) scenarios that have been prepared and in the learning process teachers still predominantly use the lecture method. The objectives are (1) to determine the influence the principal's leadership towards teacher professionalism; (2) To determine the effect of teacher motivation on teacher professionalism; and (3) determine the influence of the principal's leadership and teacher motivation on the professionalism of Daarul Ilmi Rancabungur Islamic Middle School teachers. Researchers used quantitative descriptive methods, because the research was carried out by analyzing numerical data (numbers). Meanwhile, the sampling technique uses Cluster sampling (Area Sampling). The population of this study was all Daarul Ilmi Islamic Middle School teachers, totaling 50 people with a population of 50 teachers determined through a purposive sampling technique. The data collection method used was a questionnaire. From the research results, it can be seen from hypothesis testing that: (1) there is a positive and significant influence of principal leadership on teacher professionalism by 22.3%, (2) there is a positive and significant influence of teacher motivation on teacher professionalism by 17.3%, ( 3) there is a positive and significant influence of the principal's leadership and teacher motivation on teacher professionalism of 28.9%. This positive influence means that if the principal's leadership and teacher motivation on teacher professionalism are good then teacher professionalism will increase.

An Analysis of Connotative Meaning in Born To Die Album by Lana Del Rey

This research aimed to determine the types of connotative meaning found in Lana Del Rey’s Born to Die album, and the reasons of connotative meaning found in positive and negative by using Feng et al theory. This research used descriptive qualitative design. The data for this research was collected by using three steps, there were downloading, listening, transcribing, and identifying by the songs. The data analysis for this research used triangulation method, namely data condensation, data display, drawing and verifying conclusion. The result of this research was found that there are 65 connotative meaning found in lyrics of 12 songs on Born to Die album by Lana Del Rey. Furthermore, from 65 connotative meaning consisted of 33 positive connotative meaning and 32 negative connotative meaning. Moreover, from 37 lexicon types of connotative meaning consisted of 17 positive lexicon and 20 negative lexicon. Finally, from 28 lexicon types of connotative meaning consisted of 16 positive predicate and 12 negative predicate types.

Positive psychology and employee adaptive performance: systematic literature review.

Adaptive performance will increasingly be confronted with new insights as society today changes constantly. This raises questions as to what factors will impact employee's adaptive performance and what is their inner psychological mechanism. The terms of positive psychology and adaptive performance are important concepts in the domain of organizational behavior and human resource development areas. The literature, however, lacks a systematic review of it. Our research seeks to explore the inherence of employee adaptive performance via the prism of positive psychology, including Psychological Capital and PERMA (Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Accomplishment). We selected 27 papers out of 382, which were generated from Web of Science and Scopus databases associated the keywords of the two concepts, and used the 2020 PRISMA flow program for the paper screening. By analyzing the underpin theories, the causation, and the measurement, we discovered that there is a complex and nuanced relationship between positive psychology and adaptive performance, and most of the research to date suggests that positive psychology components improve employee adaptive performance. This study maps the current knowledge at the nexus of positive psychology and adaptive performance to identify existing gaps and potential for further investigation.

Evaluating factors affecting sexual abuse prevention education for primary school students according to the life skills approach

This comprehensive study delves into the intricate factors influencing sexual abuse prevention education for elementary school students, capturing insights from diverse stakeholders, including 423 students, 115 teachers, and 423 parents. Employing a Likert scale, the research evaluates various dimensions, shedding light on the nuanced dynamics that shape prevention programs. The results reveal that student-related factors, encompassing positive behavior, cognitive capacity, personality traits, and knowledge levels, received moderately positive mean scores. This underscores the significant contribution of inherent qualities and cognitive abilities of primary school students to the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention education. Moving to family-related factors, parents’ extensive knowledge and understanding garnered a positive mean score of 2.91, signifying a favorable impact, while financial considerations received a slightly lower mean score of 2.92. Notably, parental educational methods and the inclination to delegate educational responsibilities to schools scored higher at 2.99 each, underscoring the influential role parents play in shaping their children's perspectives on sexual abuse prevention. Within the school environment, positive interactions between teachers and students stood out with a mean score of 2.97, emphasizing the pivotal role of supportive teacher-student relationships in facilitating effective sexual abuse prevention education. Societal factors exhibited varying influences, with local customs, culture, and social psychology receiving a mean score of 2.91, indicating a moderately positive impact. However, the development of the internet and information channels scored lower at 2.60, revealing potential challenges in adapting prevention education to the evolving landscape of online information dissemination. These nuanced findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted factors shaping sexual abuse prevention education for elementary school students, providing a foundation for evidence-based interventions and policy decisions.

Expressive Arts Intervention for Older Carers of Adult Family Members with Intellectual Disabilities

Abstract Expressive arts-based interventions have proven effective in facilitating discovery, healing, and change across diverse client populations, and particularly in deepening older individuals’ connection with their own creativity, resulting in improvements in physical and mental well-being. In this study, expressive arts-based interventions were utilised in ten groups of Chinese older carers of adult family members with intellectual/developmental disabilities. Focus group interviews were used to investigate the effectiveness. Amongst the forty-seven participants, the majority were mothers between sixty-one and seventy years old. More than half of the care recipients were over the age of thirty. The emergent themes included breakthroughs in self-expression, exploration of existential meaning, and confrontation with impending mortality. Participants had great worries about the future care arrangements, leading to immense feelings of frustration which were suppressed in accordance with prevailing Chinese values. Expressive arts were found effective in facilitating the expression of concealed emotions and expectations. The creative process was therapeutic in reconnecting the participants with forgotten events and relationships to discover positive meanings for change, enlightening them to embrace end-of-life as natural, treasure the present, and re-focus on self. Without a care arrangement solution, they resorted to maintaining health for life extension. Implications for service are included.

Maternal experiences of women who had received salutary childbirth education: A descriptive qualitative study.

Childbirth education, underpinned by Salutogenesis, presents a paradigm shift in maternal care. There was no present information about the maternal experiences of women who had received Salutary childbirth education. The present study aimed to deeply explore women's pregnancy, birth and postnatal experiences who attended the 'Salutary Childbirth Education Program' and shed light on the mechanisms of Salutogenesis on maternal health promotion. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted with 15 mothers. The study was conducted during April-October 2023. Data were obtained through semi-structured, in-depth individual longitudinal interviews to cover all maternal periods. A thematic analysis was performed. Women stated that they 'acquired normality oriented perspective' which provides 'attribution of positive meanings to the period' and 'freedom from their risk focus concerns'. Women experienced the naturality of the process and were in the flow. They described that they became 'aware of their internal resources', and gained 'skills for the construction of resources' and 'ability to manage the period'. The 'emotional strength' and 'Investment ability for themselves' in addition to obtained autonomy provided them a feeling of strength to actively engage in their experience. This study explores the experiences of women who participated in the Salutary Childbirth Education Program and describes the mechanisms of the program's components on their experiences. By doing so, it aims to enhance understanding of how healthcare professionals can present effective childbirth education through the use of the Salutogenesis Model. The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the women who attended the education program and were willing to interview.

Positive mindset: PsyCap’s roles in PERMA+4 and positive organizational psychology, behavior, and scholarship 2.0

This paper explores the role of mindset and Positive Organizational Psychology (POP) in modern workplaces amid increasing acknowledgment of mental and emotional attitudes influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. It discusses the shift in focus from traditional problem-centric approaches in behavioral sciences to a balanced perspective that encompasses both strengths and deficits, as advocated by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi. This shift has given rise to Positive Organizational Behavior (POB) and Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS), emphasizing human resource strengths and psychological capacities. The paper draws on the PERMA+4 framework, an extension of Seligman’s original model incorporating Physical Health, Mindset, Work Environment, and Economic Security alongside Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment to emphasize the unique role of Positive Mindset. It specifically describes promising research on work-related well-being and optimal work performance, evidence-based practices, and programs at the worker, supervisor/leader, group, and organizational level of analysis. Relatedly, this paper illustrates how one of the most empirically sound constructs within the positive psychology literature, Psychological Capital (PsyCap), can be used to cultivate the essential building block of Positive Mindset toward well-being practices, programs, and applications and more broadly, positive organizational psychology, behavior, and scholarship 2.0 research and applications at multiple levels of analysis. PsyCap theory, research, and evidence-based practices and applications will be discussed in light of how employees’ Positive Mindsets improve the quality of workplaces and the effectiveness of organizations.

Mean dimension of induced hyperspace dynamical systems

In this paper, we prove that the mean dimension of the hyperspace dynamical system induced by a dynamical system with positive mean dimension is infinite. Specifically, for the full shift (KZ,σ) over a finite-dimensional compact metric space K, we find that mdim(2KZ,2σ)=+∞ if and only if mdim(KZ,σ)>0. However, for general dynamical systems, we cannot assume that this result holds universally. In this paper, we present a counterexample where the mean dimension of the dynamical system is 0 while the mean dimension of the induced hyperspace dynamical system is infinite.

저출산 시대 모성에 대한 고찰

Today, Korean society is facing a crisis of low birth rate. Conflict between men and women caused by an intense competitive system and conservative familism is cited as a major cause of the low birth rate problem, which has emerged as a national issue. Radical feminism, which is considered an ideological background that influenced the conflict between men and women, emerged as a backlash against the government's reproductive policy that instrumentalizes motherhood, but its argument for liberation from motherhood is becoming a cause of social conflict. At a time like this, discovering a new positive view of motherhood and its value has important implications. Even within feminism, there is not only a perspective that views motherhood as a control mechanism for women and advocates liberation from motherhood. Since the 1980s, efforts have been made to understand motherhood more diversely within feminism, and there is a movement to present motherhood as a social value by discovering the value of care within motherhood. This perspective is believed to have a positive meaning by presenting the area of care as a common area for men and women and highlighting the ‘right to care’ of the vulnerable in a fiercely competitive society. However, in order for care to become an important value for both men and women, it is necessary to properly understand the value of care within motherhood. The personalist perspective, which understands motherhood as an outstanding attribute of women and shows a complementary relationship between men and women, will help men participate more actively in the area of care by learning about fatherhood through motherhood.