Positive Halves Research Articles

Superhigh charge density and direct-current output in triboelectric nanogenerators via peak shifting modified charge pumping

Due to the great potentials in self-powered sensors and micro-nano power sources, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted numerous attentions. However, enhancing charge density and realizing direct-current (DC) are long-term significant issues for TENGs. In this work, we investigated a DC TENG with outstanding electricity generation characteristics based on quasi- synchronous double-stage self-charge pumping. The TENG works in a contact-separation mode with a four-layered parallel structure. The TENG possesses a high open-circuit voltage of 2300 V, a high short-circuit current of 3 mA, a high power of 150 mW and a superhigh transferred charge of 20 μC at 4 Hz, which are significantly enhanced from those in single-stage pumping and non pumped counterpart TENGs. The property-improving mechanism lies in that through the unidirectional self-charge pump with a slight time difference among TENGs, negative halves are moved to the adjacent positive halves, leads to the widening, higher and DC outputs at the final terminal, which employs the Plancherel theorem for peak shifting in framework of energy conservation law. The TENG can power light emitting diodes, electronic devices and an electrophoretic deposition of pigment coatings. This work provides a method for developing high-performance DC TENGs with superhigh transferred charge for various applications.

Lorentz and permutation invariants of particles III: Constraining nonstandard sources of parity violation

Comparisons of the positive and negative halves of the distributions of parity-odd event variables in particle-physics experimental data can provide sensitivity to sources of nonstandard parity violation. Such techniques benefit from lacking first-order dependence on simulations or theoretical models, but have hitherto lacked systematic means of enumerating all discoverable signals. To address that issue this paper seeks to construct sets of parity-odd event variables which may be proved to be able to reveal the existence of any Lorentz-invariant source of nonstandard parity violation which could be visible in data consisting of groups of real nonspace-like four-momenta exhibiting certain permutation symmetries.

K-Theoretic Hall Algebras of Quivers with Potential as Hopf Algebras

Abstract Preprojective K-theoretic Hall algebras (KHAs), particular cases of KHAs of quivers with potential, are conjecturally positive halves of the Okounkov–Smirnov affine quantum algebras. It is thus natural to ask whether KHAs of quivers with potential are halves of a quantum group. For a symmetric quiver with potential satisfying a Künneth-type condition, we construct (positive and negative) extensions of its KHA, which are bialgebras. In particular, there are bialgebra extensions of preprojective KHAs and one can construct their Drinfeld double algebra.

The Characteristics of CF₃I Dielectric Barrier Discharge

The high global warming potential (GWP) of sulfur hexafluoride (SF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> ) pushed the researcher to find an alternative environmentally friendly gas for high voltage applications. Trifluoroiodomethane (CF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> I) has attracted a great deal of attention as new insulation gases. This article has investigated the use of CF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> I in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) based on a 1-D model. Three symmetric waveforms named sinusoidal, triangular, and the clipped waveform was used as a feeding voltage with a frequency of 5 kHz and amplitude of 5 kV. The obtained results revealed that the discharge current consists of many sequential current pulses at each half of the applied voltage and the number of these pulses depends on the waveform of the applied voltage. The discharge current pulses are identical during the positive and negative halves of the applied voltage which refer to the CF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> I providing a stable DBD discharge regardless of the polarity of the applied voltage. The first discharge current peak moment, for each waveform and during each half of the cycle, has been selected as the characteristic parameter to investigate the discharge characteristics. At the moment of the first current peak, for all tested waveforms, the results showed that the spatial distribution of the electric field across the gap takes a shape of the letter V referring to the minimum point of the electrical field inside the discharge gap dividing the gap to electronegative and electropositive parts.

The Half-Range Moment Method in Harmonically Oscillating Rarefied Gas Flows

The formulation of the half-range moment method (HRMM), well defined in steady rarefied gas flows, is extended to linear oscillatory rarefied gas flows, driven by oscillating boundaries. The oscillatory Stokes (also known as Stokes second problem) and the oscillatory Couette flows, as representative ones for harmonically oscillating half-space and finite-medium flow setups respectively, are solved. The moment equations are derived from the linearized time-dependent BGK kinetic equation, operating accordingly over the positive and negative halves of the molecular velocity space. Moreover, the boundary conditions of the “positive” and “negative” moment equations are accordingly constructed from the half-range moments of the boundary conditions of the outgoing distribution function, assuming purely diffuse reflection. The oscillatory Stokes flow is characterized by the oscillation parameter, while the oscillatory Couette flow by the oscillation and rarefaction parameters. HRMM results for the amplitude and phase of the velocity and shear stress in a wide range of the flow parameters are presented and compared with corresponding results, obtained by the discrete velocity method (DVM). In the oscillatory Stokes flow the so-called penetration depth is also computed. When the oscillation frequency is lower than the collision frequency excellent agreement is observed, while when it is about the same or larger some differences are present. Overall, it is demonstrated that the HRMM can be applied to linear oscillatory rarefied gas flows, providing accurate results in a very wide range of the involved flow parameters. Since the computational effort is negligible, it is worthwhile to consider the efficient implementation of the HRMM to stationary and transient multidimensional rarefied gas flows.

Shuffle algebra realizations of type A super Yangians and quantum affine superalgebras for all Cartan data

We introduce super Yangians of $\mathfrak{gl}(V),\mathfrak{sl}(V)$ (in the new Drinfeld realization) associated to all Dynkin diagrams of $\mathfrak{gl}(V)$, where $V$ is a finite-dimensional super vector space. We show that all of them are isomorphic to the super Yangians introduced by Maxim Nazarov, by identifying them with the corresponding RTT super Yangians. However, their "positive halves" are not pairwise isomorphic, and we obtain the shuffle algebra realizations of those. We adapt the latter to the trigonometric setup by obtaining the shuffle algebra realizations of the "positive halves" of type $A$ quantum loop superalgebras associated to arbitrary Dynkin diagrams.

Variation in udder health indicators at different stages of lactation in goats with no udder infection

Mastitis is an important disease in dairy goat production. Subclinical mastitis is common in goats and is mainly caused by contagious bacteria. Several methods to diagnose mastitis in goats are available but have not all been investigated in healthy udders and at different stages of lactation. The purpose of the study was to investigate the variation in some udder health indicators at different stages of lactation in goats without intramammary infection (IMI). The udder health indicators were: somatic cell counts (SCC) measured by DeLaval Cell Counter (DCC) and estimated by California Mastitis Test (CMT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, N-acetyl-β-d-glucoseaminidase (NAGase) activity and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity.Milk samples from twenty-four clinically healthy dairy goats were collected on two consecutive days in early, mid and late lactation. At milking, each goat's udder half was given a CMT score before udder half milk samples were collected. The milk samples were then analyzed for SCC, LDH, NAGase and AP, and investigated for bacterial growth. Variation in udder health indicators between udder half within goat, samples between sampling days and samples between stages of lactation were investigated using multivariable mixed-effect linear regression and multivariable ordinal logistic regression models.Of the 24 goats, 18 were considered IMI negative at all samplings, 3 goats had inconclusive results for one udder half in late lactation and 3 (12.5%) had IMI positive udder halves in one or more lactation periods. Period of lactation was significantly associated with all udder health indicators with an increase in all indicators at late lactation compared to mid and early lactation. For NAGase and AP, period of lactation was significant as an interaction term with sampling day. NAGase was significantly higher on day 2 compared to day 1 in mid lactation and significantly lower on day 2 than day 1 in late lactation. AP was significantly higher on day 2 compared to day 1 in early lactation and significantly lower on day 2 than day 1 in late lactation. Moreover, for CMT there was a significant association with udder half with a higher general (over period and day) probability of higher CMT scores in the right udder half compared to the left.This study shows that SCC, LDH, NAGase and AP were all affected by period of lactation but also to some extent by sampling day and udder half. This must be considered when interpreting udder health indicators sampled at different stages of lactation.

Constant gradient PFG sequence and automated cumulant analysis for quantifying dispersion in flow through porous media

This paper describes a new variant of established stimulated echo pulse sequences, and an analytical method for determining diffusion or dispersion coefficients for Gaussian or non-Gaussian displacement distributions. The unipolar displacement encoding PFGSTE sequence uses trapezoidal gradient pulses of equal amplitude g and equal ramp rates throughout while sampling positive and negative halves of q-space. Usefully, the equal gradient amplitudes and gradient ramp rates help to reduce the impact of experimental artefacts caused by residual amplifier transients, eddy currents, or ferromagnetic hysteresis in components of the NMR magnet. The pulse sequence was validated with measurements of diffusion in water and of dispersion in flow through a packing of spheres. The analytical method introduced here permits the robust determination of the variance of non-Gaussian, dispersive displacement distributions. The noise sensitivity of the analytical method is shown to be negligible, using a demonstration experiment with a non-Gaussian longitudinal displacement distribution, measured on flow through a packing of mono-sized spheres.

Folding of a single‐chain, information‐rich polypeptoid sequence into a highly ordered nanosheet

The design and synthesis of protein-like polymers is a fundamental challenge in materials science. A means to achieve this goal is to create synthetic polymers of defined sequence where all relevant folding information is incorporated into a single polymer strand. We present here the aqueous self-assembly of peptoid polymers (N-substituted glycines) into ultrathin, two-dimensional highly ordered nanosheets, where all folding information is encoded into a single chain. The sequence designs enforce a two-fold amphiphilic periodicity. Two sequences were considered: one with charged residues alternately positive and negative (alternating patterning), and one with charges segregated in positive and negative halves of the molecule (block patterning). Sheets form between pH 5 and 10 with the optimal conditions being pH 6 for the alternating sequence and pH 8 for the block sequence. Once assembled, the nanosheets remain stable between pH 6 and 10 with observed degradation beginning to occur below pH 6. The alternating charge nanosheets remain stable up to concentrations of 20% acetonitrile, whereas the block pattern displayed greater robustness remaining stable up to 30% acetonitrile. These observations are consistent with expectations based on considerations of the molecules' electrostatic interactions. This study represents an important step in the construction of abiotic materials founded on biological informatic and folding principles.

Categorifications from planar diagrammatics

A diagrammatic presentation of functors and natural transformations and the virtues of biadjointness are discussed. We then review a graphical description of the category of Soergel bimodules and a diagrammatic categorification of positive halves of quantum groups. These notes are a write-up of Takagi Lectures given by the author in Hokkaido University in June 2009.

Breakthrough of shallow activated carbon beds under constant and pulsating flow.

During actual use of a gas mask canister the flow through the activated carbon bed is pulsating. Pulsating flows were found to be less favorable for the breakthrough behavior compared to a constant flow pattern. The present article demonstrates this difference and clarifies how and why the breakthrough time depends on the airflow pattern. Furthermore, it shows the importance of good estimates of both diffusion parameters and mass transfer coefficients to obtain accurate predictions of the initial part of the breakthrough curve. Breakthrough measurements applying continuous and pulsating flows were performed using toluene on shallow activated carbon beds; toluene is a good representative for the type of vapors for which activated carbon forms a suitable adsorbent. Pulsating flow was studied by using the positive halves of a sinusoidal flow pattern, which closely resembles the actual breathing pattern. A two-dimensional mathematical model was used to describe the dynamic behavior. The agreement between measured and simulated breakthrough curves was good for both the constant and pulsating flow experiments. The difference in time between simulation and experiment was 10% at most. The influence of pulsating flow on the breakthrough behavior is well accounted for by the model. The influence of flow rate on the mass transfer from the bulk gas phase to the surface of the adsorbent particles is ultimately responsible for the difference in breakthrough times. Testing under pulsating flow allows for a more realistic assessment of the performance of cartridges and canisters.

Prevalence and incidence of subclinical mastitis in goats and dairy ewes in Vermont, USA

The prevalence of bacterial isolation and the somatic cell count (SCC) of the milk from goats ( n=110 from six herds) and sheep ( n=153 from three herds) was determined at parturition and approximately 40 days later. Incidence of new intramammary infection (IMI) and the spontaneous cure rate were determined over this time period. In the goats, 27.3 and 25.5% were infected at parturition and 40 days later, respectively, while 15.0 and 9.1% of sheep were infected at parturition and 40 days later, respectively. Incidence of new infection was 0.039 and 0.034 cases/half/30 days for goats and sheep, respectively, and did not differ between the species ( P>0.2). Spontaneous cure occurred in 93.8% of sheep halves infected at parturition but only 50.0% of goat halves ( P<0.05). Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most common isolates from both sheep and goats. Milk from bacteriologically positive halves had a significantly higher somatic cell count than halves from which no bacteria were isolated in both sheep and goats. It was concluded that bacterial infection of the mammary gland was associated with an elevated somatic cell count. Additionally, differences were detected between the species in incidence of new infection and spontaneous cure rate which resulted in a decline in prevalence in sheep, but not goats, with time postpartum.

A Critic's Defense of the Criticized

J. J. Ray makes two fundamental criticisms of Jim Sidanius' work on the relationship between cognitive structure and political ideology. The central criticism is that Budner's Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale (Budner, 1962) is an invalid measure, thus casting substantial doubt on Sidanius' findings. The second criticism is that Sidanius' findings provide strong support for conclusions which actually contradict Sidanius' interpretation of the data. If the first criticism is sound, then it follows that the second cannot be sustained. Ray has previously demonstrated that Budner's scale has unacceptably low internal reliability (0.49) and that the positive and negative halves of the scale are uncorrelated (Ray, 1981). Clearly, the Budner instrument fails any sensible standard of reliability or validity. While the scale, or at least part of it, may be measuring something, we do not know precisely what it does measure. Consequently, the data resulting from the use of the instrument cannot be used either as proof or disproof of any hypothesis. Interestingly enough, Sidanius may have provided a clue to what, if anything, the Budner scale does measure. Sidanius used the scale as an external criterion to check the construct validity of the various cognitive functioning indices extracted from the battery of tests administered to his subjects. It turned out that only one of the seven factors derived from Budner's scale, need for certainty and uniformity, accounted for most of the correlation with Sidanius' measures of cognitive functioning (Sidanius, 1985, p. 649). The certainty and uniformity factor probably taps lack of cognitive complexity, not intolerance of ambiguity, a guess supported by the fact that the highest correlation (-0.36) between that factor and the measures of cognitive functioning is with a cognitive complexity scale. In any event, regardless of what Budner's scale actually measures, or what the relationship between the certainty/uniformity factor and cognitive functioning is, the fact that Sidanius used an unreliable measure as an

Sample homogeneity, Response skewness and acquiescence: A reply to feather

Feather (1980) claims that the low correlation between the positive and negative halves of the C-scale reported in an earlier paper may have been due to the homogeneity of the samples used. It is pointed out that (a) even highly skewed C-scale items do still, on at least some occasions, correlate well with other items: (b) low pos-neg correlations are sometimes in the C-scal associated with generally high levels of inter-item correlatin; (c) the C-scal does not collapse when applied to other homogeneous samples: and (d) the demographic homogeneity of the Ray and Pratt (1979) “homogeneours” samples was not associated with response homogeneity. It is concluded that Feather's suggested explanatinon for the occasioanal poor functioning of the C-scale is contra-indicated by such considerations.

Acquiescence and the Wilson conservatism scale

Data contributed by six different researchers in Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and England were assembled from seven different administrations of the Wilson Conservatism scale. The correlation between the positive and negative halves of the scale was found to be generally around -0.5. It was concluded that although the C-scale is seriously affected by acquiescent response set, the balanced structure of the scale controls for this quite satisfactorily.

Self-contained automatic recorder of the dc Josephson current

A circuit for the automatic recording of the dc Josephson current as a function of magnetic field or other variable has been designed and constructed. The apparatus requires no additional signal processing devices as have techniques for this measurement utilized in the past. Sensitivity to critical current amplitudes corresponding to the appearance of 5 mV across a sensing resistor is attained, as well as separate examination of the positive and negative halves of the zero-bias current.

Are Conservatism Scales Irreversible?

It is proposed that the low negative correlation observed between positive and negative halves of balanced F scales is not atypical of scales in this general content area. An extreme form of this view is Kerlinger's theory that liberalism and conservatism are innately orthogonal. This theory was tested using two conservatism scales: one a revision of Wilson &amp; Patterson's C Scale and one a scale using items in the conventional format. Low negative correlations between positive and negative halves were found in both cases. It was reasoned that orthogonality between one‐way worded scales indicates a negative relationship in the real attitudes being measured. Kerlinger's theory is therefore rejected as inadequate and as contraindicated by the results. It is concluded, however, that some balanced versions of the California F Scale may have been too hastily rejected. Conversely, it is held that the Wilson &amp; Patterson C Scale might be rejected in favour of one of the new conservatism scales developed in this study. This is because the original C Scale showed a positive correlation between its supposedly negative and positive halves.

Peak Voltage Measurement in Diathermy

IN the heating of tissues by high frequency diathermy currents, a milliammeter in series with the subject receiving the treatment records the current passing between the electrodes. The current is adjusted by the spark gap or by the impedance in the primary circuit of the 60-cycle transformer to a value sufficient for the dosage. In practice, it is assumed that the current as indicated by the milliammeter per unit area of electrode will give an indication of the temperature increase of the tissues below the electrode. Recently Kelley (1) has asserted that it is voltage rather than current which determines the heat production below the diathermy electrode. Sampson (2) states that “the high voltage current has a much greater heating value, milliampere for milliampere, than the low one.” It is with the intention of investigating quantitatively the effects of voltage variation on heat production in diathermy that the following experiments were undertaken. In diathermy it is necessary to distinguish between two types of voltage, namely, “peak voltage” and “root mean square voltage.” The following diagram (Fig. 1), which is purely schematic and not drawn from an experimental record, will illustrate peak voltage. The low frequency (60 cycles per second) voltage is “stepped up” by the low frequency transformer to a high voltage of low frequency which is impressed on the condensers. This is represented in Figure 1 by the Curve A. When the voltage on the condensers reaches a value sufficient to produce sparking at the spark gaps, a spark discharge at the gaps occurs and the condenser low frequency voltage drops (see B in Fig. 1). At the same time an oscillating current of high frequency similar to C is produced in the oscillating circuit containing the air core autotransformer, high voltage condensers, and spark gaps. This high frequency current, whose frequency is determined by the capacity and inductance of the oscillating circuit, passes through the patient. The resultant voltage on the condenser at any instant then will be given as the sum of voltages similar to B and C. The peak value corresponding to D of the oscillating voltage applied to the patient will be referred to as the “peak voltage.” The current passing through the patient also has a wave form similar to the voltage of Figure 1. The current registered by the meter, however., records the “root mean square” current, being the square root of the average of the squared values of the instantaneous current. Corresponding to the “root mean square” current there is a “root mean square” voltage, which also gives an average effect of both positive and negative halves of the voltage cycle. In Figure 2 is given a circuit to measure this peak voltage. The circuit to the left of the calorimeter represents the usual diathermy circuit with low frequency transformer, high voltage condensers, spark gaps, and air core autotransformer.