Positive Mass Research Articles

Role of endoscopic ultrasound in gallbladder and biliary system diseases in patients with normal transabdominal ultrasonography

BackgroundThe clinical management of patients experiencing recurrent abdominal pain resembling biliary-type, but with negative findings on conventional transabdominal ultrasound (TUS), poses a challenge. In recent years, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has emerged as a valuable tool for diagnosing gallbladder diseases. This study aims to assess the role of EUS in the evaluation of gallbladder and biliary system diseases specifically in patients with normal transabdominal ultrasonography results.MethodsThis study was a cross-sectional analytic study that enrolled 150 patients with any complaints related to the gallbladder and biliary system necessitating transabdominal ultrasound and endosonography in the period between February 2021 and December 2021.ResultsThe mean age of the studied patients was 46.1 ± 10.3 years; 46.7% were males and 53.3% were females. The main complaint was right abdominal pain in 78.0%; meanwhile, 74.7% had a picture of obstructive jaundice. EUS revealed gallbladder wall thickening in 15 patients (10%), mud and/or small stones inside the gallbladder in 73 patients (48.7%), positive GB mass and/or polyp findings in 30 patients (20%), and biliary lesions such as duct strictures and/or dilatations were detected in 48 patients (32%), while transabdominal ultrasound was normal in all those patients.ConclusionEndoscopic ultrasound (EUS) proves to be a valuable diagnostic modality in patients experiencing biliary-type abdominal pain, despite normal transabdominal ultrasonography results. It not only aids in the accurate diagnosis of underlying conditions but also has the potential to impact the management plan for these patients.

Mass Shift, Coupled to Electromagnetic Field Mass, and Temporal Superposition

In this paper I consider two ideas of time travel, which is highly speculative, that gravity might diverge backward in time (and therefore having a speed in excess of light), and having negative potential energy, while all ordinary bodies have positive mass. As we move forward in time, we experience gravity as a converging force. If the mass of a body were engineered to diverge backwards in time with gravity, one would have a form of time travel. One considers the electromagnetic field mass as having a gravitational field, whereby if one could mass shift mass of and capacitor, one would experience a gravitational field that might diverge backwards in time. The 2nd idea of time travel regards quantum superposition of particles, being everywhere in space. I consider temporal superposition of particles anywhere in time, that if quantum superposition can be done with larger objects in the future, such objects could be teleported anywhere in time, e.g. the past.

2000–2020年喀喇昆仑山洪扎河流域冰川高程变化数据集

Under the influence of climate warming, glaciers in High Mountain Asia (HMA) have undergone significant recession in recent decades. However, stable or even positive glacier mass budgets have been found in the Karakoram Mountains in the past decades, which is termed as “Karakoram anomaly”. The Hunza Basin, located in the western Karakoram, is a region with concentrated glacier development along the Sino-Pakistan Economic Corridor. The glacier mass balance in Hunza Basin plays an important role in water resource utilization and infrastructure construction. In this study, we used the SRTM DEM (2000) and ZY3-02 stereo images (2020) to obtain the glacier height changes in the Hunza Basin by employing the method of Geodetic (GeoTIFF format with a resolution of 30 m). This study covers an area of around 7600 km2, within the spatial extent of 36°N–37°N, 74°E–76°E. The statistical analysis of the residual movement in the non-glacial region indicates an overall accuracy of about 1.1 m. The findings suggest that glaciers experienced a moderate thinning during the early 21st century, with significant spatial variations. Factors such as debris cover, crevasses, supraglacial lake, ice cliff and glacier surge have distinct influences on glacier height changes. This dataset can be used as basic data for the research on glacier mass balance in the Karakoram, as well as water resources utilization, glacier disaster warning and climate change in the Sino-Pakistan Economic Corridor.

A geometric approach to the Yang-Mills mass gap

I provide a new idea based on geometric analysis to obtain a positive mass gap in pure non-abelian renormalizable Yang-Mills theory. The orbit space, that is the space of connections of Yang-Mills theory modulo gauge transformations, is equipped with a Riemannian metric that naturally arises from the kinetic part of reduced classical action and admits a positive definite sectional curvature. The corresponding regularized Bakry-Émery Ricci curvature (if positive) is shown to produce a mass gap for 2+1 and 3+1 dimensional Yang-Mills theory assuming the existence of a quantized Yang-Mills theory on (ℝ1+2, η) and (ℝ1+3, η), respectively. My result on the gap calculation, described at least as a heuristic one, applies to non-abelian Yang-Mills theory with any compact semi-simple Lie group in the aforementioned dimensions. In 2+1 dimensions, the square of the Yang-Mils coupling constant gYM2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {g}_{YM}^2 $$\\end{document} has the dimension of mass, and therefore the spectral gap of the Hamiltonian is essentially proportional to gYM2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {g}_{YM}^2 $$\\end{document} with proportionality constant being purely numerical as expected. Due to the dimensional restriction on 3+1 dimensional Yang-Mills theory, it seems one ought to introduce a length scale to obtain an energy scale. It turns out that a certain ‘trace’ operation on the infinite-dimensional geometry naturally introduces a length scale that has to be fixed by measuring the energy of the lowest glu-ball state. However, this remains to be understood in a rigorous way.

Operando Neutron Diffraction Analysis of Commercial Positive Electrodes of Lead Batteries

We have analyzed by operando neutron diffraction the charge/discharge crystallographic transformation processes inside the positive active mass (PAM) of industrial lead batteries, getting information onthe spatial distribution of the phases. Our study was focused on the positive electrode because it is there where the main limitations to the charge/discharge efficiency are originated. The experiments were carried out in the VULCAN instrument at the Spallation Neutron Source of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee, USA) using the volume gauge technique. VULCAN is a high brightness time-of-flight diffractometer which provides fast volumetric mapping and, therefore, the possibility to study kinetic behaviors. Accordingly, both static and dynamic mapping experiments were performed during charge-discharge cycles, comparing fresh and cycled cells. The diffractograms obtained were analyzed using VDRIVE and GSAS software, together with dedicated Python scripts. In addition to compositional maps (Figure 1), information on lattice parameters, crystallinity, stoichiometry and hydration was also obtained as a function of the state of charge. Local inhomogeneities and differences in the behavior between fresh and cycled cells were observed. Moreover, we have used the Pb signal from the positive grid as internal calibrating element to obtain the absolute molar concentration of the component phases, comparing the PbSO4 PbO2 transformation with the effective charge driven by the cell during charge and discharge processes. The b-PbO2 mass utilization during the C5 100% to 20% discharge was about 0.3. In the same way, the charge factor was estimated to about 70%, from the start of charging until the PbO2 concentration reaches a near flat regime, and about 5% after reaching the flat regime. Giving for the full charging cycle a value about 50%.As far as we know, this is the first time that diffraction information has been obtained from inside commercial thick electrodes (3.4 mm in thickness) during real operation conditions, mapping the PbO2 and PbSO4 evolution in a 2.24 cm x 7.2 cm region of the positive electrode. Figure 1

Open charm mesons and charmonium states in magnetized strange hadronic medium at finite temperature

In this paper, we investigate the masses of the pseudoscalar ([Formula: see text]([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), [Formula: see text]([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) and vector open charm mesons ([Formula: see text]([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), [Formula: see text]([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) as well as the pseudoscalar ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) and the vector charmonium states ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) in the asymmetric hot strange hadronic medium in the presence of strong magnetic fields. In the magnetized medium, the mass modification of open charm mesons due to their interactions with baryons and the scalar fields ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) is investigated in a chiral effective model. Moreover, the charged pseudoscalar meson ([Formula: see text]), as well as the longitudinal component of charged vector meson ([Formula: see text]), experience additional positive mass modifications in the magnetic field due to Landau quantization. The effect of the modification of gluon condensates simulated by the medium change of dilaton field [Formula: see text] on the masses of the charmonia is also calculated in the chiral effective model. The contribution of masses of light quarks is also considered in the modification of gluon condensates. At high temperatures, the magnetically induced modifications of scalar fields significantly reduce the in-medium masses of mesons. The effects of magnetically induced spin mixing between the pseudoscalar and the corresponding vector mesons are incorporated in our study through a phenomenological effective Lagrangian interaction. The spin mixing result in a positive mass shift for the longitudinal component of the vector mesons and a negative mass shift for the pseudoscalar mesons in the presence of the magnetic field. From the obtained in-medium masses of charmonia and open charm mesons, we have also calculated the partial decay widths of [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], using a light quark pair creation model, namely, the [Formula: see text] model.

A Direct Dilute-and-Shoot HPLC-MS/MS Method for Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Metabolites.

The Cannabis plant has been smoked for medicinal and recreational purposes for thousands of years. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most well-known psychoactive cannabinoid, and the properties of other cannabinoids are becoming better understood. Due to increased exposure, hospitals and clinics will need access to rapid and accurate THC testing procedures to better inform patients and improve care. A rapid and reliable HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative assessment of two THC metabolites (THC-COOH and THC-COO(Gluc)). The chromatographic separation was done using a short (50×4.6mm) phenyl-hexyl column with positive ESI mass spectrometry analysis. To reduce interferences and improve quantitation, the assay was run using multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was shown to be precise (<15% CV with-in day & between day), accurate (±20%) and linear (>R2 0.99) within the range of 25-8000ng/mL.

Operando analysis of the positive active mass of lead batteries by neutron diffraction

We have analysed, through neutron diffraction experiments with the volume-gauge technique, the operando performance of lead cells composed of industrial positive and negative electrodes, previously tank formed in the manufacturing plant. The cells, 6.7 cm × 11.5 cm in surface, comprised a 3.4 mm thick positive electrode sandwiched between two 2.3 mm thick negative electrodes. The electrolyte was sulphuric acid diluted in water, both deuterated, and the separators were industrial grade absorptive glass mat (AGM). The experiments, carried out using the VULCAN instrument at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (TN, USA), showed the evolution of α-PbO2, β-PbO2 and PbSO4 phases in the positive active mass during charge/discharge cycling, comparing the behaviour of fresh and cycled cells. No evidence of PbSO4 phase in fully charged plates or PbO in any state of charge were found above 1% by weight. Significant inhomogeneity of phase distribution and transition rates inside the positive electrode was observed. The experiments allowed estimation of the energy efficiency by comparing the external energy provided to the cell with the energy stored in the PbSO4 to PbO2 transformations.

How and Why Does Corporate Reputation Moderate Mass Media News’ Impact On Market Value?

In this study, we investigate whether corporate reputation reduces or amplifies mass media news’ impact on market value. We conceptualize reputation as comprising a prior knowledge, prominence, and favorability component. Additionally, we theorize about its role in moderating news’ effect on market value. Using 11 semesters’ data from 38 publicly listed German companies, we offer evidence of corporate reputation amplifying both negative and positive mass media news’ impact on market value. We further find that positive media mentions could reduce negative mentions’ negative impact up to the point that it loses its significance. Finally, our empirical analysis suggests that reputation’s moderating effect is mostly due to the favorability mechanism. Our results contribute to the literature by empirically assessing the role that reputation’s multiple dimensions play in shaping investors’ response to positive and negative mass media news. Our results also show that ensuring the media’s positive coverage of the company is an effective strategy to mitigate bursts of negative news’ negative consequences.

Nonlinear Isocapacitary Concepts of Mass in 3-Manifolds with Nonnegative Scalar Curvature

We deal with suitable nonlinear versions of Jauregui's isocapacitary mass in 3-manifolds with nonnegative scalar curvature and compact outermost minimal boundary. These masses, which depend on a parameter $1 &lt; p\leq 2$, interpolate between Jauregui's mass $p=2$ and Huisken's isoperimetric mass, as $p \to 1^+$. We derive positive mass theorems for these masses under mild conditions at infinity, and we show that these masses do coincide with the ADM mass when the latter is defined. We finally work out a nonlinear potential theoretic proof of the Penrose inequality in the optimal asymptotic regime.

Functionalization of Polymer-Wrapped Silver Nanoclusters and Potential Applications as Antimicrobial Mask Materials.

The poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) polymer stabilized silver nanoclusters Agn (n = 2-9), synthesized in aqueous solution by the selected light wavelength irradiation photolysis approach, have been functionalized with thiol and amine ligands and successfully transferred from aqueous to organic media. Low- or high-resolution positive mass spectra showed constant species composites with the molecular formula AgnLn-1 [n = 2 to ∼9, L = butylmercaptan (C4H9S), thiolphenol (C6H5S), or dodecanethiol (C12H25S)] and proved that the molecules consist of deprotonated sulfur ligands in each species with one positive charge. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are consistent, indicating deprotonated sulfur, while silver has a zero valence value. The composition of the functionalized silver clusters is in agreement with that observed from polymer-wrapped "naked" silver clusters, which strongly indicates their real existence. For the silver cluster amine systems (heptylamine, dodecylamine, and oleylamine), only "naked" silver cluster species were detected from mass spectroscopy, similar to the polymer-wrapped case, indicating they are not stable enough in the gas phase. The development of a new antibacterial mask material is very important. The dodecylamine-capping silver nanoclusters were selected by coating the coffee filter surface to conduct antibacterial tests with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, demonstrating very efficient antimicrobial properties even with organic capping ligands. Experiments also show that they work on mask material. One nanowire assembly with polystyrene and dodecylamine-capping silver nanoclusters was prepared, showing uniform nanofibers generated via the electrospray technique.

Intrinsic flat stability of the positive mass theorem for asymptotically hyperbolic graphical manifolds

The rigidity of the Riemannian positive mass theorem for asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds states that the total mass of such a manifold is zero if and only if the manifold is isometric to the hyperbolic space. This leads to study the stability of this statement, that is, if the total mass of an asymptotically hyperbolic manifold is almost zero, is this manifold close to the hyperbolic space in any way? Motivated by the work of Huang, Lee and Sormani for asymptotically flat graphical manifolds with respect to intrinsic flat distance, we show the intrinsic flat stability of the positive mass theorem for a class of asymptotically hyperbolic graphical manifolds by adapting the positive answer to this question provided by Huang, Lee and the third named author.

Separation and characterization of related substances of Lurasidone hydrochloride by LC-QTOF-MS techniques

In the present study, a reliable LC-QTOF-MS method was developed and employed for the separation and characterization of process-related substances and forced degradation products of Lurasidone hydrochloride. The chromatographic separation was carried out using an Agilent Poroshell 120 Bonus-RP C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 µm) and a mobile phase consisting of a gradient elution of 10 mM ammonium formate solution and methanol. The degradation studies followed the guidelines outlined in ICH Q1A (R2). It was observed that Lurasidone hydrochloride exhibited instability under photolytic, alkaline, and oxidative stress conditions, while remaining relatively stable under acidic and thermal stresses. Through positive ESI-QTOF mass spectrometric analysis, fourteen related compounds in total, including both process-related and stress degradation products, were identified based on the accurate masses of parent and product ions and calculated elemental compositions. Amongst these substances, nine had not been previously reported, and their formation mechanisms were speculated. The process-related substances were further confirmed by NMR spectra determination, and suggestions were proposed to eliminate them. This study highlights the potential for monitoring and controlling related substances during the manufacturing processes, providing valuable insights for process optimization and quality control of Lurasidone hydrochloride.

Mercury isotope constraints on the timing and pattern of magmatism during the end-Triassic mass extinction

The End-Triassic Mass Extinction (ETME) was broadly coincident with the emplacement of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). However, the relationship between evolutionary phases of CAMP (i.e. prolonged shallow intrusive pulses and later extrusives) and the ETME is not clear. Here, a high-resolution record of changing magmatic activity is established using mercury (Hg) isotopes through a Triassic-Jurassic sedimentary succession deposited on the northern flank of CAMP. Successive negative and positive mass independent fractionation (MIF) of odd Hg isotopes through the end-Triassic interval in this succession suggest dominantly thermogenic Hg release from intrusive heating of organic-rich sedimentary rocks, followed by mainly volcanogenic input of mantle-sourced Hg. This inferred pattern is also supported by correlations to available CAMP ages. Minimum calculated volumes of thermogenic and volcanogenic Hg needed to drive the observed shifts at the basin-scale are plausible based on likely CAMP Hg release volumes, and biotic turnover in the studied region was unlikely to have occurred before the onset of volcanogenic Hg release.

Plasmonic detection of the parity anomaly in a two-dimensional Chern insulator

In this paper, we present an analytic study on the surface plasmon polaritons in a two-dimensional parity anomaly Chern insulator. The two-dimensional conductivities derived from the BHZ model are antisymmetric, based on which two surface plasmon modes each contains two branches of dispersions have been found. In the absence of parity anomaly, the half-integer-valued Hall conductivities with positive and negative Dirac mass terms differ by a sign; two branches of each surface plasmon mode are exactly degenerate. However, the parity anomaly can lift such degeneracy and lead to significant modifications of these dispersion curves or even the occurrence of an extra branch of surface plasmons under particular condition. Our investigations have revealed the effects of the interplay of parity anomaly and topology on the dispersion relations of the surface plasmon polaritons, which may pave a possible way for the detection of the parity anomaly in a two-dimensional Chern insulator via plasmonic responses.

Thermodynamics of spherically symmetric thin-shell spacetimes

We analyze the thermodynamics of spherically symmetric thin-shell solutions to Einstein’s equations, including solutions with negative interior mass. We show the inclusion of such solutions is essential for the thermodynamic consistency of the system: the maximum energy principle applies when we include an entropy term from the singularity of the negative-mass solutions, in addition to the Bekenstein–Hawking term for the entropy of solutions with positive interior mass. Then, the thermodynamic analysis leads to four distinct thermodynamic phases. We also show that all types of solutions can be either thermodynamically stable or dynamically stable, but only solutions with zero interior mass can be both. Since most of our results are analytic, thin shell models emerge as a useful theoretical paradigm for exploring gravitational thermodynamics. Our results provide an additional argument in support of the assignment of entropy to the singularity of negative-mass Schwarzschild spacetimes, and, consequently, to Penrose’s conjecture about the assignment of entropy to singularities.

New progress of a 2.45 GHz ECR ion source for carbon positive ion mass spectrometry

Positive ion mass spectrometry (PIMS) is a trace element measurement technique based on positive and negative ion conversion, which is contrary to conventional accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). To precisely measure 14C, interference of molecular isobars (such as 12CH2 and 13CH) need to be suppressed in the ion source by generating multi-charged carbon ions, such as C2+ or C3+. At present, a high-frequency (> 7 GHz) electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source is commonly used to generate C2+ or C3+ ions through CO2 discharge. At Peking University (PKU), we developed a compact permanent magnet 2.45 GHz ECR ion source attempting to produce C2+ ions. In this work, systematical experiments are performed to further improve the performance of the ion source for the application in PIMS. The results show that it can deliver 1.0 emA C2+ ions with an alumina ceramic liner, and its C consumption is about 10∼20 ng/s. Meanwhile, it is also proved that a certain proportion of He and CO2 mixing can improve the production efficiency of C2+ ions, and the consumption of C can be lower. Furthermore, results confirm that this ECR ion source with alumina liner has a lower memory effect, and the influence of original CO2 discharge can be eliminated by Ar plasma cleaning for several minutes. The experimental results show that the 2.45 GHz ECR ion source has the potential to be used in the PIMS system.

Rayleigh–Bénard instability in a horizontal porous layer with anomalous diffusion

The analysis of the Rayleigh–Bénard instability due to the mass diffusion in a fluid-saturated horizontal porous layer is reconsidered. The standard diffusion theory based on the variance of the molecular position growing linearly in time is generalized to anomalous diffusion, where the variance is modeled as a power-law function of time. A model of anomalous diffusion based on a time-dependent mass diffusion coefficient is adopted, together with Darcy's law, for momentum transfer, and the Boussinesq approximation, for the description of the buoyant flow. A linear stability analysis is carried out for a basic state where the solute has a potentially unstable concentration distribution varying linearly in the vertical direction, and the fluid is at rest. It is shown that any, even slight, departure from the standard diffusion process has a dramatic effect on the onset conditions of the instability. This circumstance reveals a strong sensitivity to the anomalous diffusion index. It is shown that subdiffusion yields instability for every positive mass diffusion Rayleigh number, while superdiffusion brings stabilization no matter how large is the Rayleigh number. A discussion of the linear stability analysis based on the Galilei-variant fractional-derivative model of subdiffusion is eventually carried out.

Shedding light on rechargeable Na/Cl2 battery

Advancing new ideas of rechargeable batteries represents an important path to meeting the ever-increasing energy storage needs. Recently, we showed rechargeable sodium/chlorine (Na/Cl2) (or lithium/chlorine Li/Cl2) batteries that used a Na (or Li) metal negative electrode, a microporous amorphous carbon nanosphere (aCNS) positive electrode, and an electrolyte containing dissolved aluminum chloride and fluoride additives in thionyl chloride [G. Zhu et al., Nature 596, 525-530 (2021) and G. Zhu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 22505-22513 (2022)]. The main battery redox reaction involved conversion between NaCl and Cl2 trapped in the carbon positive electrode, delivering a cyclable capacity of up to 1,200 mAh g-1 (based on positive electrode mass) at a ~3.5 V discharge voltage [G. Zhu et al., Nature 596, 525-530 (2021) and G. Zhu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 22505-22513 (2022)]. Here, we identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that upon charging a Na/Cl2 battery, chlorination of carbon in the positive electrode occurred to form carbon-chlorine (C-Cl) accompanied by molecular Cl2 infiltrating the porous aCNS, consistent with Cl2 probed by mass spectrometry. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction observed the development of graphitic ordering in the initially amorphous aCNS under battery charging when the carbon matrix was oxidized/chlorinated and infiltrated with Cl2. The C-Cl, Cl2 species and graphitic ordering were reversible upon discharge, accompanied by NaCl formation. The results revealed redox conversion between NaCl and Cl2, reversible graphitic ordering/amorphourization of carbon through battery charge/discharge, and probed trapped Cl2 in porous carbon by XPS.

Why should models of dwarf galaxy evolution care about the initial mass function at low star-formation rates?

ABSTRACT When star clusters are formed at low star-formation rates (SFRs), their stellar initial mass function (IMF) can hardly be filled continuously with stars at each mass. This lack holds for massive stars and is verified observationally by the correlation between star-cluster mass and its most massive cluster star. Since galaxy evolution is strongly affected by massive stars, numerical models should account for this lack. Because a filled IMF is mostly applied even when only fractions of massive stars form, here we investigate, by means of 3D chemo-dynamical simulations of isolated dwarf galaxies, how deviations from a standard IMF in star clusters affect the evolution. We compare two different IMF recipes, a filled IMF and one truncated at a maximum mass at which a single complete star forms. Attention is given to energetic and chemical feedback by massive stars. Since their energy release is mass-dependent but steeper than the negative IMF slope, the energetic feedback retains a positive mass dependence, so that a filled IMF regulates star formation (SF) more strongly than truncated IMFs, though only stellar number fractions exist. The higher SFR of the truncated IMF in the simulation leads to more Type II supernovae (SNeII), driving galactic winds. Whether this results from the model-inherent larger SFR is questioned and therefore explored analytically. This shows the expected result for the Lyman continuum, but that the total SNII energy release is equal for both IMF modes, while the power is smaller for the truncated IMF. Reasonably, the different IMFs leave fingerprints in the abundance ratios of massive to intermediate-mass star elements.