Positive Effects Of Exercise Research Articles

Go, go …. You'll be happier. Psychological variables among cyclists during COVID-19 lockdowns

COVID-19 lockdowns involved radical changes in the habits and lifestyles of many. Notably, athletes saw their training routines altered. The relationship between lockdown effects and psychological variables was analysed using a sample comprising 1032 cyclists (average age: 42.97 years, s.d. = 8.94), taking part in the first cycling competition after lockdown. The target variables included psychological variables such as frustration tolerance, subjective vitality, autonomy self-determination, and affective status, as well as sociodemographic and training habits-related variables.The results showed that the constructs under analysis are related. Pre- and post-competition psychological variables were measured, and no significant differences were detected, except concerning subjective vitality. A regression analysis model was designed to analyse the impact of frustration tolerance, autonomy self-determination, and affective status on subjective vitality. The results reveal a lineal relationship (F = 71.789, p < .001) between subjective vitality and a set of independent variables: positive affects; health status; km of training per year; and frustration tolerance, which explain 46.7% of variance. Finally, since the variable that measures subjective vitality was shown to be significant, mediation analyses were undertaken to answer our hypothesis, following the results of the exploratory analysis. The results suggest that frustration tolerance has a direct effect on subjective vitality, and that this relationship is mediated by positive affects, health status, and km of training per year.It is concluded that exercising increases subjective vitality, which is affected by frustration tolerance, positive affects, health status and km of training per year. In addition, it can be argued that these three variables mediate the relationship between frustration tolerance and subjective vitality. Finally, it is worth stressing that, given the positive effects of exercise not only in physical health but also in psychological, social and personal wellbeing, self-determined attitudes in training should be encouraged, as this promotes self-efficacy and self-satisfaction, in both training and competition settings.

Autophagy regulates the release of exercise factors and their beneficial effects on spatial memory recall

Exercise promotes learning and memory recall as well as rescues cognitive decline associated with aging. The positive effects of exercise are mediated by circulatory factors that predominantly increase Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) signaling in the hippocampus. Identifying the pathways that regulate the release of the circulatory factors by various tissues during exercise and that mediate hippocampal Mus musculus Bdnf expression will allow us to harness the therapeutic potential of exercise. Here, we report that two weeks of voluntary exercise in male mice activates autophagy in the hippocampus by increasing LC3B protein levels (p = 0.0425) and that autophagy is necessary for exercise-induced spatial learning and memory retention (p < 0.001; exercise + autophagy inhibitor chloroquine CQ versus exercise). We place autophagy downstream of hippocampal BDNF signaling and identify a positive feedback activation between the pathways. We also assess whether the modulation of autophagy outside the nervous system is involved in mediating exercise's effect on learning and memory recall. Indeed, plasma collected from young exercise mice promote spatial learning (p = 0.0446; exercise versus sedentary plasma) and memory retention in aged inactive mice (p = 0.0303; exercise versus sedentary plasma), whereas plasma collected from young exercise mice that received the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine diphosphate failed to do so. We show that the release of exercise factors that reverse the symptoms of aging into the circulation is dependent on the activation of autophagy in young animals. Indeed, we show that the release of the exercise factor, beta-hydroxybutyrate (DBHB), into the circulation, is autophagy-dependent and that DBHB promotes spatial learning and memory formation (p = 0.0005) by inducing hippocampal autophagy (p = 0.0479). These results implicate autophagy in peripheral tissues and in the hippocampus in mediating the effects of exercise on learning and memory recall and identify DBHB as a candidate endogenous exercise factor whose release and positive effects are autophagy-dependent.

The Role of Physical Exercise in Opioid Substitution Therapy: Mechanisms of Sequential Effects.

It is generally accepted that chronic opioid use is associated with structural and functional changes in the human brain that lead to an enhancement of impulsive behavior for immediate satisfaction. Interestingly, in recent years, physical exercise interventions have been used as an adjunctive treatment for patients with opioid use disorders (OUDs). Indeed, exercise has positive effects on both the biological and psychosocial basis of addiction, modifying neural circuits such as the reward, inhibition, and stress systems, and thus causing behavioral changes. This review focuses on the possible mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on the treatment of OUDs, with emphasis placed on the description of a sequential consolidation of these mechanisms. Exercise is thought to act initially as a factor of internal activation and self-regulation and eventually as a factor of commitment. This approach suggests a sequential (temporal) consolidation of the functions of exercise in favor of gradual disengagement from addiction. Particularly, the sequence in which the exercise-induced mechanisms are consolidated follows the pattern of internal activation-self-regulation-commitment, eventually resulting in stimulation of the endocannabinoid and endogenous opioid systems. Additionally, this is accompanied by modification of molecular and behavioral aspects of opioid addiction. Overall, the neurobiological actions of exercise in combination with certain psychological mechanisms appear to promote its beneficial effects. Given the positive effects of exercise on both physical and mental health, exercise prescription is recommended as a complement to conventional therapy for patients on opioid maintenance treatment.

The Effect of Physical Exercise Pretreatment on Spatial Memory and Learning and Function of Mitochondria in the Brain in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide, and this issue is one of the major concerns in the pending years. T2DM causes numerous complications, including cognition, learning, and memory impairments. The positive effect of physical exercise as a popular approach has been shown in many chronic diseases. Further, the improvement effects of exercise on cognition and memory impairment have been noticed. This study examines the possible preventative effects of physical exercise on spatial memory attenuation and brain mitochondrial dysfunction caused by T2DM. Male Wistar rats received treadmill exercise (30 min per day, five days per week for two or four weeks). Then, T2DM was induced by a high-fat diet and an injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg). Spatial learning and memory were assessed by the Morris water maze test. Further, brain mitochondrial function, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial swelling, outer membrane damage, cytochrome c release, and ADP/ATP ratio, were measured. Impaired spatial memory in T2DM rats was observed. Furthermore, brain mitochondrial dysfunction was demonstrated proved by increased ROS generation, MMP collapse, mitochondrial swelling, outer membrane damage, cytochrome c release, and ADP/ATP ratio. Conversely, physical exercise, before diabetes onset, significantly ameliorated spatial memory impairment and brain mitochondrial dysfunction. This study reveals that physical exercise could prevent diabetes-induced spatial memory impairment. Moreover, it could ameliorate brain mitochondrial dysfunction as one of the possible underlying mechanisms of spatial memory impairment in T2DM.

Resistance exercise promotes the resolution and recanalization of deep venous thrombosis in a mouse model via SIRT1 upregulation

BackgroundEarly exercise for acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) improves the patient’s symptoms and does not increase the risk of pulmonary embolism. However, information about its effect on thrombus resolution is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of resistance exercise (RE) in thrombus resolution and recanalization and determine its underlying mechanisms. MethodsNinety-six C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into four groups: Control group (C, n = 24); DVT group (D, n = 24); RE + DVT group (ED, n = 24); and inhibitor + RE + DVT group (IED, n = 24). A DVT model was induced by stenosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC). After undergoing IVC ultrasound within 24 h post-operation to confirm DVT formation, mice without thrombosis were excluded. Other mice were sacrificed and specimens were obtained 14 or 28 days after operation. Thrombus-containing IVC was weighed, and the thrombus area and recanalization rate were calculated using HE staining. Masson’s trichrome staining was used to analyze the collagen content. RT-PCR and ELISA were performed to examine IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and VEGF expression levels. SIRT1 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry staining and RT-PCR. VEGF-A protein expression and CD-31-positive microvascular density (MVD) in the thrombus were observed using immunohistochemistry. ResultsRE did not increase the incidence of pulmonary embolism. It reduced the weight and size of the thrombus and the collagen content. Conversely, it increased the recanalization rate. It also decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α and increased the expression levels of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. RE enhanced VEGF and SIRT1 expression levels and increased the MVD in the thrombosis area. After EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitor) was applied, the positive effects of exercise were suppressed.ConclusionsRE can inhibit inflammatory responses, reduce collagen deposition, and increase angiogenesis in DVT mice, thereby promoting thrombus resolution and recanalization. Its underlying mechanism may be associated with the upregulation of SIRT1 expression.

Effects of Exercise Training on Neurotrophic Factors and Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in Young-Old and Old-Old Women

Aging and regular exercise may have opposite effects on brain health, and although oxidative stress and sirtuins may be involved in these effects, studies on this topic are limited. Accordingly, the present study aimed to verify the effect of exercise training on oxidant-antioxidant balance, neurotrophic factors, blood-brain barrier permeability, and sirtuins in young-old and old-old women. The study participants were 12 women aged 65-74 years (Young-Old group) and 12 women aged 75-84 years (Old-Old group). All of the selected participants performed exercise training consisting of treadmill walking and resistance band exercise three times a week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise training to analyze serum oxidant-antioxidant markers (reactive oxygen species [ROS], superoxide dismutase [SOD]), neurotrophic factor (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) levels, and blood-brain barrier permeability marker (S100 calcium-binding protein β [S100β], matrix metalloproteinase-9 [MMP-9]) levels, and sirtuin (SIRT-1, SIRT-2, SIRT-3) levels. The Young-Old group showed significantly increased SOD, BDNF, VEGF, SIRT-1, and SIRT-3 levels after training in comparison with the levels before training (p < 0.05), and a significantly higher BDNF level than the Old-Old group after training (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the Old-Old group showed significantly higher SIRT-1 levels after training in comparison with the levels before training (p < 0.05). Thus, exercise training may be effective in increasing the levels of neurotropic factors and reducing blood-brain barrier permeability in the elderly women, and increased antioxidant capacity and elevated levels of sirtuins are believed to play a major role in these effects. The positive effect of exercise may be greater in participants of relatively young age.

MATERNAL AND FETAL RESPONSE ON PRENATAL EXERCISE: AN QUASI EXPERIMENTAL PILOT STUDY

Despite the positive effects of exercise during pregnancy, only a small percentage of pregnant women choose to exercise because of concerns about fetal safety. The purpose of this study was to determine if the selected physiological functions of pregnant women increase or decrease to a limit that is still safe, and what effect this has on fetal heart rate and movement, depending on the type of exercise and physical activity of the pregnant women prior to pregnancy. An experimental study was conducted. Measurements of the pregnant women's heart rate, saturation, blood pressure, and body temperature, fetal heart rate, and fetal movements before and after exercise were collected. Exercises with two different levels of intensities (yoga-low and pilates-moderate) were compared. Thirty-one pregnant Slovenian women with gestational age between 20 and 37 weeks were included in the sample. When comparing pre and post exercise measurements, statistically significant differences were found in post exercise body temperature (p = 0.005) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.007) compared with pre-exercise measurements. When comparing the results between yoga and Pilates exercise sessions, no statistically significant differences were found. When comparing results related to pre-pregnancy physical activity, significant differences in pre-exercise saturation were found (p = 0.041). Despite small sample size, results indicate that moderate physical activity in pregnancy has no significant effect on the vital functions of the pregnant woman that could indirectly endanger foetus. Larger study should be performed, to confirm these preliminary results.

Abstract 9243: Brain-Targeted Mechanical Intervention Using Passive Head Motion Can Have an Antihypertensive Effect

Introduction: Exercise is known to be effective as a therapeutic/preventative measure for numerous physical disorders and diseases including hypertension. However, the mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effect of exercise remain to be elucidated. Hypothesis: The positive effects of exercise may be mediated by mechanical forces generated during exercise activities. Exercise-mimicking mechanical intervention may have an antihypertensive effect. Methods: We conducted animal experiments in which we reproduced mechanical accelerations generated in the head during moderate-velocity running. We performed in vitro experiments using cultured cells to determine what type of mechanical force was responsible for the antihypertensive effect of mechanical intervention. We carried out clinical studies to validate the clinical relevance of our findings. Results: Passive head motion (PHM) in hypertensive rats, which reproduced the mechanical accelerations generated in their heads during moderate-velocity treadmill running, decreased the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in astrocytes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), thereby lowering their blood pressure. PHM generated interstitial fluid movement that was estimated to exert shear stress with an average magnitude of &lt;1 Pa on the cells in the rat medulla. Fluid shear stress of a sub-Pa magnitude decreased the AT1R expression in cultured astrocytes. Inhibition of interstitial fluid movement following hydrogel introduction to the RVLM eliminated the antihypertensive effects of PHM and treadmill running. Vertically oscillating chair riding by hypertensive adult humans, which reproduced the mechanical accelerations generated in their heads during light jogging, lowered their blood pressure. Conclusion: Brain-targeted mechanical intervention can have an antihypertensive effect by modulating the function of RVLM astrocytes through interstitial fluid shear stress.

The Effect of Physical Exercise and Internet Use on Youth Subjective Well-Being-The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction and the Moderating Effect of Social Mentality.

Youth subjective well-being is enhanced not only from physical exercise but also from internet use. Based on the 2017 China General Social Survey (CGSS) data, the Bootstrap method was used to examine the mechanisms of the effects of physical exercise and internet use on youth subjective well-being. In this study, the questionnaire data of 619 Chinese young people (18–35 years old) were selected as the sample source. It was found that physical exercise (2.881 ± 1.352) and internet use (4.544 ± 0.756) had positive effects on youth subjective well-being (88.762 ± 11.793). Life satisfaction (2.253 ± 0.826) partially mediated the development of physical exercise and internet use on subjective well-being, with indirect effects of 34.1% and 30.4%, respectively. A social mindset (10.181 ± 1.966) played a moderating role in the relationship between physical exercise and youth subjective well-being and internet use and youth subjective well-being in both groups. The positive effects of physical exercise and internet use on youth subjective well-being gradually increased with the improvement in social mindset. This study revealed the mechanisms of physical activity and internet use on subjective well-being and that life satisfaction and the social mindset of youth are essential factors influencing subjective well-being.

In vitro skeletal muscle models for type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally elevated blood sugar, poses a growing social, economic, and medical burden worldwide. The skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic organ responsible for glucose homeostasis in the body, and its inability to properly uptake sugar often precedes type 2 diabetes. Although exercise is known to have preventative and therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes, the underlying mechanism of these beneficial effects is largely unknown. Animal studies have been conducted to better understand the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and the positive effects of exercise on type 2 diabetes. However, the complexity of in vivo systems and the inability of animal models to fully capture human type 2 diabetes genetics and pathophysiology are two major limitations in these animal studies. Fortunately, in vitro models capable of recapitulating human genetics and physiology provide promising avenues to overcome these obstacles. This review summarizes current in vitro type 2 diabetes models with focuses on the skeletal muscle, interorgan crosstalk, and exercise. We discuss diabetes, its pathophysiology, common in vitro type 2 diabetes skeletal muscle models, interorgan crosstalk type 2 diabetes models, exercise benefits on type 2 diabetes, and in vitro type 2 diabetes models with exercise.

181P A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of supervised exercise training in reducing IGF-1 levels in breast cancer survivors of the Movis’ cohort

The main hypothesis on the positive effects of exercise in oncological patients has been focusing on lowering the basal systemic levels of cancer risk factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its binding proteins (IGFBP). However, there is a paucity of data and a remarkable heterogeneity when considering the response of the IGF-1 system to exercise in breast cancer survivors (BCS). In this study we tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training might normalize the IGF-1 system in BCS patients with normal to high level of IGF-1. Non physically active BCS women (n=30, age 52.7 ± 7.6 years), enrolled in the MoviS ‘Movement and Health Beyond Care’ study (clinicaltrial.gov identifier: NCT04818359), at high metabolic and hormonal risk of BC recurrences performed 3-month aerobic training (2 d/week of supervised and 1 d/week of unsupervised exercise) with increase of exercise intensity (40-70% HRR) and duration (20-60 min). Circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP3 levels were measured before and after the intervention. VO2max increased by 10.1 % (mL·min-1·kg−1: before=30.7±5.7, after=33.4±6.8; p<0.001) while body mass index (kg/m2: before=26.0±5.0, after=25.5±4.7; p=0.035), glycemia (mg/dL: before=100.8±11.4, after=91.7±11.0; p<0.001) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR score: before =2.07±1.54, after =1.53±1.11; p=0.005) decreased after training. Mean IGF-1 level did not change after training (ng/mL: before=164.3±70.9, after=166.8±57.6) while IGFBP3 level decreased (μg/mL: before=6.1±1.4, after=4.2±1.5). There was a negative correlation between pre-training IGF-1 levels and individual changes in IGF-1 after training (r=- 0.62, p<0.001). Accordingly, the IGF-1 coefficient of variation (CV) decreased after training (%: before=43.2, after=34.5). Finally, the correlation between IGF-1 and IGFBP3 levels was reduced after training (r: before=0.74, after 0.45, p<0.001). The exercise intervention modulates the IGF-1 system lowering the circulating IGF-1 variability, the IGFBP3 level and the relationship between IGF-1 and IGFBP3 among BCS patients.

The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Affective and Repetition Priming in Middle-Aged Adults.

Previous research has shown that physical exercise improves memory. In the present study, we investigated the possible effects of the intensity of physical exercise as a function of the affective valence of words on implicit memory. In the study, 79 young adult volunteers were randomly assigned to perform moderate- (50% VO2max) or high-intensity exercise (80% VO2max) on a stationary bike. Once the required exercise intensity was achieved, participants performed an affective and repetition priming task concurrently with the physical exercise. Both groups showed similar repetition priming. The moderate-intensity exercise group showed affective priming with positive words, while affective priming was not found in the high-intensity exercise group. Facilitation occurred in both groups when a negative target word was preceded by a positive prime word. Our results suggest that the positive effect of physical exercise on memory is modulated by the affective valence of the stimuli. It seems that moderate-intensity exercise is more beneficial for implicit memory than high-intensity exercise.

Effects of aerobic exercise on adiponectin levels potentially mediated by vitamin D in type 2 diabetic patients.

Objective. The positive effects of exercise on adiponectin and vitamin D have independently been reported. Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D increases adiponectin synthesis through inhibition of the rennin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue. However, studies evaluating the effects of an aerobic exercise on adiponectin and vitamin D simultaneously investigating the potential mechanism of vitamin D-dependent adiponectin pathways in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are still limited. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on adiponectin and its association with vitamin D in patients with T2DM. Methods. Total twenty-two patients with T2DM were randomly divided into intervention and control group. The intervention group underwent a moderate intensity of a walking mode treadmill aerobic exercise for four weeks. The exercise protocol was adapted from modified Bruce test with a periodic speed and inclination increase. In both groups, body mass index (BMI), vitamin D, and adiponectin levels, were measured before and after four weeks of the lasting program. Results. The mean of the increased adiponectin and vitamin D levels after exercise was significantly higher in the intervened than the control group, but statistically significant difference was only found in the adiponectin effect (p=0.017). There was a significant association found between vitamin D and adiponectin in the intervention group after data adjustments to age and BMI (p=0.005). Conclusion. Moderate intensity of treadmill exercise with increased speed and inclination periodically increased adiponectin level in patients with T2DM. The increased adiponectin might potentially be mediated by increased vitamin D, but the level of their association impact was dependent on the age and BMI.

Effect of physical exercise on cognitive function after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial (PAM study)

BackgroundUp to 60% of breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy is confronted with cognitive problems, which can have a significant impact on daily activities and quality of life (QoL). We investigated whether exercise training improves cognition in chemotherapy-exposed breast cancer patients 2–4 years after diagnosis.MethodsChemotherapy-exposed breast cancer patients, with both self-reported cognitive problems and lower than expected performance on neuropsychological tests, were randomized to an exercise or control group. The 6-month exercise intervention consisted of supervised aerobic and strength training (2 h/week), and Nordic/power walking (2 h/week). Our primary outcome was memory functioning (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; HVLT-R). Secondary outcomes included online neuropsychological tests (Amsterdam Cognition Scan; ACS), self-reported cognition (MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for multiple myeloma; MDASI-MM), physical fitness (relative maximum oxygen uptake; VO2peak), fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory), QoL (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire; EORTC QLQ C-30), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS), and anxiety (HADS). HVLT-R total recall was analyzed with a Fisher exact test for clinically relevant improvement (≥ 5 words). Other outcomes were analyzed using multiple regression analyses adjusted for baseline and stratification factors.ResultsWe randomized 181 patients to the exercise (n = 91) or control group (n = 90). Two-third of the patients attended ≥ 80% of the exercise sessions, and physical fitness significantly improved compared to control patients (B VO2peak 1.4 ml/min/kg, 95%CI:0.6;2.2). No difference in favor of the intervention group was seen on the primary outcome. Significant beneficial intervention effects were found for self-reported cognitive functioning [MDASI-MM severity (B-0.7, 95% CI − 1.2; − 0.1)], fatigue, QoL, and depression. A hypothesis-driven analysis in highly fatigued patients showed positive exercise effects on tested cognitive functioning [ACS Reaction Time (B-26.8, 95% CI − 52.9; − 0.6) and ACS Wordlist Learning (B4.4, 95% CI 0.5; 8.3)].ConclusionsA 6-month exercise intervention improved self-reported cognitive functioning, physical fitness, fatigue, QoL, and depression in chemotherapy-exposed breast cancer patients with cognitive problems. Tested cognitive functioning was not affected. However, subgroup analysis indicated a positive effect of exercise on tested cognitive functioning in highly fatigued patients.Trial Registration Netherlands Trial Registry: Trial NL5924 (NTR6104). Registered 24 October 2016, https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/5924.

Effect of prolonged experimental neck pain on exercise-induced hypoalgesia.

Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal problem often accompanied by reduced exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) or hyperalgesia compared to an asymptomatic population. This study investigated EIH in a healthy population during experimental neck pain. Forty participants were randomized into this double-blinded parallel-group study. On four separate test days (Day0, Day2, Day4, Day15), participants completed the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and scored neck pain intensity during head movements on a numerical rating scale (NRS). At the end of Day0 and Day2, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) or isotonic saline (control) was injected into the right splenius capitis muscle. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were recorded bilaterally over splenius capitis (neck), temporalis (head) and tibialis anterior (leg) muscles on all days. On Day0, Day4 and Day15, PPTs were recorded before and after a hand-bike exercise. EIH was defined as the PPT increase caused by the exercise. Compared with the control-group, the NGF-group demonstrated higher NDI scores at Day2 and Day4 (P<0.001,η2>0.557) and higher NRS scores (P<0.03,η2>0.09) along with reduced neck PPTs (P<0.01,d>0.44) at Day2(Right:95%CI[26.0,54.0];Left:95%CI[6.8,26.9]), Day4(Right:95%CI[40.5, 67.9];Left:95%CI[6.9,28.2]) and Day15(Right:95%CI[5.6,37.2];Left:95%CI[6.9,34.8]). Across days, the EIH-effect was reduced at the neck site in the NGF-group compared to the control-group (P<0.001,η2P=0.367,95%CI[-34.5,-13.7]). At the head and leg sites, the NGF-group showed reduced EIH-effect compared to the control-group (P<0.05,d>0.43) on Day4(Head:95%CI[-61.4,-22.9];Leg:95%CI[-154.7,-72.4]) and Day15(Head:95%CI[-54.3,-7.6];Leg:95%CI[-122.7,-34.4]). These results indicate that a few days of clinically comparable neck pain and hyperalgesia might have a negative impact on EIH-responses and may help explain why some neck pain patients do not experience immediate positive effects of exercise.

Effects of Common Myokines on Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, a type of chronic metabolic disease, is occurring more frequently and causes severe threats to human health. In vivo, exercise can stimulate skeletal muscle cells to secrete and release myokines into blood circulation, which will participate in metabolism and act on multiple organs or systems. Recently, the relationship between myokines and diabetes mellitus was a hot research topic, and myokines may be potential targets for the diagnosis, monitoring, prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. In this review, we elucidated the multiple effects of common myokines in the pathogenesis and therapy of diabetes mellitus, which will provide a theoretical foundation of the mechanism in the positive effects of exercises on humans.

Women’s views and experiences of a perinatal exercise counselling intervention: a qualitative study

ABSTRACT Current guidelines support that physical activity during the perinatal period is beneficial for the mother and the foetus. However, women during their pregnancy and postpartum limit or discontinue their exercise routine. The aim of this study was to illustrate perinatal women’s views and experiences derived from an Exercise Counselling (EC) intervention and evaluate the intervention’s acceptability. A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was conducted with eight adult women of reproductive age recruited from obstetric care practices. Participants had just completed an EC intervention regarding the effectiveness of exercise on perinatal depressive symptoms, implemented in the context of a Randomised Control Trial. The analysis resulted in three overarching themes: main obstacles to engagement with the EC intervention, factors that enabled participation in the EC intervention and participants’ suggestions to improve the EC intervention. One of the main obstacles to engagement with the EC intervention was socio-cultural factors, such as the post-birth forty-day home stay, which negatively impacted women’s participation in the intervention. By contrast, obstetricians’ support and the positive effect of exercise on mental well-being were enabling factors. Finally, among recommendations to improve the EC intervention, women cited the partner’s involvement and engagement in the EC earlier in pregnancy. In conclusion, designing and implementing culturally sensitive interventions targeting expectant parents as a dyad is fundamental for researchers and obstetricians. Future research should focus on identifying effective strategies to educate obstetricians about perinatal exercise and to develop protocols that could support the implementation of perinatal exercise counselling sessions in public health policy.

EEG-derived brain graphs are reliable measures for exploring exercise-induced changes in brain networks

The interaction of acute exercise and the central nervous system evokes increasing interest in interdisciplinary research fields of neuroscience. Novel approaches allow to monitor large-scale brain networks from mobile electroencephalography (EEG) applying graph theory, but it is yet uncertain whether brain graphs extracted after exercise are reliable. We therefore aimed to investigate brain graph reliability extracted from resting state EEG data before and after submaximal exercise twice within one week in male participants. To obtain graph measures, we extracted global small-world-index (SWI), clustering coefficient (CC) and characteristic path length (PL) based on weighted phase leg index (wPLI) and spectral coherence (Coh) calculation. For reliability analysis, Intraclass-Correlation-Coefficient (ICC) and Coefficient of Variation (CoV) were computed for graph measures before (REST) and after POST) exercise. Overall results revealed poor to excellent measures at PRE and good to excellent ICCs at POST in the theta, alpha-1 and alpha-2, beta-1 and beta-2 frequency band. Based on bootstrap-analysis, a positive effect of exercise on reliability of wPLI based measures was observed, while exercise induced a negative effect on reliability of Coh-based graph measures. Findings indicate that brain graphs are a reliable tool to analyze brain networks in exercise contexts, which might be related to the neuroregulating effect of exercise inducing functional connections within the connectome. Relative and absolute reliability demonstrated good to excellent reliability after exercise. Chosen graph measures may not only allow analysis of acute, but also longitudinal studies in exercise-scientific contexts.

The effect of exercise on disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with breast cancer.

Positive effects of exercise in cancer patients have been reported. To investigate whether intensity, duration, and timing of exercise affect disease relapse and mortality risk in patients with breast cancer (BC). Patients with local or locally advanced stages of BC between January 2018 and January 2020 were recruited in the study. Sociodemographic and clinicopathological characteristics of patients were recorded. Exercise evaluation was performed by preparing a questionnaire and asking the patients face-to-face questions in the outpatient clinic. Risk of relapse was 58% lower in patients who exercised than inactive patients (p = 0.004). Patients who exercised for 2 to 5days per week had a 63% lower relapse risk than inactive patients (p = 0.010). Risk of relapse was 66% lower in the patients who exercised for less than 1h or 3 metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hours per week when compared to inactive patients (p = 0.037). Similarly, relapse risk was 62% lower in patients who exercised between 1 to 3h or 3 to 8.9 MET-hours per week than inactive patients (p = 0.026). Mortality risk was lower in patients who exercised than patients who did not (p = 0.027). A significantly decreased mortality risk was found in both groups that included patients who exercised for 1 to 5days per week and patients who exercised for less than 3h or 9 MET-hours per week when compared to inactive patients. Exercise was associated with decreased relapse and mortality rates in patients with BC. Therefore, exercise should be recommended to BC patients as a significant component of the treatment.

Exercise-mediated adaptations in vascular function and structure: Beneficial effects in coronary artery disease.

Exercise exerts direct effects on the vasculature via the impact of hemodynamic forces on the endothelium, thereby leading to functional and structural adaptations that lower cardiovascular risk. The patterns of blood flow and endothelial shear stress during exercise lead to atheroprotective hemodynamic stimuli on the endothelium and contribute to adaptations in vascular function and structure. The structural adaptations observed in arterial lumen dimensions after prolonged exercise supplant the need for acute functional vasodilatation in case of an increase in endothelial shear stress due to repeated exercise bouts. In contrast, wall thickness is affected by rather systemic factors, such as transmural pressure modulated during exercise by generalized changes in blood pressure. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the exercise-induced benefits in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). They include decreased progression of coronary plaques in CAD, recruitment of collaterals, enhanced blood rheological properties, improvement of vascular smooth muscle cell and endothelial function, and coronary blood flow. This review describes how exercise via alterations in hemodynamic factors influences vascular function and structure which contributes to cardiovascular risk reduction, and highlights which mechanisms are involved in the positive effects of exercise on CAD.